نشریه پایداری، توسعه و محیط زیست
سال سوم شماره 9 (بهار 1401)

Energy consumption in the country's buildings is about two to four times the average energy consumption in other countries of the world. Also in the construction sector, public and government buildings account for 70% of this energy consumption. The limited energy resources and the effects of losses on its excessive consumption make a suitable and optimal plan necessary from the perspective of energy consumption. The purpose of this study is to investigate and change the pattern of energy consumption in office buildings in order to reduce greenhouse gases. In order to perform optimization in the studied building, the amount of energy consumption and details related to the heating, cooling and lighting systems of the selected building were measured, collected and measured through field visits with the help of a luxury meter. In this study, using energy plus software, energy consumption for the building, which is in the group of buildings with high energy consumption, was simulated. It should be noted that the values ​​of energy loss, comfort level and energy consumption indicators in the building. The selection was also calculated. The results show that effective optimization measures in the building can reduce carbon dioxide emissions and reduce energy consumption by 14 to 20 percent annually. According to calculations, an average of 50% of annual energy consumption is wasted, which can be reduced to 30% by performing audit measures and thermal comfort, which is sometimes calculated to be more than 60% in certain seasons in the building increased.

With the increase in population and urban life, the human need for recreation and spending leisure time in natural environments has increased. In such circumstances, there is a need to develop and construct forest parks, as one of the most important recreational resources in cities, for protection of resources and reserves, attracting tourists, generating income, relaxation and so on. The purpose of this study is to design Biston Forest Park in order to develop centralized recreation and use Gabri as a model for improving the quality of forest parks in Kermanshah province.

The research method is analytical description in order to use the facts and data processing and the purpose of the application and development is considered. Further data collection in library studies has also been done through field surveys. Point picking and control of data obtained by GPS device to estimate the potential for leisure planning.

Data analysis was provided through maps prepared in GIS software and by combining existing maps with ecological capabilitiy map of the region. Accordingly, appropriate land uses were determined in the study area and then zoning was performed. Then, using the land use model and the ecological model of tourism, a model for the development of centralized recreation of the site was presented and strategies for designing the Biston Forest Park were explained. Using this model and strategies, as well as the analysis of zones based on ecological and aesthetic characteristics on a micro scale, zones that were suitable for the development of focused recreation were identified.

After identifying suitable zones for the development of centralized recreation, zone number two was selected for planning and presenting a strategic plan using the ecological model of tourism.

One of the most important steps in managing and planning for ecotourism development is having sufficient knowledge of the environment of that area. The present study was conducted on the island of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf, which has unique natural attractions. The aim is to determine the appropriate ecological model and zones for the development of ecotourism in Hormuz Island according to the principles of sustainable development.

In this research, technique (SWOT), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) have been used. First, the SWOT technique showed the current state of the island's tourism in a competitive environment, then, 5 criteria and 16 sub-criteria were selected by regional tourism experts to evaluate the ecological potential of the island, and after evaluating these criteria by AHP method, the ecological model Was determined And the digital layers related to the criteria and sub-criteria were prepared and integrated in GIS environment, which finally led to the zoning map of Hormuz Island ecotourism criteria in four categories.

Findings indicate that 8 square kilometers of land in Hormoz are in a very suitable floor, 13 square kilometers in a suitable floor, 15 square kilometers in the middle floor and 6 square kilometers of these areas are in a poor floor. These areas include the central, eastern, southern, northern and western areas in order of priority, so the island has a high ecological potential.

The development of ecotourism on the island of Hormuz, promotes the level of the region's economy and sustainable use of natural resources. These results can serve as a roadmap for managers and other related organizations in the field of tourism and help to create a comprehensive tourism management plan in the region according to the principles of sustainable development.Keywords: Ecological Model of Ecotourism, Sustainable Development, Persian Gulf, Hormoz Island

Green taxes are one of the old economic tools in environmental protection that have been used for many years in different countries. The use of this tool is very necessary in the cases suggested by environmental economics and prevents the release of excessively optimal social pollutants. The use of green taxation as a favorable mechanism to help curb climate change and promote environmentally sustainable occupational practices was supported.

The study of green tax design is the main subject of this research. Research and study of the practical application of green tax It is necessary to learn the background information about it. Definition and classification of green tax is the existential reason behind green tax. Statistically, it was determined using Cochran's test and by designing a questionnaire and checking their validity and reliability (in the case of the reliability of the questionnaire, the compatibility coefficient of the comparisons was 0.0196, which is less than 0.1, so the comparisons can be made. () In order to evaluate the results with the help of Excel and SPSS software, green tax variables were classified. Green was identified and after screening the executive patterns were introduced. In the next step, with the help of Demetel method in the fuzzy evaluation environment, the executive patterns were evaluated in relation to each other. Classified Took.

The various dimensions studied in this study are the core efficiency, the dimension of maintaining and improving the quality of the environment, the dimension of applicability in various fields, the dimension of increasing income and effective in the economy, and the dimension of sustainable development, respectively. Among the dimensions, it could be used with a weight of 0.97, with the highest weight. In the second place, the axial efficiency weighs 0.1873. The average dimension is equal to 0.1659.

Basically, this tax is used to reduce the negative impact on the environment caused by business activities. Given the importance of green taxes, it is suggested that green taxes should be included in the government's environmental policy portfolio. Environmental taxes require companies to offset their pollution costs with environmental activities or pay higher taxes.

One of the obstacles to develop sustainable is the poor quality of water. The assessment of water quality is usually based on chemical decomposition and measurement of chemical parameters of water. Measuring these parameters in big area is costly and time-consuming, as result it required to estimating methods for prediction of those parameters. The purpose of this study is to model the groundwater quality parameters of Zeydoon plain using ANN+PSO and geostatistics models.

For this purpose, the information of 42 observation wells in Zeidoon plain on a monthly basis for 7 years has been used. Neural network model inputs including qualitative parameters SO42- ، pH ، HCO32-، Na+، Mg2+، Ca2+، TDS، SAR and EC were considered.

The results of simulation of groundwater quality parameters using ANN + PSO model showed that in SAR simulator model the highest simulation accuracy is related to the model with sigmoid logarithm function, in EC simulator model the highest accuracy is similar. The construction is related to the model with the stimulus function of the sigmoid tangent. Also, in the TDS simulator model, the highest simulation accuracy of the model with the sigmoid tangent stimulus function was obtained. As RMSE and MAE have the lowest value and R2 index has the highest value. The results of simulation of groundwater quality parameters using the geostatistical model showed that the highest accuracy of the kriging model in the simulation is related to EC, SAR and TDS parameters, respectively.

Finally, comparing the results of comparing the results of ANN + PSO model and Kriging model showed that ANN + PSO model is more accurate in simulating groundwater quality parameters of Zidon plain than Kriging model. Also, the results of this research showed that the combination of intelligent models with optimization algorithms with correct architecture and complete model inputs are used as a useful tool for simulating groundwater quality parameters.

By reviewing the previous articles on the two areas of ecology park and sustainable development, it can be concluded that most studies have focused on the concepts and components of these two areas separately and a study on the integration of these two areas and interactions. They have not been done on top of each other, so the main purpose of this study is to identify the compone

This research is quantitative in terms of a practical purpose, in terms of the nature and method of carrying out descriptive-analytical work and its research method. For the questions of the questionnaire, 28 active experts in the field of sustainable development and green space of Mashhad were selected by the full number method. Analyzing the results, according to the type of spectrum used in the questions, structural equations and factor analysis were used by Smart Pls and SPSS software.
nts of ecological parks and prioritize them with the approach of sustainable urban development.

The findings of this study indicate that the importance of the main components in the ecological park, which includes 89% environmental sustainability, 55% socio-economic sustainability, and 57% physical-functional sustainability, respectively, so the highest priority with The variable is environmental sustainability, and the lowest priority is socio-economic sustainability.

The results indicate that the priority of ecological park indicators to promote sustainable development, respectively, priority includes energy sustainability - office building, energy sustainability — ecology, ecological diversity, conservation — ecology, welfare and health, social justice, economic security participation and attendance, functional flexibility, physical diversity, green landscape, diversity of routes, sustainable transportation, pedestrianization and functional creativity. In Mashhad Park Mountain, among the three main components, the highest score is related to environmental sustainability due to the natural mountain bed and the lowest score is socio-economic sustainability.