مجله زبان و ادبیات عربی
سال سیزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 27، زمستان 1400)

. If a poet or a writer seeks a mission in the creation of a work of art, the most important thing that must be considered is ethics. Due to the special ideological and political approach that Da'bal has, throughout history, his personality and poems have been criticized by various groups. A group, more and more intentionally, have ignored all his moral virtues and introduced him as a sinful personality. On the other hand, his proponents, by exaggerating and creating an ideal and prophetic character, have destroyed the character of the poet in another way. This duality in explaining the poet's personality has introduced the preconditions for the audience's confusion and has made them face a kind of doubt in recognizing different aspects of his personality. So the study, rather than focusing on the opinions of other researchers, who often mixed their research with bias, tried to focus on his Diwan, in order to study and analyze the most important components of ethics in both positive and negative aspects and to present a real picture of the poet's personality. The results of the research, which is derived from studying the poet's works, show that courage as a superior moral virtue is beautifully manifested in his poems. The poet has presented the manifestations of his courage by allocating a relatively large volume of verses. On the other hand, using the inappropriate language and words has caused degradation of the poet's personality.

Semantic contrast is one of artistic and aesthetic tools used for creating the highest beauty in the structure and content. Studying the aesthetics of contrast and contrastive structures in the Quran verses can help to clear the semantic ambiguities and problems and to meet the needs and questions of human's spirit and intellect by suggesting valuable concepts and emotional artistic information. By identifying the aesthetic techniques in Surah Ali Imran, the present research aimed to examine its impact on creating phonetic balance, structural and content beauty, and semantic connections. In this regard, at first place the literal and technical meaning of the word "contrast" and its importance and status in creating the beauty of speech were studied and then by analyzing some examples of semantic contrast in Surah Al-Imran it shed light on how the rhetorical tool could create phonetic integrity, and unity of structure and cohesion, coherence of verses, and presenting sublime concepts. By contrasting the attributes of God, the surah provides a comprehensive definition of Allah, shows his omnipotence and supremacy over the affairs of the universe from the beginning to the end, and denies all the alleged gods of the disbelievers.

The main purpose of this study is to introduce Mohammad Afifi Matar as a poet and an author of several books who has a certain individual way of thinking and inciting poems which are all about using symbols and various rhetoric materials. He is one the poets who no longer use symbols in a literary matter but not only does he appear as a behaviorist but he also tends to introduce himself as a political critic that can find and reveal deep concerning issues and offer proper solutions to solve them. Based on his poems, it seems that Afifi Matar is always trying to purposefully create different layers of meanings by presenting philosophical thoughts with words that are capable of having different meanings. Daniel Chandler, a contemporary literary theorist, is among the many who have set their minds on finding new aspects and reaching fresh understandings based on existing words and sentences or verses a poem in which you can eventually have knowledge that cannot be achieved through the first look. Chandler believes that any symbol can be either a used one in a new form that has no refreshing meaning to offer or it’s a fresh meaning hidden inside an old symbol waiting to be found. As an example, when Afifi Matar uses the symbol of “blood” in his poems, he tries to represent that not as a simple key to sacrifice but as a worthy price that only a few can and want to pay to gain access to freedom or retrieve what once was theirs.

Ghada al-Samman is an Arab poet and writer who reacted in her poetry against the wrong beliefs and ideologies of community. This study aims to use Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis to reflect on the most important issues of Arab community in Ghada al- Samman's poems, explaining the relationship between poetry (as a text) and society at three levels: description, interpretation, and explanation. It was found that women and homeland are two of the most prominent issues of Al-Saman’s poems. They are depicted with a critical look at the history and cultural context. In his poem collection, Al- Samman tries to address the most important problems of women, the male-dominated culture of society, and the everlasting wars in Arab world and its effects on people's lives by taking a ridiculous and critical approach. Protesting on the political and social conditions of society, the critical look at the status of women and the cultural context of the society about women are two of the most important issues of al-Saman's poems. This study aimed to answer two questions: What are the most important social issues raised in Ghada Al-Samman's poems based on Norman Fairclough's theory? How was she able to convey these topics using words? The study showed that the poems of this collection are the result of her own experiences, reflections, and thoughts about war and its harmful effects on the lives of people in society, especially women. Gender, ethnicity, and homeland are among the most important themes that Al-Saman has paid attention to.

Emotions are among the significant abstract concepts in cognitive semantics analyses. Human language, speech or written, is a representation which relatively reveals the complexities relevant to the conceptualizations of abstract concepts, including emotional ones. Image schemas, which are based on the idea of embodied cognition and experience, are the main mechanism in these meaning constructions. Thus, an analysis of image schema in a literary text can lead us to some aspects of the emotional system governing the literary and narrative text. This research aimed at describing and analyzing the emotion image schema in the novel The Cranes Nightly Travels in the Carnelian Towns (العقیق مدن فی الغرانیق مسری (by Amima al-Khamis (Saudi author), based on the Image Schema Theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1987). The objective of this research is identifying the author's subjectivity, mentality, and thought through linguistic devices which refer to emotions in the novel. The questions are: what emotion image schemas are in the text? How these schemas contribute to the emotion conceptualization in the mind of readers?, and what is their relation to the theme of the story? To find answer to these questions, the relevant schemas are extracted from the text through purposive sampling, and then explained on the basis of Image Schema Theory. The results show that the author could embody his ideas and thoughts through meaning constructing devices (linguistic forms in the text). These forms are based on image schemas including container, quantity, movement, path, orientation, near/far, and force schemas. These schemas project emotional meanings on the text and evoke them in the readers' mind, mostly metaphorically. Besides, these image-based conceptualizations are aligned with the narrator/author's rational subjectivity and philosophy.

With the emergence of context-based theories such as critical discourse analysis, the connection between society and literary texts, including poetry and prose, and consequently their impact on each other has become quite evident and it is clear that these texts are influenced by ideological systems of society and they find their identity from it. This study used a descriptive-analytical method and document resources, and relied on five general methods of Thompson theory: legitimation, dissimulation, unification, reification and differentiation. It tried to study the dominant and conflicting ideologies in the novel Jesr Banat Yaghoub written by Hassan Hamid. Given that this novel addresses the issue of Zionist immigration and as a literary discourse, it is a symbolic form that can represent ideology, and is also one of the purposeful textual methods to explain the forms of reproduction of power to represent the hidden meaning, the present study, by applying Thompson's textual strategies, sought to reveal the hidden power relations and representations of the ideologies of the text, and to explain how this novel expresses the ideology of the dominant discourse (the Zionists). It was shown that the novel, by creating the immigrant character of Yaghoub, narrates the lives of Jewish immigrants in their own language. The author has tried to express the ideas and ideologies of the dominant discourse in their own language. Results show that the dominant discourse uses rationalization, objectification, differentiation and desegregation, unification, naturalization, and secrecy to explain the ideology of the occupation and colonization of the Zionists in the Arab regions, and to show their racism and materialism. Moreover, the author's ideology that emphasizes communication with the enemy, the reliance on national unity, and the depiction of Arab originality has been explained and continued through a strategy of secrecy and sometimes deidealization.