مجله زبان و ادبیات عربی
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 24، بهار 1400)

Irony is not limited to poetry alone, but is used in all literary forms, especially in short story and novel. In Arab countries, we find narrators and novelists who have mastered this method and excelled at it, treating the suffering of their people and portraying it in a photographic illustrations. Mahmoud Choucair is one of the most prominent contemporary Palestinian writers and storytellers who wrote satirical stories. He used in his fictional works the satirical method to highlight the political and social facts in Palestine. The artistic creativity of the stories of Mahmoud Choucair is in his use of both easy and difficult styles simultaneously. Moreover, he uses the photographic elements in the narration, which makes his novels have a harmonious narration. He used well-known international personalities including the American ones, which led to his being marked by artistic creativity, as he succeeded in implanting the contents of these satirical stories in the minds of the readers. The necessity of research lies in the growing interest in the Palestinian cause, because it contributed to the production of a large number of literature of resistance in its various forms, including the satirical discourse. This made researchers to pay attention to his collection of stories to reveal the new and diverse visions, opinions, and methods of it. Accordingly, the study examined the Shakira's Portrait, a stylistic study, using the descriptive-analytical method, in order to reveal the levels of satirical style and its artistic value in the Shakira's Portrait and understand the methods used in its narrative structure. The results of the research indicate that the writer used various methods such as using a colloquial dialect, manipulating letters, exaggeration or caricature, and dramatic irony. The writer also relies on the blatant paradox that aims at revealing the scandal and works as a harsh criticism to correct the defect. Mahmoud Choucair made his sarcastic criticism of the authorities because they were the reason for his backwardness. He also ridiculed the hateful occupation and outdated traditions, because both are the two sides of the same coin.

Arabic videoclip songs have a strong presence in Arab societies. They also have a strong influence on younger generations. They show negative images and gender stereotypes. There are not many studies on how Arabic videoclips represent Arab women, specifically linguistic studies combined with the study of the role of the recorded picture in creating images and sending messages related to women’s role and status in society. Using a qualitative method, this study investigated how women are presented in Arabic video clips. That is, a linguistic analysis of the meaning and connotations of the songs was done. To explore the image and gender stereotyping, both recorded image and scenario were studied to have a thorough analysis of the images that the songs aim to associate with women. “Si Sayed” song (a patriarchal figure in the Arab world) by Tamer Hosni and “Tannura” (skirt) by Fares Karem were used as cases. The finding of the study revealed the old stereotypes associated with Arab woman as being sexual object, trivial and dependent who livs under the mercy of the opposite gender. It was also shown that woman is considered the source of seduction and corruption and depicted as Eve who caused Adam to fall. On the other hand, man is depicted as independent, decision maker and the one who has control over women. The Arabic video clips reinforced old inherited stereotypes associated with Arab women where their destiny needs to be controlled by men and reinforced a typical Arab man as the hero and the master of the house. The negative images created by Arabic songs affect women’s status in society. This study has some implications for creating awareness for gender stereotyping in the Arab world. The study has also implications for gender equality and balanced gender roles.

Anima archetype discussion in nazar ghabbani and nader naderpoor Human nature involves two areas i consciousness and unconsciousness and consciousness  which is originally discovered by Yung.It is divided to two part: individually and cumulatively. In Yung's opinion cumulatively unconsciousness is innate and general and involves contents and manners that forms common physically background and it involves different kinds that one of them is anima.Anima hides in deep consciousness that has a for source and indicates that each person shows some opposite sexes features in his life that actually refers to her femininity features.In Nizar Ghabbani's poems and  confirm as a lost half in mans nature, that has a special station in poems of poet. By studying anima in nizar's poems we can express that the out burst of this old pattern of unconsciousness in his poems appear from symbols and abstract senses. And also is obvious in forms like femininity tree, black eyes, water, spring, inspiring anima, and etc.He also express about women's features like fruitfully , birth, growth and its relation with natures element. All these express that it is in fienced by it's inside anima and his poems reflect this relation.Anima hides in deep consciousness that has a for source and indicates that each person shows some opposite sexes features in his life that actually refers to her femininity features. In this research anima determine. Anima hides in deep consciousness that has a for source and indicates that each person shows some opposite sexes features in his life that actually refers to her femininity features. In this research anima determine.Anima hides in deep consciousness that has a for source and indicates that each person shows some opposite sexes features in his life that actually refers to her femininity features. In this research

The contemporary Sudanese poet, Mohammad Al-Fitouri, employed revolutionary personalities to indicate the pains of his society and their wishes for freedom. He has created an enthusiastic spirit in his poems. His characters portray his ambitions, opinion for national and humanitarian issues in the Arab world and represents his beliefs, the torment and oppression on people. He highlights his feelings against the harsh conditions in the Arab world. This study through descriptive-analytical approach and using semiotic analysis aimed to investigate revolutionary personalities in the poetry of Al-Fitouri to reveal the semiotic connotations. To achieve this purpose, the names of political, heritage and literary personalities were categorized and then their signs, actions and connotations in the poetic text were explored. Sometimes these characters are signs and symbols. They have multiple connotations and convey the profound meaning of the poem. The identification of the symbolic features in characters’ names plays an important role in preserving national values and strengthening the spirit of hope. Among the most prominent characters were Imam Khomeini, Nelson Mandella, Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, Antara ibn Shaddad, Abdul Khaleq Mahjoub and Sultan Taj al-Din. Results showed that the characters in the poetry of Al-Fitouri can affect the human soul and evoke ideas as such rejection, rebellion and revolution against tyranny in readers. On the other hand, words such as garden, bird, the dust, etc. have different connotations to indicate national issues. Yet, issues like rain, jungle, river, and storm represent the people who struggle to obtain freedom. His poems carry connotations such as hope and liberty and call people to fight against injustice, colonialism and defend the dignity of their homeland.

Narration is one the most fundamental principles of fictional texts and time is one of the basic components. Among the theorists Gerard Genette has presented the most comprehensive theories about the factor of time in the story. He has distinguished between the time of the text and the time of the story. He divides time into three components: order, continuity and frequency. Va Kan Masa (مساء وکان (is one of the novels of Joddah al-Sahaar who is an Egyptian novelist. He paid high attention to narrative time and its usage. The novelist has focused and showed the thoughts, obsession, sufferings and emotional reactions of a man who is disappointed and heartbroken in his life. The novelist has also showed the narrator`s role in his novel. In narrative researches it is necessary to talk about time forms in pre-modern novels which have been written in common forms of writing. It is obvious that time is determined by anachronisms and paradoxes in post-modern narratives but its usage must still be considered. The aim of the present study was to consider time forms in Va Kan Masa novel which is an Arabic pre-modern novel. It also aimed to clarify aesthetics and its contradictions based on Genette’s theory. The results of the study show that the author of this novel has used all the opportunities and existing capacities for time element and time indices consisting continuity and frequency. Sahaar also noticed the breaking of time limits as one of the most important time features in post-modern novel and used it as a tool for introducing characters and creating a sense of suspense, trouble making plan, trouble shooting, and making struggle in the story. Furthermore it was seen lots of passion towards the past and future narration by using the recalling and foretelling techniques.

.Any text without an interpretive reading that shows the hidden meanings is a passive reaction. Using interpretive reading and a descriptive-analytical method, this study interprets the poems of Ali Jafar al-Alaq. The study mainly aims to get to a proper understanding of the poet's poetry and his ode “The Song of Lost Homeland”. Having a historical attitude, this ode analyzes the situation in the Arab countries and using artistic images, depicts the wounds of his land from the Andalus time to the present. In addition to the truth, the poet pays special attention to the innovative aspect of the language of poetry and, using a metaphoric language, paradox, synesthesia, and foreignization, strengthens the semantic and aesthetic burden of the poem. This ode is of important mythological and religious heritage and the poet use it to objectify the meanings and references of the poem. Moreover, different forms of music play an interpretive role in the ode. Using parallel forms in rhymes the poet tries to create beautiful structures. A connection between the references of title of the poem and the main body of the ode shows that using an intertextual title, the poet gives the readership all the meanings and content of the poem and reminds the betrayal and destruction of his home land.

In recent times we find the employment of music, its techniques, machines, types and functions in the new Arabic novel directly and artistically at multiple levels. It seems impossible or very difficult to employ music in novels because the relationship between them is not explained in the novelistic text, and unlike poetry we do not feel its presence easily. This study takes the novel Al-Masaaer (المصائر (by Rabi al-Madhoun as a sample to study the feacures of musical narration and its specifications. It used a descriptive-analytical method for this purpose. The study also reviewed the aesthetic features and intentions that the novelist seeks by employing this new narrative system. The result showed that Al-Madhoun consciously has utilized musical narration and paved the way in his novel by using the indicators and techniques of this narrative style. The most important mechanisms of musical narration like the musical framework, have combined and made it a ground for the narration in the novel. In addition, the novelist took care of rhythmicity in transmitting the themes.