فصلنامه تحقیقات حشره شناسی
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 51، پاییز 1400)

Common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer is a serious economic pest of pistachio orchards in the world. Chemical control is a widely applied method to manage this pest problem. The intensive use of chemical insecticides has led to the development of resistant populations of the common pistachio psylla and environmental hazards. It seems that the use of inorganic compounds as insecticides is one of the ways to reduce the residual amount of dangerous toxins. In this study, the insecticidal effects of 10 kinds of inorganic compounds (subarkose, calcite, biomicrite, granite, coarse crystal sparitic limestone, monzogabbro, fine crystal sparitic limestone, monzodiorite, oomicrite and pelsparite) on oviposition and egg hatching rate were investigated. The results showed that the treated leaves with monzogabbro (0.00 ± 0.00), granite (0.54 ± 0.01), biomicrite (1.50 ± 0.21) and calcite (1.56 ± 0.17) at a concentration of 50 g/l were reported to have the greatest decrease in terms of the oviposition rate of the pest in the first year. The results of oviposition rate in the second year indicated that the treated leaves with biomicrite had a significant increase compared to calcite, granite and control. This study also showed that biomicrite treatment could not make any changes in the process of egg hatching. So, based on the results of the present study, monzogabbro, granite and calcite can be used to control pistachio psylla in pistachio orchards.

Insects, especially Drosophila are used for genetic, immune system, and histochemical studies. Insect genome studies have resolved epigenomic, metabolomics, physionomics, transcriptomics, evolution and many other biological problems. Differences in gene and alleles within the population of one insect species can produce variations in characters or different genotypes. Genomic studies can be used for solving some of the insect pest population variation problems. This article intends to describe general applications of insect genomic studies with an example of its application to solve insect pest management (IPM ) problems.

Web spider mites population playing a major pests on vegetable crops during hot summer months. Effectiveness three biomite doses (1, 1.5 and 2 ppm) on cucumber, muskmelon, watermelon in comparison effects of Neem-Azal 1.2% EC, Propargite 570EW, Abamectin 1.8% EC, 1.5 ml/l detergent liquid soap and water sprayed in controlled agent were evaluated against Tetranychus urticae in Esfahan, Khorasan Razavi and Kerman provinces respectively. Complete randomized block designed with three replications used and each replicate consisted at least 50 cultivated plants in each block. Treatment done when at least 5 mobile spider mite stages in 40% randomly collected leaves observed. By random collection of 30 leaves from each treatment determined, effects of them determined at one day before and 3, 7, 14 days after. Collected data converted into mortality% and mean mortality% analysis done with SAS software. Mean spider mite under leaf side of muskmelon in Khorasan Razavi observed 6 to 12 times and 3-5 times higher in Esfahan and Kerman respectively. Highest mean of 61.6 spider mites recorded under sider of muskmelon leaf for 2 ml/l of biomite treatment in Khorasan Razavi. Higher biomite doses effects recorded 73.46% for 2ml/l up to 7 days in Esfahan and 65.56% and 82.67% up to 14 days after recorded in Khorasan Razavi and Kerman without any phtyotoxicity on plant parts in all treatments. Spraying 2 ml/l of biomite at early morning hours under spider mite incidence, provided higher efficiency, longer toxicity period for controlling vegetable spider mites.

Cabbage white, Pieris brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) is an important pest of cruciferous in Iran and the world. In this study, the effect of four insecticides; hexaflumuron, spinosad, abamectin and indoxacarb on cabbage white and its parasitoid Cotesia glomerata L. was investigated The LC50 values obtained from the analysis of probit as a result of the effect of different concentrations of hexaflumuron, spinosad, abamectin and indoxacarb on the 3rd instar larvae of P. brassicae after 72 hours were (0.213, 0.298, 0.30 and 0.434) ml/L, respectively. The LC50 values obtained from the same insecticides on eggs of P. brassicae after 7 days were (0.831, 0.440, 0.267 and 0.489) ml/l, respectively. The results of the same compounds effects on parasitoid after 7 days showed that hexaflumuron and indoxacarb are the most harmful and abamectin is the least harmful for this natural enemy. The results showed that the most effective insecticides on 3rd instar larvae of P. brassicae during 72 hours was hexaflumuron. In the study of parasitization of third instar larvae of cabbage white under the influence of different concentrations of hexaflumuron, spinosad, abamectin and indoxacarb in compared with control, results showed at low concentrations of all four insecticides, there is no significant difference between control and insecticides, but there was a significant difference in higher concentrations and the mean number of third instar larvae in the control treatment increased. According to the results of this study, hexaflumuron can be suggested as a low-risk compound for parasitoid and effective against this pest.

Thrips (Thysanoptera), despite their small size, play an important role in the natural and agricultural ecosystems and they have a wide range of diets. Many species due to their ability to cause direct and indirect damages by feeding on crops and  by transmission of plant viruses are economically important. Some of them also have a role in pest control, since they are predators of other Thysanoptera, aphids, mites and other small arthropods. In this study, the sampling and identification of Thysanoptera in two provinces of Isfahan and Chaharmahal Bakhtiari were carried out during 2016-2018. Thrips species were collected by shaking fromvarious plants, including fruit trees, shade trees, ornamental plants, feild crop plants and weeds. By examining the  microscopic slide preparations, 29 species belonging to 14 genera and four families of two orders, Tubulifera and Terebrantia, were identified. In general 17 species were reported for the first time from Isfahan and Chaharmahal Bakhtiari provinces. Most identified species were found to be phytophagous and some have importance as agricultural pests. The collected species from   Aeolothrips and Scolothrips genera are predators.

Greenhouse whitefly, as an economic pest, has a wide and ubiquitous host range and causes great damage to many crops, including greenhouse plants. Due to the morphological characteristics and potential of resistance to chemical toxins, it is necessary to find suitable and compatible compounds for integrated control of this pest by increasing the effect and minimizing the adverse effect on the pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana.

In this study, the effect of pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana alone and in combination with silica nanoparticles against second instar seeds and nymphs of Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood and germination power of pathogenic fungi using probit analysis, one-way analysis of variance and ANOVA SPSS software was examined.

LC50 values obtained from probit degradation as a result of the effect of different concentrations of silica nanoparticles and Beauveria bassiana against eggs after 7 days and against second instar nymph after 72 hours (643.97 mg / L and 170399 conidia/ ml) and (602.952 mg / L and 78379 conidia/ ml) were obtained, respectively.

According to the results of the present study, silica nanoparticles alone have higher toxicity than other treatments and in combination with B. bassiana can be used in integrated control of the important greenhouse whitefly pest. The most important advantage of using these compounds is their compatibility with the environment and the lack of resistance to insects against them.