نشریه شیمی و مهندسی شیمی ایران
سال چهلم شماره 2 (پیاپی 100، تابستان 1400)

In this study, after the preparation of unsaturated polyester with various ratios of anhydride monomers, the effects of nanosilicate on the polymerization, curing behavior, and mechanical properties were investigated. The unsaturated polyester resin was synthesized at various molar ratios of anhydride monomers (maleic/phthalic: 10 to 90%) and propylene glycol. Acid number measurement was used to evaluate polymerization. With an increase in the molar maleic content, the time of polymerization reaction and the acidic number increased. In the next step, the resin was cured with an accelerator and initiator, and styrene monomer. curing behavior was determined using a curing curve and gelation time measurement. The curing curve showed that by increasing the maleic anhydride monomer ratio from 10% to 90%, the curing time decreased by 77%, and the maximum thermogenic temperature increased by 24%. Increasing the maleic content from 10 to 90% resulted in tensile strength changes from 11 to 70 MPa and tensile modulus from 60 to 359 MPa. The impact strength and the heat distortion temperature increased and became plateaued at higher maleic percentages. The nanocomposites were prepared with 50 mol% maleic anhydrides, containing 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt.% of nanosilicate. By increasing the amount of nanoclay, the curing time decreased and the maximum exothermic temperature increased. Mechanical properties were evaluated by using Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT), tensile properties, impact strength, and surface hardness tests. The impact strength and the heat distortion temperature also showed an upward trend with an increase in the amount of nano, even in small quantities. By adding 8% nanoclay to the matrix, the impact strength and heat deflection temperature increased by 11% and 13%.

In this study, Ag, Ce codoped ZnO/polyaniline nanocomposites were synthesized as photocatalysts for the simultaneous degradation of organic pollutants para nitrophenol and methylene blue under UV light. XRD, FESEM, and UV-Vis analyzes were used to determine the physical, chemical, and optical properties of the synthesized samples. Photocatalytic experiments showed better performance of Ag-Ce-ZnO/PANI nanocomposite compared to other samples. The results showed that after 60 minutes, about 88% of methylene blue and 56% of para nitrophenol were degraded by this nanocomposite. The good photocatalytic performance of Ag-Ce-ZnO/PANI nanocomposites can be attributed to the reduction of electron-hole recombination, increased electrical conductivity, and increased adsorption. The stable and efficient photocatalytic activity of the prepared nanocomposite identifies it as an effective photocatalyst in the degradation of organic pollutants solely or simultaneously.

In this work, BaFe12O19/Fe2O3 and BaFe12O19/chitosan nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by sol-gel auto-combustion route by using metal nitrate salts. Cherry and onion were used as reductants, in this synthesis. It is the first time that cherry and onion are used in the synthesis of barium hexaferrites. The photocatalytic and magnetic properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized nanocomposites was investigated using the degradation of methyl orange under both ultraviolet and visible light irradiations. The results showed higher photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet irradiation. VSM results showed a hysteresis loop that show ferromagnetic behavior for the synthesized BaFe12O19 nanocomposites.

In this study, zeolite Beta was used to prepare the TiO2-Beta binary composite. Different ratios of these two components nanocomposite were prepared, and the optimal weight ratio, including 70% TiO2 and 30% Beta zeolite was applied respectively. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized using the methods including FT-IR, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photocatalytic degradation of Congo-red under UV light assessed with the prepared TiO2-Beta nanocomposites. The results revealed that the nanocomposite with a weight percentage of TiO2/Beta 70 to 30 exhibited higher photocatalytic degradation than that of 50%. Besides, the synthesized nanocomposite had a higher photocatalysis performance than that of TiO2 nanoparticles. The role of pH and loading of TiO2/Beta nanocomposite with a weight ratio of 70:30 investigated on the Congo-red degradation. The results showed that the highest Congo-red degradation efficiency achieved in the range of pH 4.6 to 4.6, and it increased to a maximum value by raising the amount of nanocomposite to a value that reaches the limit concentration of 1.2 gr/L. In addition, the effect of the Congo-red initial concentration on the kinetic constant evaluation of photodegradation by TiO2/Beta nanocomposite with a weight percent of 70:30, indicated that the degradation process can be described using Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model, and the estimation of apparent rate constants with respect to different concentrations of the Congo-red based on the first-order kinetic model, showed that the apparent rate constant of the Congo-red degradation reduced by increasing its initial concentration. Furthermore, the ability to recover the TiO2/Beta nanocomposite indicated that after four consecutive use of nano photocatalyst, the degradation efficiency decreased only about 5 %.

The goal of this research was related to the investigation of the photocatalytic activity of hybrid nanocomposite based on a metal substrate coated with antibacterial materials as a nanocomposite of silver phosphate/silver bromide/Zinc oxide and magnetite with a chemical structure of Fe3O4@ZnO@AgBr@Ag3PO4, in order to evaluate of degradation efficiency of organic contamination like Trifluralin, Dimethoate, and Congo red in chemical and microbial polluted waters. The nanocomposite was prepared from the solvothermal, hydrothermal, and co-precipitation methods respectively. The prepared sample was characterized with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)‚ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the particle sizes and the morphology of the prepared material were determined. the photocatalytic properties of the samples were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy. obtained results showed that the prepared nanostructures have suitable photocatalytic activities and remove the 98% of organic contaminants in the first usage. Also, the performance test results revealed that after 4 times of usage, the recovery of the photocatalytic activity was more than 90%.

In this research, the synthesis of new thiophene derivatives with multicomponent reactions of isothiocyanate, ethyl bromopyruvate, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, and the catalytic amount of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles prepared from orange peel extract in water as solvent was investigated. The yield of the synthesized derivatives in these conditions is very good and the reaction time is also short. To confirm the structure of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles, a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Energy Diffraction X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer ( VSM) were used. Also, the antioxidant activity of some synthesized derivatives was studied using DPPH radical and iron Reduction Activity Potential (FRAP) test. Also, the antimicrobial activity of some synthesized compounds using disc diffusion tests on gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative was investigated. Easy separation of the catalyst, carrying out the reaction in green solvent and precipitation of the product in water, easy separation of the product and catalyst, and preparation of the catalyst in the green method are among the advantages of this method is the synthesis of thiophene derivatives. Also, the investigation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of some synthesized compounds showed that these compounds have good antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

This research aims to modify multi-walled carbon nanotubes to increase the carbon dioxide adsorption capacity. To achieve this goal, pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes were functionalized in a two-step process. In the first step, oxidized MWCNTs were prepared by pre-treatment of MWCNTs with sulfuric acid and nitric acid. In the second step, to improve the performance of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in carbon dioxide adsorption, oxidized MWCNTs were functionalized with 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP) solution. The characteristics of the functionalized MWCNTs were studied by Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis The CO2 adsorption capacity was measured at the temperature range of 303-323 K and pressures up to 17.3 bar using the volumetric method. Results showed that 92.71 mg/g of CO2 were captured by amine-functionalized MWCNTs at 303 K and 17.3 bar, while the adsorption capacity of the raw MWCNTs was only 48.49 mg/g under the same conditions. This result suggested that amine groups were attached to carbon surfaces in the impregnation process, making CO2 affinity sites on MWCNT surfaces which increased the adsorption capacity of MWCNTs.

In the present study, active carbon and active alumina adsorbents were improved using sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide solutions in order to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide. The effect of different operating parameters including the amount of adsorbent, concentration of hydroxide solution, temperature, and pressure on the adsorption process were investigated. The results of the adsorption experiments showed that the carbon dioxide absorption capacity increases by decreasing the temperature and increasing the pressure. The optimum conditions were 20 ° C, 6 bar, 2 g of adsorbent with 30% weight sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The maximum carbon dioxide absorption capacity for activated carbon modified with sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide solutions were 104.42 mg/g and 84.8 mg/g, respectively, which indicates 83 and 48 percent increase for modified activated carbon in comparison with unmodified ones. The carbon dioxide absorption capacity for activated alumina modified with sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide solutions were 146.70 and 130.84 mg/g, respectively, which indicates 47 and 65 percent increase for modified activated carbon in comparison with unmodified ones. As a result, generally, the modified activated alumina adsorbent revealed higher carbon dioxide absorption capacity carbon in comparison with the modified activated carbon.

Hyperlinked polymers (HCPs) are one of a variety of microporous polymers with a pore size of about nm, which is very important for the capture and storage of carbon dioxide. In this work, benzene-based HCP adsorbents synthesized on the basis of the Friedl-Kraft reaction have been investigated experimentally for the capture of carbon dioxide. The surface-response method was used to optimize process parameters to increase the carbon dioxide absorption capacity. The pressure, temperature, Kraselinker to benzene ratio, and synthesis time as process parameters and absorption capacity are also considered as the response of this method. The optimal values of pressure, temperature, Kraselinker to benzene ratio, and synthesis time, which maximize absorption capacity, are 5.857 bar, 21.331 ° C, 2.189, and 14.357 h, respectively. According to the optimum condition, the absorption capacity of carbon dioxide was calculated as 244.43 mg/g of adsorbent.

According to the greenhouse gas emission and the importance of CO2 capture as one of the most important greenhouse gases with extreme emission, nanofluids have been suggested and studied as fluids with higher mass transfer coefficients in order to enhance gas absorption. In this study, water-Al(OH)3 nanofluid which is made by dispersing hydrophilic nanoparticles capable of enhancing nanofluids stability are used and investigated by enhancing the nanoparticles' solid loading. This enhancement increases and decreases mass transfer which is assumed to be a reason for Brownian motion, Shuttle effect, and hydrodynamic effect as enhancers and viscous effects as the reducer. Selecting the optimum values by considering nanoparticles solid loadings effect on enhancement’s case study, pressure, mixing index and solid loading’s effects have been studied in detail and results represent the negative effect of pressure and enhancing and then reducing the effect of mixing index and solid loading on absorption as the maximum enhancement factor reaches the 39.012 value.

The release of heavy metals into the environment due to industrialization and urbanization has caused major problems throughout the world. Increasing the pollution of the environment by heavy metals due to carcinogenicity and biological accumulation has caused serious concerns. Therefore, the adsorption of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is one of the important environmental issues. Lead is one of the four metals that have the most effect on human health. So far, different methods have been considered for adsorbing lead. The use of biocompatible adsorbents is one of these methods. Montmorillonite (MMT), a clay mineral with unique physical and chemical properties are considered a biocompatible adsorbent. In this study, after modification of the surface of the MMT by titanium dioxide was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, and BET techniques. Then the activity of the MMT nano-adsorption immobilized on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2/MMT) was investigated for the removal of lead (II) ion and different factors such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, lead (II) ion concentration, and pH were optimized. The efficiency of this nano-adsorbent is such that even in the presence 10 mg can eliminate a significant amount of lead ion (II) (50 ppm) with a yield of about 90% at neutral pH over a short period of time (5 minutes). Moreover, the experimental results showed that the adsorption capacity of Pb2+ ion by TiO2/MMT decreased by only about 8-10 % after performing 12 runs of the adsorption process.

In this study, the adsorption of phosgene pollutant gas onto the inner and outer surfaces of sumanene and functionalized sumanene is investigated using DFT and TD-DFT calculations. The adsorption properties of sumanene and its derivative toward entitled pollutant gas are discussed through analysis of the adsorption energy, electronic and optical properties. Based on obtained results, it can be seen that the physisorption occurred. Furthermore, when the Br atom is substituted with C and H atoms in sumanene, the new structure can better adsorb pollutant gas. The obtained results show that the adsorption of phosgene onto the substituted sumanene significantly affects the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and maximum wavelength. Therefore, it can be concluded that the substituted sumanene can be useful in the practical application of monitoring phosgene gas pollutants.

This research work aims to investigate the sorption of nickel ions from an aqueous solution using Activated Carbon modified by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (AC-SDS). The sorption process by the batch method is carried out. The characterization of the adsorbent structure was studied by FT-IR, SEM, and BET. The effect of pH, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature were investigated. The optimum condition of nickel sorption onto AC-SDS was found to be: a sorbent dose of 1 g in 100 ml of nickel ions, contact time of 300 min, pH=8, in optimum condition removal efficiency was 95.18% for nickel. Three equations, i.e. Morris Weber, Pseudo first order, and pseudo-second-order have been tested to track the kinetics of the removal process. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and R-P are subjected to sorption data to estimate sorption capacity. It can be concluded that AC-SDS has the potential to remove nickel ions from an aqueous solution at different concentrations. In addition, the effect of temperature on the process was investigated. It was found that the temperature has a positive effect on the process and the negative ΔG values indicated the thermodynamically feasible and spontaneous nature of the sorption. The positive value of ΔS reveals the increased randomness at the solid–solution interface during the fixation of the ion on the surface of the sorbent.

Herein, a one-pot, new, and domino method for the synthesis of benzyl vinyl ethers without the use of a metallic catalyst in the presence of arginine and dimethyl-sulfoxide has been reported. Arginine, as an inexpensive and available amino acid, has contributed to the advancement of this reaction. Dimethyl sulfoxide, in addition to the reaction solvent, is effective as a carbon source in the synthesis of benzyl vinyl ethers. Under optimal reaction conditions, a series of benzyl vinyl ether derivatives was synthesized from good to excellent yields and at relatively convenient times. High efficiency (87-87%), easy separation, cheap and affordable materials, cost-effectiveness in terms of time and cost and low-cost reactants are the most important advantages of these reactions.

Cu/Fe3O4 magnetic nanometal was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, Energy Diffraction X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Electron Scanning Microscope (SEM), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). In continue, the complex of synthesized magnetic nanometal with the dppe(1, 2-diphenylphosphine ethane) ligand was used in 1, 2-nucleophilic addition of aryl group to aromatic aldehydes using phenylboronic acid. Alcoholic products were obtained with a good yield (up to 95%) in an acceptable time (up to 24 hours). The catalyst was magnetically recovered and reused in the addition reaction five times without a significant reduction in catalytic activity and yield. The structure of products was determined using melting point and 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopies

Iodogen, is a mild and effective reagent that is used mostly for the iodination of biological molecules. However, it is now introduced as a novel reagent for the oxidative cyclization of bisnaphthols to the corresponding Abel’s ketones (spirodienones). Notably, oxidation of bisnaphthols leads to the simultaneous formation of two chiral centers, and hence, two sets of diastereomers. Some oxidizing agents cause the formation of a mixture of these two sets, while others are specific for the distereoselective oxidation of bisnaphthols. Experiments show that only one set of these diastereomeres is selectively formed in high yield with iodogen. An advantage of this diastereoselctive oxidizing agent is that the reaction by-product can be separated and again converted into iodogen through a conventional chlorination reaction by trichloroisocyanuric acid.

In this paper, we have introduced a new procedure for oxidative esterification of methyl ketones. In this approach, we have used I2/DBU system to produce esters via carbon-carbon bond cleavage reaction. In this method, different methyl ketones reacted with primary and secondary alcohols as the coupling partners giving the products good to high yields. This reaction was performed at room temperature within short reaction times. We have also detected that iodoform was produced as a side product during the course of the reaction. This observation shows that the first step in the reaction mechanism involves the alpha iodination of methyl ketones.

Carboxy methyl cellulose is a water-soluble polymer that is used in various industries. There are various sources for carboxy methyl cellulose one of them is bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Since 30-40% of this fibrous residue contains cellulose, it can be used as a source of cellulose for the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose. In this project hemicellulose and lignin were separated from bagasse by diluted acid and sodium hydroxide solution and cellulose were extracted. The results showed that dilute sulfuric acid removed more hemicellulose than dilute nitric acid in the acid treatment stage. In order to separate cellulose completely, various concentrations of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide were used at different reaction times. The normalized areas under the characteristic peaks of FT-IR spectra of the samples were calculated by Origin software and the sample with the highest yield of extracted cellulose was selected. In the next stage, the extracted cellulose was used to prepare carboxymethyl cellulose. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken Design (BBD), was used to achieve the highest degree of substitution of carboxymethyl cellulose. The independent variables were reaction temperature, the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution, and the amount of sodium mono-chloroacetate per gram of cellulose. The highest degree of substitution was 0.66 while the calculated satisfaction factor was 97.14 percent, which shows good correspondence with the experimental data. Viscosity and molecular weight for the solution of 2% carboxymethyl cellulose in water with 0.66 degrees of substitution were 24.8 cp and 261000 grams per mole respectively which has been used in detergent materials.

In this study, the adsorption of phosgene pollutant gas onto the inner and outer surfaces of sumanene and functionalized sumanene is investigated using DFT and TD-DFT calculations. The adsorption properties of sumanene and its derivative toward entitled pollutant gas are discussed through analysis of the adsorption energy, electronic and optical properties. Based on obtained results, it can be seen that the physisorption occurred. Furthermore, when the Br atom is substituted with C and H atoms in sumanene, the new structure can better adsorb pollutant gas. The obtained results show that the adsorption of phosgene onto the substituted sumanene significantly affects the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and maximum wavelength. Therefore, it can be concluded that the substituted sumanene can be useful in the practical application of monitoring phosgene gas pollutants.

In this study, the structural, electronic, and optical properties of strontium chalcogenides are investigated by the pseudopotential method in the framework of density functional theory and quantum espresso code. The calculations were performed with the LDA, GGA, and HSE approximations. The calculated structural parameters are in good agreement with available experimental and theoretical data. The results of the band structure show that these compounds in B1 phase are semiconductors with an indirect band gap. The band gap calculated for compounds in B1 phase in the LDA and GGA approximations is consistent with the theoretical data of others. Also, the band gap in HSE approximation for SrS, SrSe, and SrTe compounds were calculated 4.30, 3.86, and 2.96 eV, respectively, which is in agreement with the experimental data. The dielectric constant for SrS, SrSe, and SrTe compounds was calculated as 4.73, 5.02, and 5.86 in GGA and 5.27, 5.48, and 6.50 in the LDA approximation, respectively and these results are also consistent with available experimental and theoretical data.

Cyanuric triazide is an environmentally friendly explosive organic compound that can be used as a primary explosive in the construction of detonators. The decomposition of this compound produces a number of high-energy nitrene intermediates. This compound is decomposed after the explosion under vacuum into molecular nitrogen and cyanogen. In this article, the density functional theory (DFT) and B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,p) method were used for the thermodynamic study of decomposition reactions of cyanuric triazide. The thermodynamic constants such as total energy, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy were calculated for these reactions in the gas phase and solution. A range of solvents with different polarities was studied. Also, the effect of temperature on the thermodynamic constants of the reactions was investigated. The results showed that decomposition reactions of cyanuric triazide to nitrene intermediates are endothermic, while decomposition to cyanogen is very exothermic. All of these reactions are associated with increasing entropy (increasing disorder) and decreasing Gibbs free energy (spontaneous) across the reaction. The ΔG value of all reactions decreased with increasing temperature, which indicates the progress of reactions at higher temperatures.

Nowadays, with the development of microtechnology in chemical synthesis, the application of appropriate systems for the separation and purification of synthesized chemicals is of importance. In this study, the continuous performance of the bromine-lithium exchange reaction and the separation of the resulting organic and aqueous phases of the reaction products in a hybrid microfluidic device, fabricated by laser engraving and thermal bonding, were investigated. The microfluidic device consists of a microreactor and a microscale capillary separator, where after conducting the exchange reaction in the microreactor and injecting water in the main channel of the separator, two existing phases were separated from each other by the capillary channels embedded in the separator. The results of the reaction conductance in the continuous microsystem showed a yield of 73% and conversion of more than 90%. It was found that employing the microsystem increased the efficiency and selectivity of the reaction compared to a batch system.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of nanofluids consisting of nanoparticles of magnesium oxide and polyacrylamide polymer on the drag reduction in the turbulent flow of water in a rough horizontal pipeline. For this purpose, three effective parameters of the process (nanoparticle concentration, surfactant concentration, and Reynolds number) in each pipeline were investigated and optimized by the surface response method. The highest rate of drag reduction was calculated by a numerical optimization method of 82%. The model adequacy was investigated using ANOVA analysis. Given the high values of the coefficient of determination and the adjusted coefficient of determination, it was determined that the data are well described by the second-order empirical model.

In this research, the water network of a process industrial unit has been optimized to reduce water consumption in this industrial unit. During the first step, the water and steam distribution network in the unit is produced and the network is studied as a fixed-flowrate model. Besides, COD, TSS, Oil, TDS, H2S, and NH3 are considered six limiting contaminants. In targeting and retrofitting steps, two approaches of direct reuse and regeneration reuse are applied. In the case of utilizing the direct reuse approach, a reduction of 1.79% in water consumption is obtained. Then, the results of mathematical optimization after using the wastewater treatment unit, show no significant difference from the one obtained from the direct reuse approach. It is because of the high amount of the TDS in the outlet stream from the regeneration unit. Using a membrane system to treat the wastewater discharged from the treatment unit to reduce TDS, the amount of water use reduction will be 35.26%.

The two-phase flow of gas and small condensate droplets is simulated in a vortex tube using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The design parameters studied here consist of the diameter and length of the vortex tube, inlet diameter, diameter and angle of the conic valve, the diameter of the cold exit, inlet velocity, and pressures of the cold and hot exits. To achieve the highest recovery of condensate from the gas exiting the field separators, the above parameters were optimized using the statistical method of design experiments. The required data for optimization was performed in 7 steps and 137 runs. Each run was performed using CFD. The optimized design was then built in the laboratory and tested under various operating conditions. It was observed that, under laboratory conditions, the optimized vortex tube is able to recover 91% of the liquid carried by the gas stream.

Technology management includes efforts to continuously create technology, design new products and services, and their success. The creation and exploitation of technology involve a series of events that begin with inventions and end in the market. The oil is produced after the drilling and completion of the well. Since the presence of water and gas can cause problems for consumers such as refineries, exports, etc., they must first be processed before being sent to the main consumer. For the first time in the country, this article presents a comprehensive and valuable study of the technology management of the surface facility. The earlier research in the world had a less specialized and comprehensive view of this section, so this research disruption in the management and transfer of this technology has led us to examine the position of technology in this section and compare it with the successful model in the world. The article is going to the managers, experts, and engineers to compare and determine the challenges to determine the technological gap in field research and interview the experts of this knowledge to provide a solution to fill this gap and present valuable and innovative research in this interdisciplinary topic.

Currently reserves are proven to be the most economical method of oil and gas storage worldwide. In this work, the effects of different parameters on possible incidents of oil storage tank via modeling and analysis with the PHAST software was investigated. In this modeling, a pressurized crude oil storage tank with an input pipeline was considered and the possibility of leakage from the pipeline was studied. The results showed that, depending on the weather conditions, the diameter of the simulated oil pond can be extended up to 40 meters. Moreover, in the wind and assuming a fire pool in the oil pond, the heat radiations with an intensity of 4 kW/m2 can affect the pond up to a distance of 20 meters. The areas affected by the wave from explosion and flash fire were also 27 and 30 meters, respectively. The results also showed a high evaporation rate of oil the first time  and after about 2000 seconds, due to lower oil in the pond, the rate of evaporation is reduced and leads to a decrease in the radius of the pond. The rising storage tank temperature, as well as the amount of evaporated oil over time, are the most important issues, which make it difficult to control the system and also endanger the safety and health of the environment.

Biobutanol has been introduced as an advanced renewable fuel. Some of the properties of butanol, e.g., complete miscibility with gasoline, high heating value, and immiscibility in water, are unique and superior to other biofuels such as ethanol and biomethane. Biobutanol has only been produced at the laboratory scale and its production on a commercial scale still faces many challenges. In the current study, recent research on the techno-economic analysis of biobutanol production, including process simulation and design, are reviewed. Extensive research has been conducted on the production of butanol from lignocellulose materials, a low-cost feedstock, that is not competing with food sources. However, the results show that the cost of butanol production from non-lignocellulosic materials is lower than that from lignocelluloses. Furthermore, it can be concluded that commercial butanol production is facilitated by changing some of the process parameters. These parameters include pretreatment conditions, fermentation mode of operation, enhancement of bacterial performance using genetic engineering, and recovery and purification of butanol from the fermentation broth.