Construction of dams as an abnormal structure in the riverbed, although it is considered as a management and planning tool, but its lack of management and quantitative and qualitative monitoring can lead to environmental problems. Seymareh Dam in Karkheh catchment was flooded in 2011 with the aim of generating hydropower, increasing the regulation power of downstream dams and flood control. According to the water processes in the dam water resources network and quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the role of dewatering, quantitative and qualitative sampling was performed before and after the construction of the dam over a period of 10 years. The study of qualitative results showed that the role of geological formations, especially Gachsaran and Asmari formations is effective in increasing the concentration of solutes and dissolution and the left bank springs have more qualitative changes due to the greater thickness and volume of Gachsaran and Asmari formations. On the other hand, the correlation between reservoir water level during dewatering and quality parameters showed that dam reservoir dewatering had the greatest impact on the right bank springs and had more correlation in changes. The results of qualitative analysis in Seymareh river also showed that the anomaly in the quality parameters of R4 station due to two factors of rainfall in spring and the addition of water leaving the power plant has been effective in changing water quality.

Gabion weir at the longitudinal variation of hydraulic head causes that surface flow enters the porous medium and mix with the subsurface flow and return to the surface water flow again. This mixing takes place in the hyporheic zone play an important role in the river ecology. In this study, the flow pattern around the gabion weir structure was investigated by conducting laboratory studies. The particle pathes were traced by injection of dye and the hydraulic head profiles were measured under different hydraulic conditions. Downstram hydraulic conditions were also adjusted in order to create three flow conditions, including through flow gabion weir (TFGW), overflow gabion weir with no hydraulic jump (NFGW) and overflow gabion weir with hydraulic jump (PNGW).In order to investigate the characteristics of the hyporheic zone, the measured hydraulic head on the sediment-water interphase was introduced as a drichlet boundary to the groundwater model and flow modeling was performed in a porous media. The results show that there is a good agreement between the observed and computational flow pattern in the hyporheic zone.The observations showed that in TFGW and NFGW flow conditions, the particle pathlines are downstream directed upwelling (DDU) and in PNGW flow condition, there are both upstream directed upwelling (UDU) and downstream directed upwelling (DDU).Also the hyporheic exchange flow (Qex) was ranged between 1.63 and 2.80 l/s.The residence time in all flow conditions increases with decreasing Reynolds number. In this study, the relationships with high accuracy were presented for estimating residence time and hyporheic exchange flow.

 River water quality is one of the important factors related to human health, living organisms and is strongly influenced by the prevailing conditions in the watershed. These activities are performed naturally or artificially with human intervention. In this regard, the present study assess the hydrological and edaphic indexes of the Ghareh Sou river. The trend of health data obtained from the software in each station was examined separately. According to the results obtained from the stations, three stations had a decreasing trend and two stations had an increasing trend. Nahar Khoran station had a decreasing trend at the level of 0.95 and the two stations, Pol Ordughah and Ghaz Mahale had a decreasing trend at the level of 0.99. The results of Tables show that Yasaghi station had the lowest level of health and Ghaz Mahale station had the highest health index score among the other stations. Ghaz Mahale station with a score of 0.86 has the highest health score among the studied stations and is the healthiest station in terms of hydrological health and Yasaghi station with a score of 0.72 has the lowest score among the stations. Health in Naharkhoran, Pol Ordughah and Ghaz Mahale stations had a decreasing trend at 99% , Yasaghi and Sade Kosar stations had an increasing trend. The Ghaz Mahale station has the highest downward slope.

The aim of this study is to investigate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of hot water springs of Khoy-Maku geothermal field, the effect of different rocks, the role of hydrothermal fluids on increasing the concentration of ions and elements in springs and estimating the reservoir equilibrium temperature. For this purpose, water samples were taken from hot and cold springs in september 2018. The results show that this water is confined and shallow and in them a water type is Na-HCO3. In springs Na and HCO3 are 736 and 2122 mg/l, respectively. Results of ion ratios, hydrogeochemical diagrams show that the high concentration of ions in the water are related to the effect of host rocks and ion exchange. Hot water springs have high Na, HCO3, and As and B are 1.47 and 0.7 mg/l, respectively. There are no evaporative rocks in the study area, therefore, the source of ions cannot be only attributed to the effect of rocks. Due to the presence of heat magmatic bodies in the depths, the high concentration of some elements, can be related to their separation from magmatic and hydrothermal systems. According Na-K-Mg diagram the thermal waters were immature waters. Therefore, the use of cation geothermometers to estimate the depth temperature of the geothermal reservoir in the region between 22 to 667 °C, can not be accurate enough. Based on silica geothermometers, mineral saturation index and enthalpy–silica mixing model, reservoir temperature was not very high and estimated in the range of 70 to 78°C.

In order to investigate the effect of climate change on runoff in Zaringol catchment in Golestan province, the rainfall-runoff relation was modeled using the M5 decision tree model. Moreover, the results of two climate change scenarios -- RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 -- under the HADGEM2 general circulation model were used to predict runoff for the near, middle and distant future. Based on Mann-Kendall analysis for 1995-1995, there were noticeable increases only in summer precipitations as well as spring and summer temperatures. However, as temperature increased, a concomitant reduction occurred for most seasonal as well as the average annual discharge values. In addition, Lars provided sufficient accuracy for precipitation and temperature data generation. We found that precipitation changes do not follow a specific increasing or decreasing pattern. In contrast, the air temperature will increase under both climatic scenarios, as in the case of an average of 0.5 to 5 ° C for the annual temperature, which is the largest surge in temperature under the RCP 8.8 scenario in the distant future. The results of M5 and MLR models showed that M5 model can improve the correlation coefficient from 0.7 m^3⁄s to about 0.87 m^3⁄s and the corresponding RMSE value from 0.82 m^3⁄s to 0.59 m^3⁄s According to the M5 model, there will be a runoff reduction in the study area in future periods. The largest decrease will occur in the distant future by approximately 41% in March for the RCP 8.5 scenario.

Population growth and water needs in developed areas have created many challenges in supplying water needs. This causes numerous problems in the quantity and quality of surface and groundwater resources. Given this issue, optimal water resources management is essential. In this research, the mathematical model (HEC-HMS) was used for flood routing in Karaj river and artificial recharge system reservoirs located in the north of Shahriar plain. Then, the volume of flood infiltration in Karaj river and also the volume of flood storage in the reservoirs of artificial recharge plan entered the multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) from which to plan the integrated exploitation of water resources of Shahriar plain and optimal utilization of the artificial recharge system and It was used with the aim of minimizing the lack of need supply and maximizing the volume of penetration in the artificial recharge system. Considering to the results of the optimization model, the optimal allocation volume of surface water, groundwater, Wastewater and Robat Karim canal and the amount of optimal recharge volume in the artificial recharge system were determined. The results of this study show the high performance of optimal planning models to increase the stability of groundwater system, optimal utilization of surface water resources and wastewater, more efficient use of artificial recharge system and irrigation and drainage network of Robat Karim.

This study aimed at investigating the effects of watershed management operations including check dams and vegetation restorations on the amount of runoff and hydrological processes of the catchment. For this purpose, the Kordan watershed located in Alborz province, with an area of 357 square kilometers was selected, where the mentioned operations have been performed in parts and predicted for most parts. In addition, the SWAT model was used to simulate monthly hydrological components. The model was calibrated for a 14-year period (1998-2012) and validated for a 4-year period from early 2013 to late 2016. Statistical coefficients of calibration period NS = 0.88 and R2 = 0.91 and validation period NS = 80 and R2 = 0.85 confirmed the model calibrated well. The simulation results of the model for the period 1998 to 2016 showed that the total surface runoff and lateral flow were 21 and 18% of the average annual rainfall and subsurface flow was about 20%, respectively. Applying different scenarios showed that the combination of biological operations (e.g. land cover rehabilitation) along with mechanical structure operations (e.g. check dams) made maximum effects on runoff reduction, so that almost all of the high drainage and steep surface runoff in the basin will be gentle. In these conditions, the direct runoff of the basin decreases from 39% to 16%. Therefore, combinational operations have significant effects on flood control, runoff reduction and consequently increase subsurface flow components.

Shadegan wetland is located at the end of Jarahi watershed. In order to monitor the changes in water cover, vegetation and uncovered or dried lands, first the area of Tala Shirin in its most waterlogged conditions was determined. Landsat TM, ETM + and OLI satellite data from 1988 to 2018 in June were used. Supervised vector classification (SVM) was used and the images were classified into three classes: water, vegetation and soil. Image classification accuracy was calculated with two indicators, overall accuracy and kappa. The area of each class was zoned in GIS and calculated as a percentage. Due to the fact that determining the share of each of the components affecting different levels of Shadegan wetland in the period (1988-2018) is the main purpose of this study, the radius and multilayer perceptron functions of neural networks were used. And after comparing the efficiency of the models, the best model was selected and based on it, the effect of each parameter on the different levels of classification in the study period was determined. The results showed that the share of human and natural factors in drought was 55.4% and 44.6% in the wetland, 70.8% and 29.2% in the water level of the wetland and 62% and 38% in the vegetation, respectively. Therefore, Shadegan wetland, more than anything else, requires human management at the watershed level and the provision of the required water supply in order to be able to play a role and continue its life as a wetland ecosystem.

This paper is to quantify the effects of optimal university curricula on reducing heating energy consumption in various climates. Changing the courses’ time slots could decrease energy use. All educational limitations, availability of professors, number of classes, and each departments’ rules are considered. Universities are often located in the cities, and most Iranian city buildings consume natural gas for heating. Therefore, natural gas reduction means a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions in urban space. The optimal curricula could lower the thermal demand. The common method to adjust the curricula is to start a semester earlier or changed the setpoint temperature. The model optimized the planning for 2700 locations in Iran with different climates. The results showed that the optimal scheduling led to one percent to 25 percent heating energy reduction. The average saving among the studied points is nearly four percent. Among them, the amount of reduction is bigger for desert climates.

This paper is about the design of two direct solar box cookers. One is equipped with a Dobson pitch and cone reflector and the other with a moving reflector and fixed plate. Their performance is assessed compared with a simple cooker. Apart from adding radiation reflecting plates into the inside, the outside part is also covered with these plates. The Dobson pitch gives the control of radiation into the box. Besides, changing the plates angle to reach the optimum increases this control. After the in-depth planning phase, these two cookers are manufactured. In early September, they can raise water temperature from 20 to 80 Centigrade in 30000 seconds. The one with the Dobson pitch and cone reflector could go higher because of its more reflecting areas than its whole area.Key Words: Solar Box Cooker, Reflecting Plate, Cone Reflector, Higher Efficiency, Faster CookingDesign and Construction of Two Solar Box Cookers

Precipitation and its measurement by rain and snow gauges are mostly important data for water resources management. However, measuring these data has limitations due to both temporal and spatial resolutions. By developing the SRE (Satellite-based Rainfall Estimates) datasets, assessment, evaluation, and comparison of SREs datasets against in-situ observations in different parts of Glob, also Iran is developed in various studies. In this study, by selecting the upstream area of the Zayandehroud Dam as the case study, two datasets, PERSIANN-CDR (PERSIANN-Climate Data Record) and Canadian Meteorological Center (CMC) Daily Snow Depth Analysis Data, are selected to evaluate their performance for the estimation of two variables of rainfall and snow water equivalent (SWE) in the period 1999 to 2019, respectively. The performance of these two SREs using in-situ gauges (a total of 16 rain gauges and 14 SWE gauges) in the upstream area of the Zayandehroud Dam on a monthly time scale is evaluated. For this purpose, different evaluation indices of the correlation coefficient, mean square root of error, and relative error are used. In addition, the performance of SREs in precipitation detection is examined using the classification statistics. Based on the obtained results, the correlation coefficient of 0.48 and relative error of 54.55% indicates that the estimated rainfall amounts by PERSIANN-CDR are in the upper-estimation condition over the study area. Also, the evaluation CMC-based SWE estimations show that the best Amounts SWE is estimated with an error of 4.22% and the highest correlation (CC) is 0.34.

Some natural materials such as organic matter can be used to increase the usable water of plant in soil. The Plant-bac plates are made of cellulosic waste and can be used to increase water holding capacity, especially in desert areas. In order to investigate the effect of plant-bac plates on water consumption and growth of Haloxylon persicum Bunge, an experiment was conducted for 3 years in Besat nursery located in the east of Qom province. The main plot consisted of irrigation treatments at intervals of 20 days (control) and 40 days intervals and the sub-plot consisted of two treatments of use and non-use of plant-bac. The results of statistical analysis showed that the effects of using plant-bac and year as well as the interaction effect of irrigation on plant-bac use were significantly different (P<0.01, P<0.05) . Also, combined analysis of traits showed that the effects of irrigation on the use of plant-bac and year for height growth and the effects of using plant-bac and year for seedling diameter growth were significantly different. Comparison of mean traits showed that seedling height increased with age of them in the third year after planting in the treatment using plant-bac with 129.42 cm and seedling height growth with 28.56 cm was higher than other treatments. Also, the diameter of seedlings increased with the age of them in the third year after planting in the treatment using plant-bac with 127.14 cm and the height growth of seedlings with 15.80 cm was higher than other treatments.

Therefore, the purpose of this study is the statistical analysis of the 33 indicators of hydrologic alterations (IHA) in five main groups (magnitude-duration-timing-frequency-rate of change) in stations affected by the Bustan, Golestan and Voshmgir dams in the before and after periods of construction these dams using the IHA software version 7/1 and investigate is the climate variables change. For this purpose, the calibration and validation of the HBV hydrological model in the before period of Bustan, Golestan and Voshmgir dams construction and the amount of daily discharge in the after period of dams construction was simulated. The results of simulation of the affected stations of the dam with HBV model showed that the model has good performance in both periods (calibration and validation) in the before period of dams construction. The results showed that in the calibration period of Oghan, Gonbad, Ghazaghli and Aqqala hydrometric stations with Nash coefficient of 0/52, 0/67, 0/80 and 0/61, respectively, as well as in the validation period of Oghan, Gonbad, Ghazaghli and Aqqala hydrometric stations, respectively have the best performance with Nash coefficient of 0/59, 0/41, 0/58 and 0/54, respectively. According to the results, hydrological indicators of monthly flow show that in Oghan station under the influence of Bustan dam about 30%, in Gonbad and Ghazaghli stations under the influence of Golestan dam about 52% and 30%, respectively, and in Aqqala station downstream of the dam and 49% in the river.

The uncontrolled increase of population in the country, the limitation of surface water resources and the overexploitation of aquifers have caused irreparable damage to the country's natural resources in recent years. Integrated hydrological models have made it possible to analyze groundwater and surface water with high temporal and spatial resolution. The aim of this study is to understand the interactions of groundwater with surface water in the Shazand plain aquifer in Markazi province using the MODFLOW-OWHM model under the ModelMuse graphical user interface. In this study, SFR package is used to simulate river flow and its exchanges with the aquifer. The model is calibrated manually for September 2010 to September 2011. The simulation results of the model showed that Shazand plain rivers have a very small portion in feeding the aquifer and its discharge and the highest portion in feeding the aquifer in most months of the year is due to infiltration from rainfall. The highest discharge in the dry months of the year is due to wells exploitation and in the other months is due to the head dependent flux. Therefore, this study can be a strong basis for further studies to assess climate change on surface water and groundwater resources and water resources management strategies in the country.

One of the new challenges in exploiting groundwater resources is seawater intrusion. Unplanned increase in exploitation reduced the groundwater level, which reduced the hydraulic gradient of the shoreline and in some areas reverses the groundwater flow and leads to groundwater salinization. This study examine the seawater intrusion strategies in the Astana-Kuchesfahan coastal aquifer using numerical simulation. Examination of the current status of this aquifer using SEAWAT package was indicated the intrusion of 740 meters of seawater to the aquifer over a 5 years period showed that in order to manage this pressing matter, 19 management strategies (reduction of groundwater exploitation), structural and subsurface dam) and integrated (managerial and structural) to reduce the seawater intrusion was presented. The simulation results of different treatment strategies were evaluated using the aquifer qualitative stability index, which is based on the amount of saline water regression. The results showed that this index was calculated between 14% and 65% for the defined solutions. The highest relative aquifer improvement is related to S18 solution with 20% reduction in groundwater exploitation, artificial recharge and subsurface dam and the lowest relative aquifer improvement is related to S1 solution with 5% reduction in operation. The results showed that S1 solution was associated with 100 m water retreat and S18 solution was associated with 480 m saline water retreat. The results can be used for groundwater exploitation management in this coastal aquifer.

In most countries, agriculture is the largest consumer of water due to its biological nature and strong dependence on nature. As a result, water management in this sector plays an essential role in determining how countries use their water resources. The present study was conducted to optimize the area under cultivation, allocate irrigation water, and maximize crops’ benefit in the Damaneh-Daran plain, Isfahan, Iran, from 2017-2030 under the RPC8.5 scenario using a genetic algorithm. Following monthly runoff estimating by the AWBM model under climate change conditions within a correlation coefficient of 75% indicated that the values of RMSE, MBE, and R of the microscale parameters measured by the Statistical Micro-Scale Model (SDSM) were equal to 8.34, 7.51 and 0.98 in the temperature parameter and -1.28, 6.28, and 0.78 in the precipitation parameter, respectively. Wheat, barley, sugar beet, and fodder corn cultivation were reduced by 2130.6, 1176.1, 112.8, and 516 hectares, respectively, by pattern optimization. The expansion of potato cultivation by 3935.5 hectares reduced water usage by 18.21 Mm3and generated a total profit of 163 million tomans for farmers between 2017 and 30.

One of the semi-distributed models that has been considered by researchers in the last decade is the hydrological model of variable infiltration capacity (VIC). The study aim was evaluating the efficiency of VIC model in simulated runoff and flow of rivers in Urmia city overlooking Lake Urmia, including Nazlochyi, Rozeh Chay, Shahrchay and Barandozchay. ERA5 meteorological data was used to achieve this goal. The indices used in the present study to validate the rainfall input data include (R2, TRMSE, NSE). The results of satellite meteorological data surveys with observational data have acceptable results. More precisely, the probability index of POD detection in all stations in the region is above %80. The Khoy synoptic station in the north of the study area is more than %95. Also, the correlation between maximum and minimum temperature data is above %93. After forming the hydrological and mathematical model of the area, the calibration of the observed runoff of the sub-basins with the runoff simulated by the VIC model was investigated. The surveying showed that in all major rivers in the region, the NSE value was above %72 and the R2 coefficient of all basins was more than %64. Also, for validation between observational and simulated data, the maximum flow rate (2010-2000) was used and the results showed that the model was more accurate in simulating maximum runoff, so that the NSE coefficient in the Nazlochay basin was %80 and the coefficient R2 was %78 for daily observational data.

Changes in runoff properties due to climate change are currently one of the main concerns in long term planning of water resources and float protection. Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate the impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources. Therefore, in this research impacts of climate change on runoff properties of Qaran Talar sub-catchment were evaluated. For this purpose, 22 AOGCM models and two greenhouse gases emission scenarios (RCp4.5 and RCP8.5) are used for the generation of climate change scenarios. Daily precipitation time series under 3 probability levels (0.50, 0.75, and 0.90) were generated for two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099), and afterward design precipitation for 2 to 500-year return periods was determined for baseline and future periods. Results showed that in the future periods, in the cold and warm months of the year, we will expect an increase and decrease in rainfall, respectively. Outputs of WMS model indicated that under climate change conditions, the amount of peak discharge and the volume of floods for design rainfall of different return periods will increase by 35 to 110 percent. It was also found that at the probability level of 0.5, the two scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in both future periods estimate a 30% increase in peak discharge and flood volume. at the probability level of 0.75 and 0.90 during 2021-2050, both emission scenarios indicated the same results, but the amount of peak discharge increase in the period of 2099-2070 under RCP8.5 is higher compared to RCP4.5.

One of the largest water transfer projects in the country is the Sistan Plain Pipe Water Transfer Project, which can be used to manage few water in the best way. The purpose of this study is the optimal allocation of water resources in the agricultural sector using game theory and emphasis on the water market in the Sistan region in 2019-2020. For this purpose, the Stackelberg-Nash-Cournot equilibrium model has been used in two general allocation and market conditions.To solve the model, metaheuristic process has been used, which is a combination of Dynamic genetic algorithm and fuzzy programming method. The results showed that with the creation of a water market in the region, the total profit of the system has increased from 58548 to 85932 million Rials, which is a change of 383.75 million Rials. The value of index E decreased with the creation of the market, the rate of these changes is 7.7%, and also the results show that the creation of a water market provides the possibility of fair distribution of water between regions. by reduction the irrigation coefficient and using the traditional irrigation system at the farm level, profits will decrease. Therefore, the formation of a regional water market in the Sistan region, in addition to changing the amount of water allocated to crops in the study areas, has changed the profits of the cultivation pattern and in general leads to improving farmers' incomes and creating justice in allocation. Water flows between the regions of Sistan region.

Alborz province is considered as one of the most important agricultural regions in Iran that annually most of the water resources in this province are allocated to the agricultural sector. The concept of virtual water is considered as a tool to examine the status of agricultural production in each region based on water consumption. For this reason, in the present study, using the data collected during the last ten years (2011-2021), the amount of virtual water trade in Alborz province was investigated. The results showed that the water deficit index of Alborz province is 0.6. The water self-sufficiency index of this province in relation to the import of virtual water is 100. Therefore, in this province, mainly agricultural products are exported and this province is self-sufficient in producing agricultural products and importing virtual water. To improve the water situation of Alborz province, different scenarios were investigated using the AquaCrop model and the optimal amount of water for irrigation of each crop was determined. With the improvement of the existing irrigation situation, the virtual water exported to most crops decreased. The highest decrease in virtual water exports for barley, lettuce and celery, potatoes and cabbage was achieved with the values of 1.6, 0.97, 0.16 and 0.13 million cubic meters per year, respectively. Also, by applying optimal irrigation scenarios, the water shortage index of Alborz province decreased to 0.54, which was less than 0.06 compared to the current situation.