نقدنامه زبان های خارجی
پیاپی 1 (شهریور 1397)

In the first two decades of Twenty First Century, some French thinkers wrote their books about contemporary literature crisis and literary researches. One of them which is named Literature in Peril [Literature in danger] by Tzvetan Todorov, published by Flammarion 2007. The theme of the book is a concerning look towards investigating the application and position of literature from the eighteenth century onwards. This article first tries to introduce the book and to present a summary of its various parts, then to analyze the writer’s judgment and claims along with his flaws.

The widespread expansion of academic networks and the unprecedented diversity of educational disciplines and programs in much of today's world have raised many questions about the nature of higher education, its role in human society, and its relation with other civic and economic organizations. The author of the book, “University: End of the Game”, has tried to address these questions limiting his scope to the province of Quebec in Canada, without considering this province an isolated case in the dominant global economic system. Referring to the changes brought about by the “Quiet Revolution” of the 1960s in the province of Quebec, he has criticized the major theories in this field.

A great deal of books and documents have been published regarding the history of translation in recent century. Most of these books had similar writing and analysis style. One of the recent and different book that analyzed the history of translation with a various literature and look is History of Translation by Michel Ballard. He analyzes the history of translation with a simple language and precise categorization, and most important, studies the educational views of the history of translation. The significant point in this book is geographical categorization in the chronology of translation and its cultural aspects. The book was published by De Boeck Publication and special collection of Traducto. This essay tries to introduce the book to those who are interested in translation, especially the students and university professors.

The linguistic book of discourse and discourse analysis for the first time ornamented in Armand Colin publishing house of Paris in 2014. In this book, Dominique Maingueneau focuses on the fundamental issue of discourse and discourse formation and special attention had for examining the basic concepts such as word queries, the elements of discourse analysis, level of speech, kind of speech, and the world of speech. What pays the reader's attention most of all is that the author beyond the scope of discourse analysis for challenging issue of (language and sense) and considering all cognitive – cultural- social dimensions and context of speech.

The books of Didactics Course of French as a Foreign and Second Language was written by two prominent French linguists (Jean-Pierre Cuq & Isabelle Gruca) and were published by PUG Publication in 2002, for the first time. This book is used as a source book for all the researchers of teaching, as it presents an overall and valuable review of language teaching of current sciences. In this book, the way of forming and foundation of teaching language as an independent major is described and the teaching conditions, classroom and the main members of this domain are described. Also the methods and educational techniques of teaching language are analyzed.

As a social movement, feminism focuses on reducing gender inequalities and promoting women's rights, interests and issues. Theoretical approaches to feminism originate mainly from the early nineteenth century. Feminism (as a movement for the origin of women) is part of the phenomenon or movement of attention to other or  originality of other, a movement that has emerged in the field of race, ethnicity and gender. By looking at “In Their Time: A History of Feminism in Western Society” by Marlene LeGates selected from Routledge critical series, this essay tries to describe, categorize and critique of feminism’s concept.

The first French-Persian bilingual dictionary was published in Paris by John-Baptiste Nicolas in 1885. French language started with Safavid dynasty in Iran but spread out in the time of Naser Al-Din Shah Qajar. Bilingual dictionary continued to publish in twenty century by John Schlimmer. He published in 1874 a French-Persian dictionary. The number of bilingual French-Persian dictionaries that are published in French and in Iran are more than 130. Two examples of these kinds of dictionary that was released in three recent decades are “Petit dictionnaire des expressions et proverbs” and “Petit dictionnaire de la langue verte” by Mohamad Taghi Ghiyasi. In this paper these books were criticized by the point of view of content, title, entry, data, manner of data collection and the definition.

The purpose of this article was to review the English course book (Student Book 2 and its workbook) developed for 8th graders with intellectual disabilities. The method applied was descriptive – analytic. Regarding the proposed criteria by the Council for Reviewing Books and Texts on Humanities, areas of strength and weak points in terms of form and content were presented. Moreover, series of suggestions were proposed to enhance both the quality and the content of the book regarding their capabilities. The strong points of this package could be pointed out as allocating a specific section to recap what students have learned in 7th grade, presenting language functions and social routines, and color printing of the student book. Apart from the old-fashioned way of teaching English alphabets, the inappropriate method of introducing numbers, developing improper and vague activities regarding the students’ capabilities, and the low quality of the pictures, the essential weakness of the book was the issue that there was not that much conformity between the title of each lesson and the content.

Ifadaat by Dr. Tehseen Faraqi, professor and chairman of the Department of Urdu Language and Literature at the Faculty of Oriental Studies, Punjab University of Pakistan, which includes 13 articles on Urdu literature. The book was published in 2004 on the 285-pages by Sang-e-Meel Publications in Lahore. The author has devoted various aspects of the literary works of the ancient poets and writers to contemporary Urdu. About the place of the literary genius in the Urdu language until the emergence of Miranises in the nineteenth century, and then in later articles, some aspects of the poetry of the famous and influential 20th century Urdu language such as Akbar Allahabadi, Hafeez Hoshiyar Puri, Maher alQadri, Shahzad Ahmad, Abdul Aziz Khalid, etc. has been written.

The book Fan-e Tanqeed Aur Urdu Tanqeed Nigari was written by Noorul Hasan Naqvi in 1990 at the Printing House of Educational Book House, Aligarh, India. In this work, the theme of criticism and well-known critics of Urdu are covered in simple language. By introducing famous Urdu language critics from the beginning of the 20th century to the late 20th century, the author reviewed various critique styles, as well as reviews of the history of critique, schools and major currents of criticism in Urdu literature. So, this work can be used as a reliable source for the critique and its related processes in the Urdu language and also for audience of the Urdu language.

“History of philosophy is the history of suppression of the question.” This is the paradox that Michel Meyer denounces in the book What Is Questionig?, like so many others of his works. If questioning lies in the nature of philosophy, then according to which mental processes and epistemological difficulties the best philosophers of the history have built their philosophical structures on the suppression of the question? Meyer’s new book, What Is Qustioning, aims at this critical question, in particular, the intellectual foundations of Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Heidegger. Its aim is to measure a kind of philosophical deviation or a kind of “problematological” disorder that throws out the fundamental question (question from the question itself) of the philosophical thinking process, for the benefit of a presumption, a proposition, or an “apodictical” principle.

The book Urdr Dastan: Tahqeeqi o Tanqeedi Mutala by Dr. Suhel Bukhari was published by Muqtadra Qaumi Zaban (National Language Promotion Department) in Islam Abad Pakistan in 1987. This book contains 560 pages and Dr. Suhel Bukhari in this book gave detailed account of research regarding short story in Urdu language and literature.

This research introduces and analyzes and criticizes the Urdu Ghazal Aur Hindstani Zahen-o Tahzeeb by Gopi Chand Narang, scholar, researcher, linguist critic, and writer and poet of the Hindus of India. Gopi Chand Narang has been characterized by the mastery of critique and writing in Hindi and Urdu literature and language, with a comparative study of the Hindu culture and thoughts that have influenced the poetry of the classical poets of Urdu literature. He has adapted the culture of India from different angles before and after Islam from the Vedic period to the advent of Islam in India. The author of this work, like his other scientific works, explains adaptive studies in the field of mythology and Hindu culture and civilization looking for a trace of this culture in the Urdu language. One of the main advantages of this book is that the author, with the approach of comparative studies, seeks to find literature on peace and sympathy with Indian culture and civilization with Islam with a literary and scholarly look. This book deals with different aspects of common culture in the literature. Hindi and Urdu carefully interprets the poetry of classical poets with precision and historical examples. This paper deals with the most important method of research and critique of this author and analyzes positive aspects and disadvantages of work.

Among the Italian grammar books in Iran, those that teach grammatical points using the linguistic code and specific grammatic examples in Farsi for Persian speaking learners are usually more welcomed by those learners. This is true for those who usually try to study the rules of the target language in a private form of self-studing and maybe without the direct teacher's presence. The book L'alternativa La grammatica italiana [a New Look to Alternative World Italian Grammar] by Fariba Khakpour introduces a critical study, as a good educational source that uses Farsi language to provide a comprehensive explanation of the grammatical rules of the Italian language. However, there are some little suggestions to improve the quality of the existing work.

The present paper is an attempt to investigate the methods and contents of grammar books which Iranian scholars and universities’ professors have written for the languages of English, German, French, Spanish, Italian and Turkish since 1978 and then to review the phenomenon of wetting grammar books for these languages critically. To do this, we initially searched grammar books’ names in the website of National Library and Archives of I. R. of Iran (www.nlai.ir) and then listed grammar books’ titles. The following items, then were removed from the samples: a) the books which have published before 1978, b) the books which their names aren’t included grammar (Persian: dastūrzabān), self-study book (Persian: khodāmūz), c) the books which are exactly Persian translation of original published books abroad, d) the books which only have compiled and published for undergraduate, graduate and PhD examinations and Language Competence Tests (such as IELTS, IBT, etc.). Removing this data, in general, there were 347 books as the samples of this article. We chose 100 books and then investigated the advantages and disadvantages of their methods and contents. The results showed that these grammar books because of their disadvantages haven’t been as reliable textbooks in Iranian University and Language Teaching Institutes. These books’ authors usually have been considered publishing market’s needs rather than needs of language learners.