نقدنامه زبان های خارجی
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، شهریور 1399)

Theoretical book, Textless sentences, in the field of linguistics text, for the first time printed in Paris in 2012. In this work Dominique Maingueneau, emphasizes and focuses on the subject of short silent, non-textual sentences such as short and instructive sentences, political slogans, proverbs, general facts, Press titles, etc.- separated from the original structure and present in the oral or written words of the speakers in a specific linguistic community, in this regard of French language that meaning and interpretation of separate short sentence from construction of original verbal grammar with the meaning of same sentence as in the secondary texture and construction (enunciation aphorisante) somewhere the other verbal context used by another user will not be the same. According to Maingueneau understanding such statements were directly related to the specific condition of speech formation eventually leads to otherness in the speech of current speaker.

The present article introduces Hawk Jones's Theory, History, Background, and concludes with a few points. The article is generally composed of five sections. In the first part, as an introduction, the author first deals with the golden age of critical theoretical life because the set of factors that underlie the formation of the critical flow have either disappeared or become entrenched in other currents. The deterioration of the decisive principles, of course, led to the idea that more diverse ideas and ideas had begun to theorize and produce more reproduction. But historically, the author has rightly attributed the beginnings of critical theory to the work of the Frankfurt School, including the actions of its leaders, including because it was important and influential at one of the most pressing moments in the history of the theory in the early decades of the twentieth century. Criticizes the capitalist system. The basis of the work of the Frankfurt School is to form a critique of the "instrumental rationality" that considers everything for its own benefit only.

This study provides a critical review of Susan Heckman’s article, “Feminism.” First, in the introductory part, Heckman’s ideas on the historical development of the feminist movement and its modifications throughout different eras are briefly presented. Next, in the Criticism and Analysis section, the problematic aspects of Heckman’s approach to Feminism are discussed. In order to address these aspects, Elaine Showalter’s views on the four models or categories of Feminism are employed in this section. Finally, the strong and weak points of Heckman’s article and the effect of these points on the understanding of the audience are examined. . . .

Structuralism is one of the most influential intellectual movements in the twentieth century, which has its roots in Ferdinand de Saussure’s linguistic and semilogical theory. The primary objective of Structuralism is to focus on the structures underlying various cultural phenomena and identify the general rules governing them. Although decades have passed since the advent of Structuralism and serious criticisms have been addressed at its basic assumptions and methodology, it still remains significant, especially within literary and cultural theory, such that in all guidebooks and textbooks of literary theory one chapter is always devoted to Structuralism. One of these books is the second edition of The Routledge Companion to Critical and Cultural Theory (2013). The present essay reviews the chapter entitled “Structuralism and Semiotics” in this guidebook, first briefly pointing out its advantages (its readability and pedagogic quality) and then highlighting its theoretical and structural disadvantages, which should have been minimized in the second edition (which is no different from the first).

This chapter, Marxist literary theory, is composed of four major parts. The first section is a survey on Karl Marx’s ideas. After analyzing Marx’s ideas in great details, he pays attention to Frankfort school. Frankfurt School which was founded in 1923, was organized formally as the Institute for Social Research at the University of Frankfurt. This school was essentially a Marxist think-tank that comprised some of the most influential thinkers of the time. Later, the author goes to post-Marxism, discourse theory, and the thought of the Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci. Gramsci’s ideas mark a crucial break with the former. For Gramsci modern society is not a closed totality organized around a fixed center of capitalist rationality. At the end of the chapter, he presents the influential Slovenian philosopher, Slavoj Zizek’s thoughts. Zizek has developed a compelling perspective that, in a certain sense, represents a return to Marx.

As a part of a book), Wake’s “Narrative and Narratology” (pp. 14-28) has two approaches toward narrative theory: classical and postclassical. Under the former, Wake firstly makes a distinction between “story” and “plot”: “the story is translatable…, whilst plot appears to be text-specific.” Wake then makes mention of some main components of any narrative: time, point of view versus focalization, and the narrative communicative model included. Under the latter part, Wake reviews and examines briefly the way a narrative is related to: narrative levels, meta-story, postmodernism, critical theory, history, and feminism. However, Wake’s paper has some weak points too: a) a selective analysis of the history of narrative theory, b) an offer of purely unprocessed information c) no mention is made of the other main elements of narratology d) no mention of how narrative theory is related to other fields of study, and e) no mention of the new trends in narrative theory, including cognitive narratology, among others.

The structuralist study of literature, associated with the names of Roland Barthes, Tzvetan Todorov, Genette, and others, sought not to interpret literature but to investigate its structures and devices. Gerard Genette (1930- 2018) is a French theorist and semiotician, one of the prominent figures of contemporary intellectual movements and has been associated with the structuralist movement and personalities such as Roland Barthes and Claude Levi-Strauss. Much of Genette's fame and influence goes back to the structuralist study of narrative, which provides one of the most comprehensive frameworks for analyzing narrative texts. The major theory of Genette on narratology is derived of his most influential text on narrative discourse: an essay on method. This essay is a portion of three volumes of his Figures and the major part of Figure 3. from In this work, Genette presents his view of narrative structure, according to which narrative discourse consists of three distinct levels called story, narrative and narrating. Genette's Narrative Discourse is a major work, as well as an indispensable tool for students who are interested in narrative theory.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate Vision Teacher's Guidebook. 14 English teachers attended a semi-structured interview formed on the basis of Cunningsworth’s 1995 framework. For the accuracy of the quality and reliability of the interview data, member checking strategy (Flick, 2014) was used. Qualitative content analysis of the interview data showed that the teacher’s guidebook is worth critiquing from five angles including lack of comprehensiveness and flexibility, not promoting intercultural competence and critical thinking in the teacher, presenting a prescriptive and uniform approach to the teaching process, inability to predict learning problems and the provision of appropriate guidance to overcome these problems, and not creating positive motivation in the teacher. Furthermore, teachers labelled "repackaged version" for Vision series. It is concluded that the Organization for Research and Educational Planning and the Ministry of Education should adopt practical measures to improve the above-mentioned problems in coming editions of Vision series.

The present article reviewed “English Special: A Resource for Teaching English at Special Schools from Grade 7 to 9” by Heide Wöske. This book aims to teach English as a foreign language to students with learning difficulties from grade seven to nine in Germany. With regard to the criteria proposed by the Council for Reviewing Books and Texts on Humanities, the book’s merits and demerits in terms of form and content were discussed, and recommendations were made to enhance both the quality and the content of the book for future editions or adaptations. The most salient strong points of the book are the diversity of topics and the provision of various worksheets. Points which require attention in future editions or adaptations include the difficulty of reading the narratives, black-and-white printing of worksheets, difficulty of matching each worksheet with its how-to-teach notes, and an overemphasis on the culture of English-speaking countries which may restrict the application of the book in other parts of the world.

Six important literary authors of the Italian nineteenth century have been translated into a fluent and beautiful Persian. Selected works from each of these poets in addition to the brief introduction of their poetics and their most important topos, reveals their position in the political and cultural conditions prevailing in Italy in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Therefore, the book introduced in this critical study can be introduced with regard to the possibility of adapting texts in both Farsi and Italian as a supplement not only to the course of “literary translation”, but also it can be proposed for the course of “The history of the nineteenth century literature” because of it’s comprehensive biographies presented on the literary activities of each writer.

The purpose of this article was to review the Italian grammar book called “Analisi Grammaticale della Lingua Italiana’ or “Grammatical Analysis of Italian Language” by Antonia Shoraka. The major focus of the present book was to introduce the sophomores grammatical analysis of Italian language apart from considering the features of a lexis in a sentence. Regarding the criteria proposed by the Council for Reviewing Books and Texts on Humanities, areas of strength and weak points in terms of form and content were presented. Furthermore, series of suggestions were proposed to ameliorate both the quality and the content of the book for future printing.

The book “Tahrik-e- Azadi men urdu ka hisa” (Army’s share in the freedom movement) is the work of the famous contemporary scholar Moinuddin Aqeel. The book, published in 2008, is one of the scholar's most valuable works on the history of Urdu in terms of Islamism, nationalism, libertarianism, and its impact on strengthening the Islamic mentality and promoting the social consciousness of Muslims. Here, the author has studied all the literary and non-literary forms of literature, including poetry and literary prose, even lectures, sermons, and conventions. The introduction of religious, political and literary movements on this subject has added to the scientific value and data of this research.

The social changes of today's society have led to the emergence of some linguistic phenomena, such as Jargon, which is more commonly used among younger generation and downstream of the community. A language that has converted into a mode of speech aimed to differentiate itself from others, used to protect the secrets of its profession or group from other classes. But the Jargons, as an emerging phenomenon have attracted the attention, also prompted the concerns of linguists and sociologists due to the lack of understanding of the words of the younger generation. The method of study is a library methodology, in which researchers attempt to discuss complex aspects of this linguistic diversity by describing the phenomenon of Jargon and also studying its differences with slang, and especially the Russian language. It is assumed that the jargon has its own language system, which undergoes transformation, and is a dynamic and evolving category. Jargon and slang are two distinct language variations with different functions that become obsolete and are rebuilt over time.