Nanomedicine Research Journal
Volume:7 Issue: 3, Summer 2022

The development of nanotechnology has proposed new routes in the design of the novel device for medical and biological applications. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is a transition metal dichalcogenides. Tungsten disulfide nanomaterial (WS2 NM) are new nanostructures that can be used as a new option in bio-nanomedicine. Recently, Tungsten disulfide nanomaterial such as WS2 nanotubes, nanoparticles, quantum dots, and WS2 based nanocomposites have been used in some medical and biological science research. WS2 nanomaterial present chemical, physical, optical and electronic properties that can be exploited in a range of various applications. In this article, we discuss and report chemophysical relevant properties of tungsten disulfide nanostructures and the main achievements reached by using of this nanomaterial and related composite in biomedical research and biosensors, especially those involving electrochemical biosensors, optical biosensors, biomedical imaging, Photothermal therapy, radiotherapy, tissue engineering, and biocompatible anticancer and antibacterial agent.Keywords: Tungsten disulfide (WS2) Nanomaterial, Biosensor, Bio-imaging, Photothermal/Radiotherapy, Biocompatibility.

Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles covered with gold and silver particles were prepared by hydrothermal method, and for the successful coating of gold and silver particles on Fe3O4 surface, the nanoparticles showed good dispersion and solubility in the physiological phase. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by (XRD ), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibration sample magnetometer (VSM). The nanoparticles (Fe3O4-Au @ Fe3O4-Ag nanoparticles are 16 nm and 10nm respectively ), exhibiting supermagnetism and highly saturated magnetization at room temperature. Also, available data on in vivo toxicity are limited. The advantage of the current study is to evaluate the toxicity of (Fe3O4-Au @ Fe3O4-Ag nanoparticles) by morphological and functional criteria. The biochemical parameters of the organism were also evaluated using an animal model. MNPs were injected intraperitoneally for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. In addition, histological examination was studied in kidney samples. Our results also show that there are no significant changes in biochemical parameters. Where the tissue was kept without any change during the entire period when monitoring. As well as no significant body weight occurred during the testing period and after MNPs particle injection.

Sunlight-assisted rapid fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous bark extract of Terminalia neotaliala Capuron (TnB-AgNPs) and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.  Aqueous bark extract of T. neotaliala was used as a reducing agent in AgNPs formation under direct sunlight. Techniques like UV-Vis Spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, DLS, HR-TEM with SAED were employed for the characterization studies. Further, antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay and anti-inflammatory activity by BSA anti-denaturation assay. The TnB-AgNPs formation was observed as a colour change from light-yellow to dark-brown with a λmax value of 414nm. FTIR spectra revealed different functional groups such as -OH, -CH, -C=O, -NH, -C-N groups associated with the presence of polyphenolic compounds in the bark extract. XRD confirmed the Face Centered Cubic crystalline nature with an average crystallite size of 26 nm. Z-average particle size was found to be 57nm with a zeta potential value of -40.9mV indicating excellent stability. HR-TEM studies depict spherical shape with average particle size of 34.81nm and the lattice planar spacing of 0.24nm. The TnB-AgNPs and bark extract showed % scavenging of 70.66±0.27% and 80.78±0.39 % (100 µg/mL) for antioxidant activity and % inhibition of 79.49±1.22% and 67.92±1.00% (500µg/mL) for anti-inflammatory activity at their highest concentration.  The present study demonstrates a rapid approach in producing small, spherical, stable, crystalline AgNPs using T. neotaliala bark extract under the influence of direct sunlight. The synthesized TnB-AgNPs showed moderate antioxidant and excellent anti-inflammatory activity indicating its potentiality in biomedical applications.

Curcumin (Cur) as a natural bioactive compound has shown potential capability to fight a variety of malignancies. In this study, bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA NPs) were applied to improve bioavailability and increase the effectiveness of the hydrophobic curcumin against human glioblastoma brain cancer cells. BSA NPs were synthesized and Cur was loaded in nanoparticles, based on desolvation method. Characterization studies were performed using dynamic light scattering, UV-Visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Curcumin release from albumin nanoparticles was investigated in vitro and finally the cytotoxicity evaluation against U-87 MG cell line was studied by MTT method. The curcumin loaded nanoparticles (BSA-Cur NPs) showed a homogeneous spherical shape with mean particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of 182.1 ± 2.02 nm and 0.105 ± 0.02, also drug loading content (DL%) and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) were obtained 11.73% and 83.26%, respectively. Cur showed a sustained release from BSA NPs with maximum release percentage of 30% after 48 hours. The results of MTT assay revealed that after 48 h treatment BSA-Cur NPs have more cytotoxicity on U-87 MG cells compared to free Cur, owning IC50 values of 33.08 ± 0.1.27 and 17.43 ± 1.37, respectively. According to the results of this study, albumin nanoparticles can be considered as a promising carrier for improving the effectiveness of curcumin in drug delivery against glioblastoma.

In here, we introduced a rapid and green synthesis route to prepare pure zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver-doped zinc oxide (Ag-dop-ZnO) nanoparticles (NP) using Prosopis farcta extract. The physic-chemical property of the synthesized NPs was identified using PXRD, FESEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis, and EDX devices. According to the obtained outcomes of PXRD, UV-Vis, as well as EDX analysis, Ag was well doping into the ZnO structure. Moreover, spherical shape was observed with a mean size of 25-40 nm based on FESEM outcomes for the synthesized nanoparticles. The cytotoxic effect of the synthesized nanoparticles was assessed on glioblastoma (U87) cell line using an MTT test. The cytotoxic outcomes presented that the doped NPs have a more cytotoxic effect on the U87 cell line. The antibacterial activity of synthesized NP was studied against Streptococcus mutans bacterium through disk diffusion and microdilution method. Based on the outcomes of microdilution and disk diffusion assay and of the synthesized NP, Ag-dop-ZnO NP shows higher antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans than the pure NPs. Hence, the synthesized NPs can be suggested for disinfectant products and cancer treatment.

Based on the literature, mesenchymal stem/stromal cell derived exosome has dual role in tumor therapy or progress. We evaluated the possible anti-tumor effect of the MSCs-exosome on retinoblastoma Y-79 cell cells in vitro.

To verify the efficient isolation of exosome, the MSCs-exosome structure and the expression of CD9 and CD81 was examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and western blotting, respectively. Y-79 cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated using MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression levels of Bcl-2 and microRNA-143 were estimated by the Real-time PCR.

MSCs-exosome inhibited Y-79 cells proliferation as shown by MTT assay results. Also, MSCs-exosome induced apoptosis in Y-79 cells within 72 hours of treatment. Real-time PCR results also exhibited that exosome therapy resulted in a decrease in Bcl-2 expression while up-regulating microRNA-143 expression.

MSCs-derived exosome could deter retinoblastoma Y-79 cells tumorigenicity, thereby providing novel modality to manage retinoblastoma patients.

The objective of this study was to design, develop, optimize, and evaluate Chitosan based Etravirine Nanosuspension to enhance their solubility and extent of release. The Chitosan based Etravirine Nanosuspension was formulated by the modified solvent evaporation combined ionic cross-linking method and it was optimized through design of experiments (Box-Behnken Design). The impact of Drug, Chitosan and Sodium Tripolyphosphate concentration on the drug release, particle size and drug entrapment efficiency were evaluated. The optimized Nano formulation were characterized using, Zetasizer, Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractogram and saturation solubility study. The three level, three factor response surface design was applied in design of experiments which yields regression equations for individual responses against composition variables to arrive a design space to produce nanosuspension constantly with desired attributes. Among the trials conducted, the Batch # F6 exhibits optimal results in various parameters like particles size (226 nm), poly dispersity index (0.2), zeta potential (+30 mV), 92 % of drug release and 80 % entrapment efficiency. The saturation solubility of Batch # F6 was enhanced to about 22 times (89.19±2.56 μg/ml) of pure crystalline drug moiety (4.02±0.03 μg/ ml). Etravirine, an antiretroviral drug with poor bioavailability has several constraints like lipophilicity, low permeability, crystallinity and first pass metabolism. Hence, Etravirine loaded chitosan based nanosuspension was formulated and considerably improved the solubility and drug release profile. This Nanosuspension could ease the oral administration and facilitate the absorption of Etravirine to attain enhanced bioavailability.

To evaluate the effects of the mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome on the proliferation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)-5 cell line. Exosomes were isolated from the human bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. Exosomes characteristic were verified by western blotting and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image. The proliferation of the RGC-5 cell line was estimated in co-culture conditions with MSCs-exosome by MTT assay within 24-96 hours of exposure. The expression levels of the AKT, PI3K, and ERK pathways were measured in RGC-5 cells within 24-96 hours of exposure. Based on the MTT assay results, exosomes at concentrations of 50-200 ng/ml enhanced the proliferation of the RGC-5 cell line in vitro. Also, this co-culture resulted in the up-regulating of the expression of AKT, PI3K, and ERK pathways in the RGC-5 cell line. Accordingly, we concluded that the exosome could stimulate the proliferation of the RGC-5 cell line by inducing PI3K/AKT and ERK axes.

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) transports active biomolecules between human many cells. As natural nanoparticles (NP), exosomes (Exo), plays important roles in the diagnosis and also treatment, of human disorders. Recently, it has been exhibited that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived Exo could regulate immune cells' biological processes. We evaluated the influence of the MSCs-derived Exo on T cell survival. Exo were procured from the supernatant of bone marrow (BM)-MSCs. The structure and form of MSC-Exo were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Exo markers, CD9 and CD63, were detected by Western blotting. In co-culture condition with MSC-derived Exo, the survivals of T cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Also, the expression levels of the Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 were measured by Real-time PCR. MSCs-derived Exo induced apoptosis in human T cells more strongly within 72 hours but not 24 hours of co-culture. Real-time PCR results also showed that Exo co-culture led to down-regulation of Mcl-1, and Bcl-2 while inducing Caspase 3 and 8 expressions at mRNA levels.  MSCs-derived Exo could induce apoptosis in T cells and lead to immunomodulation by triggering caspase cascade and also down-regulating anti-apoptotic protein levels.

Silver nanoparticles exposure is inevitable due to their use in medical products and the food industry. They cross the blood–brain barrier and accumulate in the cerebrum and little information is available regarding their neurotoxicity. We investigated the potential alterations in hippocampal cognitive function and redox status after exposure to green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs was synthesized by Myrtle leaf extracts. After the stereotaxic surgery, the effects of different doses of intra-cerebroventricular-AgNPs administration were evaluated on spatial working memory, passive avoidance test, novel object recognition, and anxiety in male Wistar rats. The hippocampal malondialdehyde levels, and superoxide dismutase activity along with the lipophilic fluorescent products (LFPs) that are end products of lipid peroxidation were measured. The AgNPs had spherical, triangular, and hexagonal shapes with no aggregation. The average diameter size of AgNPs was 91.68 nm and the charge status was -17.4 mV. The AgNPs (1, 10, and 100 ppm) caused the memory impairment and induced anxiety-like behaviors. They raised the malondialdehyde and lowered the superoxide dismutase activity. Higher LFPs were identified in the hippocampus. Low dose of AgNPs (0.1 ppm) maintained hippocampal redox homeostasis and caused no cognitive decline. AgNPs (10 and 100 ppm) induced the high levels of LFPs, impaired memory, and altered the hippocampal redox homeostasis but the low dose (0.1 ppm) did not. Determining the pattern of variations in the spectrum of LFP fluorescent may introduce new indices for determining the nanoparticles toxicity and to make future safe classes of AgNPs in food and drug industries.