نشریه اقتصاد و جامعه
پیاپی 45 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

New social sciences and humanities as well as exact sciences are originally based on philosophical thought. The Descartes’ philosophy is their philosophical base. Meanwhile, in the early stages of advanced countries’ development, social scientists and economists didn’t analyze economics separately and as an independent field, but considered all social subjects that was related to economics. They cared about social philosophy, because it directs the path of theories’ evolution. They essentially considered the relevant noneconomic subjects such as philosophy, ethics, politics, history, culture and sociology in economic analysis. In the subsequent stages they also cared about the history of economic thoughts and the mechanisms of evolution of theories and thoughts. But in current time in Iran, social philosophy of social sciences and humanities doesn’t matter. The idea of development is abandoned. The history of thoughts isn’t considered. Despite of its comprehensiveness and complexity, economics is thought very simple. So the economic analyses and even economic trainings and researches have lost their depth and quality. Consequently, the prevalent economics in Iran can’t find the roots and the causes of problems and crises and thus can’t provide any effective and correct solution to solve them.

Awareness and recognition of institutional aspects of water resources management, notably like, the important role of civic supervision and participation in water resources management, well observed in the history of sustainable management of surface and groundwater resources in Iranian civilization. International experience also explains the transition from supply-oriented to reforming consumption patterns and a focus on institutional funds as economic schools evolve over time. Despite significant experiences in integrated water resources management, there is yet serious challenges that insist on of massive projects- with devastating inefficiency in the demand side - which focus is on supply-oriented in our country. Transformation of water between basins is considered as such projects, which not only might impose considerable costs on the country but also have far-reaching consequences afterward may go far beyond technical issues and have ecological and even social subsequences. Unfortunately, the bitter experiences of such an approach regarding the cultural rift between the people of Khuzestan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Isfahan provinces can be seen. In this study in order to indicate such proportions, first, we explained the theoretical foundations related to sustainable development from the perspective of "separation" components. The components include "social welfare", "economic growth", "reduction of dependence on basic resources", and "reduction of environmental consequences". Failure to pay attention to any of these components poses serious challenges for the sustainability of socio-ecological systems. Therefore, the documents related to the deterioration of the four components in the implementation of the water transfer plan from the Caspian Basin to Semnan were explained with objective examples. In terms of social welfare, the loss of some jobs, including the livelihoods of local fishermen, disrupting social stability and creating social tensions, threatening food security and economically valuable aquatic organisms, damaging the livelihoods of farmers and fishermen in the region, as well as endangering health must be considered seriously. Other examples of inconsistency of the plan with sustainable development principles, in terms of environmental consequences, include damage to the marine ecosystem. Upstream theoretical principles, with regard to the potential environmental and ecological potential effects that are very complex and irreversible, cannot justify any such kind of projects and its specific environmental consequences in the region. Therefore, certainly there must be more efficient alternatives than such a large and unbearable plan to consider regarding the Inadequate and insufficient demand management in the drinking, agricultural and industrial sectors in the destination basin. Accordingly, as an alternative approach, it is suggested to consider other management measures that firstly, lacks socio-ecological-environmental consequences secondly, do not put additional pressure on basic resources, and thirdly are in line with sustainable development to ensure the sustainability and survival of socio-ecological systems at source and destination. It should be noted that the implementation of such projects, in addition to the above, also causes serious problems for the management of water resources in the destination area.

IConceptual transformations of development have been accompanied by changes in development measurement methods. However, development in the early years after World War II was centered on issues such as capital accumulation and economic growth, in recent years, it has become increasingly regarded as a multifaceted concept with various qualitative and institutional dimensions that follow a complex and non-linear process. The same change has taken place in development metrics. These indicators range from focusing on the economic performance of societies and correlating the welfare dimensions of development with the level of economic activity to embracing qualitative changes (such as technological developments) in the development process and transitioning from reducing development welfare considerations to measuring standard of living, quality of life and mental well-being. Turning to the state of development in Iran, the 20-year vision document of the Islamic Republic has set a clear goal in eliminating backwardness by achieving the first place in the region in economic, scientific and technological fields up to the horizon of 2025. However, an examination of Iran's position vis-a-vis regional competitors with respect to various development indicators shows that the country’s backwardness has not only not been reduced but also exacerbated. The same indicators also indicate that the quality level of economic performance, the quality of government (which is necessary to promote development) and the mental assessment of the Iranian people of their quality of life have decreased even more sharply than other dimensions and Iran's backwardness in these areas is even more severe than the competitors. Accordingly, it seems that before overcoming the backwardness, a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the requirements and tools of development should prevail among the development planners and policy makers of the country.

This study indicates the potential for political violence as an important component of the threat to national security, using the theory of relative deprivation. The study also examines the intensity and scope of the economic components of relative deprivation and its developments during the years 1368-1398. I will also explain the violence of November 2017 (Aban 1398) based on the pattern of declining relative deprivation and its status during the years leading up to November 2017. The results show that over the past three decades, on the one hand, value expectations have increased and on the other hand, value capabilities have decreased. The consequences of such a situation will be an inevitable increase in frustration, dissatisfaction and the potential for violence and as a result a threat to national security, which has emerged in the November 2017 violence.

Employment is one of the main concerns of Iranian policy makers, since it is the link between human capital and material capital is considered as one of the factors strengthening the national development procedure. The employment planning studies in Iran indicates a centralized and partial planning, resulted from the assumption that the country has been formed as a single geographical unit and independent of the geographical differences of the regions. Therefore, this type of planning system only covers growth-oriented views and theories of trickle down assumption in which it’s highly expected that, in long time, economic growth and employment shifts from imbalance to spatial balance and eventually and eventually achieves convergence. However, this macro view not only has not led to spatial balance in the regions, but in most cases, since convergence and divergence are directly related to spatial equilibrium and imbalance, there is an increase in imbalances in the provinces of the country. In this study, with the help of Shift Share approach and general population and housing censuses, the convergence and divergence of the three provinces of Lorestan, Kermanshah and Ilam during the years 1375 to 1390 have been studied. The two main purpose of the study is to first, investigate the employment growth at the national level that indicate, in these provinces, macropolicies have led to divergence of employment from national employment. Second, we are going to point out the main sections of the province that can play a greater role in convergence by creating job opportunities. The results show, in the period under review, as compared to the entire country, a disproportionate growth of employees in all three provinces. The Shift Share Model attributes this disproportion to negative structural and competitive changes. Studies show a rapid and unbalanced growth of the service sector in all three provinces, and yet a reduction of the advantage of the agricultural sector to attract employees. The lack of productive employment activities and increase in petro- dollars imports, following the second oil shock, resulted in the growth of services sector and uncertain activities in these three provinces. Moreover, the high profitability of the service sector, in one hand, resulted in the engagement of agricultural sector employees in service activities, and on the other hand, the high unemployment rate in these provinces preserve advantages for such activities among the employees.

The age of wisdom, makes knowledge as a new institution to production function and widened the gap between developing and developed countries by creating an upward efficiency in the production process. In the meantime, the fundamental importance of the key role of tacit knowledge in the success of the knowledge-based model is very crucial. Acquiring tacit knowledge requires time and experience; therefore, the manufacturing industry is the way to receive and expand the storage of tacit knowledge. The learning by doing takes place in manufacturing firms and if the firms shift to large scale companies and become more sustainable in their production activities, it will be possible to accumulate tacit knowledge and develop organizational capacity and its intergenerational transmission. Moreover, with knowledge as one of the most important factor of the production function, it’s become as Individuals' assets which they can exchange and benefit from it. However, if people feel insecure about receiving the benefits of their assets, they try to hide their knowledge and refuse to enter it into the production cycle. Hence, the importance of an efficient intellectual property rights system as one of the institutional requirements for the realization of a knowledge-based economy is fundamental. Knowledge-based economic data indicate the unfavorable and unsuitable position of Iran in knowledge-based products in the international arena which rooted in the lack of institutional infrastructure needed to acquire and transfer knowledge.

The main ideological and practical centers of Iran’s challenges and problems in the economy include: the crisis of transparency, the crisis of unresolved differences and numerous political mistakes and its subsequent bad consequences. Undoubtedly, any move to get out of this situation must inevitably begin in the realm of thought. Therefore, the most vital way out is to stir up methodological discussions and the philosophy of economics, because this is the way to extract criteria which resulted in the clarification of the boundaries of science and non-science and by relying on stylized facts and less distorted arguments, levels of intersubjective consensus can be reached not only among economists and but also in the relationship between them and government officials. This study, citing the most prominent thinkers in the history of economics, aims to highlight and distinguish six centers of methodological conflict hoping that, by focusing the discussions in these subjects; a way will be taken to get out of the anomalies and malfunctions of the national socio-economic system. These six centers of methodological conflict are: the validity of the separation of the various aspects of collective life; the pillars of science: what can be imported and what cannot be imported; analogy and induction; the three levels of economic analysis (micro, macro, development) and different main central concerns and analytical tools and methods; limits of the application of mathematics in the wise understanding of economics; and finally, the extent of generalizability of theoretical written and translated propositions.