نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی
سال ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 18، پاییز 1395)

Hegemonic ideas are one of the topics discussed in describing how to manage international relations, which has been considered since the 1960s and is still one of the dominant views in the analysis of international relations. Until the collapse of the bipolar system, hegemony was more global. But then the rivalry between the regional powers also expanded and hegemony at the regional level was also considered. In this study, we first explored the concept of hegemony within different intellectual structures and examined the perspectives of each of the theories of international relations such as Marxism, realism and liberalism in relation to hegemonic indices. And, in the following, the answer to this question is that the indicators and components of the formation of global and regional hegemony are based on these ideas. In the end, the result of this study is that, despite the emphasis of each of these perspectives on the formation of the position of hegemony, the most important factor in this important role is the economic strength of the country.

The aim of the study is to investigate the possibility of applying the “reflexive traditionalism” concept with the empirical study of social and political life Mirza Malkam Khan (1833-1908), the thinker, politician and reformer of Iran in the 19th century. The research method is bibliographical and has been carried out with the help of historical documents. The life and work of Malkam was examined with a focus on three aspects of his life: firstly, Malkam as the forerunner of the intellectual movement in Iran; Secondly, Malkam's thoughts on the party and the party organization and, thirdly, the reduction of social problems at the level of the political and ultimately the power relations, which is referred to here as politicization. Malkam was the forerunner of intellectuals in Iran, but he was not an intellectual. He represented the new group of public servants who came into existence during the 19th century, and tried to reform the old state apparatus. The organization's concept of Malkam was the leader's concentrated management style, which has been known forever in the Orient. The fundamental cleavage between social conditions and political demands led to the politicization of his way of thinking. The results of the research showed the efforts of Malkam failed. His organization's understanding was influenced by despotic ideas. The results of the study showed that Malkam was the first to try to elucidate the role of intellectuals and the importance of the organization to political participation in Iran.

Typology of political thought is one of the main functions of political theory. Focus on formal aspect of political thought on the one hand, and on the other side of its nature, having common standards that with rely on it, political theory typifies political thought. While formal aspect of political theory has centralized upon origin and time and date of ideas, its substantial aspect has focused on content and concepts of political thought. Typology of political thought, based on the relation among concepts of ethic and politics, regardless of formal aspect, has centralized on its substantial aspect. This article aims to investigate typology of political thought in the West by Habermas’ political theory, based on relation between ethics and politics. Habermas, with relying on mentioned relation, has divided political thought in the West to classical and modern periods. In his view, in the classical political thought, ethics and politics revolve around the concept of happiness, but, in modern times, politics becomes the control and the conductor of human relations. This way, politics is separated from ethics.

Citizenship is a concept which supervises laws, duties and participation of citizens in the society. This concept shows a kind of relationship between political communities that includes people and government. Citizenship is a set of laws, duties, and responsibilities of people in the government which is based on constitution regardless of gender and races. The concept of citizenship as a social term has changed over times. Therefore, the meaning of this concept differs from past. The key question in this essay is that: regarding the change of this concept over times, what has changed about this concept in terms of law's and duties of people in the government in the modern and post-modern ages? To respond this question, we try to examine this concept in different periods such as modern age, globalization and postmodern period by using the comparative method. By this process, we can determine features of this concept in different periods and compere the results.   By this comparison, we can state citizenship change in terms of laws, duties and participation in two periods of time.