فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 73 (تابستان 1401)

Rural and urban interactions are very important in planning and foresight of urban and rural studies. In such a way that the slightest disturbance in this process leads to disruption of order in the levels of spatial structure. The study area in recent decades, especially after the Islamic Revolution under the influence of various economic and social factors and forces, including forces and currents and rural-urban ties and deep and extensive connections with the city of Ahvaz has undergone physical and spatial changes.

In the study, a questionnaire filled out by rural households was used to measure the independent variable (rural-urban relations) and the dependent variable (physical-spatial changes). The rural-urban relations are formed from different flows that each Which are obtained in the questionnaire with different items. Then we measure their role on the transformation of the physical-spatial pattern using the obtained data and the regression test of the effectiveness.

Most of the flow was related to the flow of population, and the movement of residents from the village to the city. Which can be formed for various reasons. And then there are interactions related to health and medical issues. According to the observations, the lack of medical, pharmaceutical and health services can be a good reason to visit Ahvaz.The lowest flow is food and nutrition services, distribution, technical and construction services.

Due to the formation of different currents between the village and the city, being one-sided towards urban settlements and the lack of rural-urban links, especially in the study area of ​​Ahvaz metropolis and surrounding villages, and subsequent developments have been formed.

The purpose of this study is to study and study the housing of Sanandaj in terms of stability of physical elements. Because the houses of Sanandaj have a unique architectural style and construction style, this architectural style is taken from their traditions and cultures and is studied according to natural features, and they have been able to have a beautiful view of the combination of nature and It brought human activities such as traditional housing and doubled the richness of culture and tourism. Location, general shape of housing and general texture of the city are also closely related to the type of livelihood and the form of production and its economic resources. However, despite various bottlenecks to achieve the desired development in Sanandaj, it is necessary to measure and evaluate the dimensions of housing sustainability in Sanandaj. Because housing, in addition to having a variety of natural attractions and landscapes, can become attractive places for development due to cultural backgrounds, traditions and customs. Traditional houses in the historical context of Sanandaj are a successful example of human endeavor to create a living space by creating maximum material and spiritual comfort in the face of harsh climatic conditions. Today, the neglect of these houses has become so great that if we procrastinate a little longer, all their cultural, identity and architectural values will soon be buried behind the original non-original constructions. Trying to record the features and patterns of these houses can be a way to preserve these patterns and prevent them from being forgotten due to destruction and guarantee their stability, along with protection, restoration and restoration solutions.Therefore, determining the areas of development affecting the sustainability of urban housing and then providing the basis for private-public sector investment in Sanandaj can be one of the objectives of this study. With this approach, the mental gap of the present article is based on the following: What are the most important factors affecting the housing stability of Sanandaj in physical terms?

The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical method according to the objectives of the research (measuring the structure of contemporary sustainable housing based on the physical components of indigenous architecture). The statistical population of the study includes the population of Sanandaj which is 412767 people. The sample size was obtained through Cochran's formula, which was equal to 383 people. The random sampling method was simple. In terms of time, the present article is cross-sectional. The questionnaire is set in 5 options on a Likert scale. For the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of professors and experts were used by calculating the content validity ratio for each item, and the need for its presence in the questionnaire was determined based on the table of Lavsche. Cronbach's alpha was used for the reliability of the questions, which was equal to 0.88, which indicates the appropriate reliability of the research tool. It was concluded that the questionnaire has a high reliability. Calculations were performed in SPSS and Mplus software.

The results showed that the aesthetic factor with a factor load of 0.87 has the greatest impact on contemporary sustainable housing in Sanandaj. After that, the building facade covering factor with a factor load of 0.82 is in the second row, the building strength factor with a factor load of 0.75 is in the third row, and the factor of having the necessary facilities and services with a factor load of 0.75 are in the fourth row. . The following analysis of the indicators is as follows: in the aesthetic factor, the human scale with a factor load of 0.92, the coordination of the openings with the walls with a factor load of 0.91, the visual balance and symmetry with a factor load of 0.90, the architectural style With a factor load of 0.86, geometric proportions with a factor load of 0.76 were placed in the next rows in terms of influencing the aesthetic stability factor. In terms of the facade covering factor, the use of non-eco-friendly materials with a factor load of 0.85 has the greatest impact in terms of stability, followed by the combined use of eco-friendly and non-eco-friendly materials with a factor load of 0.83 and the use of materials. Ecotourism with a factor load of 0.78. In terms of the strength of the building in the stability of contemporary housing in Sanandaj, the effect of residential units in energy savings with a factor load of 0.82 and the durability of the structure with a factor load of 0.72 and the durability of materials with a factor load of 0.71 in the rows Next are the effects. In terms of having the necessary facilities and services, the rate of having facilities with a factor load of 0.69, the amount of access to facilities with a factor load of 0.67, the rate of having a residential unit with space with a factor load of 0.63 and satisfaction with housing architecture with Factor loads of 0.61 were placed in the next rows.

Residential houses in Sanandaj city had four aspects in terms of physicality, the strength of the building, beauty, having facilities to cover the facade of the building. These four aspects, in each building group, had their own characteristics that were appropriate to their social, economic, political and cultural situation. In fact, the type of culture and life of human beings will have a significant impact on the types of residential spaces. What is worth considering is the role of the architect in all four aspects of the building type, so that the architect was trying to meet the architectural demands while constructing the structure. However, considering the role of the contemporary architect in architectural design apart from the building structure, measures should be taken so that even structural design is part of the architectural design process.

Assessing the level of development of urban areas and awareness of the pattern of spatial distribution of deprivation is the first step in planning and implementing deprivation policies in urban areas. Isfahan city for many years with the attraction of abundant migration and unbridled population growth, has caused a balance to develop and eliminate deprivation of different parts of the city, to be at the forefront of the concerns of planners. But not paying attention to all aspects of deprivation has led to cross-sectional and unconscious interventions. The purpose of this study is to identify deprived areas of Isfahan based on a comprehensive view and help plan deprivation elimination based on specific deprivation aspects of each region and neighborhood. For this purpose, 34 indicators were identified in 4 dimensions and after determining their weight by pairwise comparison method, deprivation index was calculated by two methods of TOPSIS and factor analysis for 192 neighborhoods of Isfahan. The research method is applied in terms of nature and based on a descriptive-analytical method. The required data are mainly collected from objective and positive data and some are based on subjective data and four economic, socio-cultural, physical and environmental dimensions are included for the deprivation index. The results of TOPSIS technique determine a deprivation strip including neighborhoods in the northeast of Isfahan, the northern parts of the central regions and most of the western regions. In the method of factor analysis, this issue includes three main zones: east, northeast and west. In both methods, most areas of Isfahan have a combination of deprived, relatively deprived and privileged neighborhoods, but based on the zoning specified in both methods, neighborhoods in the north of the river, such as areas 2, 7, 9, 11, 14 and parts of areas 1 and 3 are in a worse position.

One of the new concepts in today's topics of sustainable rural development is Happiness. Most development-related organizations have mentioned vitality as important indicators of sustainable rural development. The 20-year vision document of the Islamic Republic also emphasizes the need pay attention to provide grounds for the growth human the cultivation of healthy, However, most important ways to study freshness in rural areas is to identify the factors that affect it. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the factors and stimuli affecting the vitality of rural residents. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose and method of doing it. Data collection tools were questionnaires and interviews from selected samples consisting of 210 households from the statistical population of rural households in Torbat-e Heydarieh (N = 23105) using personal estimation and quota sampling method. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The results of measuring the vitality of rural households using the Fordis questionnaire with a score of 361 indicate that the vitality of households was at a desirable level. The results obtained from modeling structural equations showed that the second standard model of household vitality and vitality, respectively, the path coefficients affected by the economic factor with a path coefficient of 0.41 has the highest factor load. Then, respectively, the institutional-managerial factor with a coefficient of 0.37, the social factor with a coefficient of 0.28, the personal-psychological factor with a coefficient of 0.28, the physical factor with a coefficient of 0.27, the environmental factor with a coefficient of 0.21, the enjoyment factor With the path coefficient of 0.18 and finally the geographical factor with the coefficient of 0.14 are in the next ranks. The p value of all Lameda parameters in the above model indicates the confirmation of all relationships.

The importance of the role of social theory manifests itself well in discussions about urban and regional theories. Because the city can not be imagined independently of the concept of society and the theory of the city can not be separated from the theory of society from a realistic perspective. The close relationship between theory and practice plays an important role in the urban planning process. Today, critical realism as an interdisciplinary approach, especially in the field of urban and regional studies, has created positive and significant differences. Critical Methodology This paper, influenced by Baskar and Andrew, critically critiques other positivist positivism and rationalism. Referring to the philosophy of science on Baskar, we can say that the work of seeking and finding science, or in other words, the discovery of the main structures and mechanisms in the studied phenomena that operate in a lawful way. In this paper, critical realism on Baskar, which is inconsistent with the epistemological positions of dominant and traditional approaches such as positivism, is introduced as an approach to bridge the gap between theory and practice in urban and regional studies. Since critical realism considers both environmental structures and constraints as well as decision-makers and influential forces in the city, as a dialectical and comprehensive approach to examining the relationship between the city's social space organization and its agents, it can be appropriate and organized. Planning Theory »Provide a qualitative assessment of available options and solutions. According to the epistemology of critical realism, theories are understood through the mediation of temporal and spatial conditions, and urban and regional studies are directed towards theories that have a more normative and value aspect and integrate the duality of substance and process..

Drought is one of the most catastrophic environmental hazards in West Asia, and severe droughts throughout history have destroyed many ancient civilizations. The persistence and severity of damaging droughts has made drought an important research topic in the West Asian region, which is very important due to the arid climate, the importance of rainfall and water. In this study, using SPEI method and accurate networked data, critical areas caused by extensive and severe droughts of 1 to 12 months in West Asia in the long-term 118 years of 1901 2018 have been studied. The results of spatial analysis of accumulation index or ASPEI showed that in different time periods, the most affected areas of severe drought or the critical drought centers of the West Asian region are located in Yemen, southern Iran and western Saudi Arabia. The southern and western regions of Turkey, northwestern Turkmenistan, western Pakistan and Afghanistan, western Oman and Azerbaijan were also less important areas of severe and widespread droughts in West Asia. The lowest incidence of severe drought was observed in Armenia. The trend of temporal changes in the critical points extracted from the intensity and extent of droughts of 1 to 12 months indicates a significant downward trend in the critical centers of droughts in West Asia, and therefore severe and widespread droughts of 1 to 12 months will continue in the future and possibly Their intensity will increase. In other words, in the future we will see wider and more severe droughts in the West Asian region, especially in Yemen, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Iraq.

Land Bank As one of the tools of land policy, it refers to a series of public and private sector activities in which land is stored for fair and rational use. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the policy of establishing a land bank in Iran The research findings showed that in relation to the policy objectives of the land bank, 16 initial codes were extracted and then each of these codes in 6 concepts called "land database", "preventing the dominance of real estate capitalism over activity" "Supporting vulnerable and low-income groups", "Increasing land efficiency and desirability", "Institutional capacity building" and "Land monitoring and control" were classified into two main categories including "management". "Land integration" and "creating distributive justice in society" were separated. In connection with the weaknesses and problems of the land bank policy, 27 initial codes were extracted and then each of these codes in 5 concepts entitled "Improper implementation of cadastre in the country", "Defective administrative cycle", "Legal factors", "Factors "Financial" and "cultural and social factors" were categorized. Finally, a main category entitled "Weaknesses and problems of land bank implementation" was raised and in connection with the desired model, 17 initial codes were extracted and then each of these codes in 8 concepts entitled "Using the successful experiences of other countries" In the field of land bank policy "," Proper implementation of cadastre in the country "," Revenue sources and financing "," Development of an integrated and coherent vision in the field of land and housing "and" Development of operational strategies for land management to move towards balance " And "distributive justice" were categorized, and finally a favorable and efficient model was presented in relation to the policy of the land bank.

Ethnicity in the country is one of the most important aspects of public security. This study examines the security risks of ethnic issues affected by ethnicity and provides a general framework for decision-making and prioritization of strategies in managing ethnic issues in order to reduce the effects of extremist Arab nationalism (pan-Arabism) on national security. In this regard, at first, by studying the region and surveying experts in the fields of ethnicity and security, the strategic conditions of the Arabs of Khuzestan province have been identified in the form of a SWOT strategy model.The statistical population consisted of four groups of elites, professors, managers and commanders inside (18 people) and outside (12 people) from NAJA. Using purposive sampling method until theoretical saturation, 30 people were selected. After various interviews, the challenges are first categorized into four axes: weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities, then each axis is divided into four dimensions: social, political, economic and political, and then under each of the four dimensions of the most important weaknesses. Strength, threat and opportunity were presented in the form of questionable items (counted from interviews with samples) and at the end, eight defense strategies were extracted and prioritized using the SWOT model and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM).The results showed that the strategy of "Strategy to address the problems of ethnic groups, especially the Arab people in the field of elimination of deprivation" as the most important strategy in Khuzestan provinceThe results showed that the strategy of "Strategy to address the problems of ethnic groups, especially the Arab people in the field of elimination of deprivation" as the most important strategy in Khuzestan province

Handicraft value chain is an economic system consisting of a set of actors and business activities whose business, along with each other, leads to the development and trade of the product, from primary producers to final consumers, and for each network operator, value. The purpose of this research is to create opportunities for local people and enable them to participate in the tourism sector.

This applied research has analyzed the value chain structure of handicrafts in Metakazin village by documentary and field methods in 1399. Data processing and analysis was performed using SPSS V.23 and Smart PLS V.3 software. This study is divided into 4 general sections; 1- Preparing a questionnaire to determine the value chain of handicrafts on rural tourism. 2- Completion of the questionnaire by experts (professors, experts of related organizations, craftsmen). 3- Data analysis was analyzed and 4- The most effective factors on rural tourism development were identified.

The hypothesis of the effect of handicraft value chain on rural tourism development was confirmed with a regression coefficient of 0.749. The results show that the two actors of this chain, namely producers and government facilitators, have the highest direct and positive impact on the development of rural tourism, and the two activities of raw material supply and completion (packaging) have negative and inverse effects on the development of tourism economy. According to the results, the impact factor of the two levels of w retailers is small and low value, which in fact the physical presence of merchants and physical and virtual stores, permanent and local markets and distribution networks in the region are low. Innovation: So far studies A similar study that showed the causes and factors affecting rural tourism and assessing the impact of each of them, was not done in this area.

Man lives in a national territory relying on goods; Commodities are the subject of current knowledge and are emphasized over time. Anxiety caused by their absence has a definite effect on their daily lives. In fact, living with objects requires localizing, adapting, and locating them. Human interactions with objects are part of cultures. Therefore, it is the relationship between goods and people and the way goods are placed in specific environments that make a distinct material culture. On the other hand, goods establish their national identity by their physical presence at specific times and places by forming a network of cultural elements of communication. A network of connections in which cultural connections are institutionalized and define the symbolic meaning of goods. In this study on the material culture of goods and national identity, the national dimensions of the automobile as the richest symbol of twentieth century industry have been clarified. In sociology, the key terms Fordism and post-Fordism indicate the importance of the car. The types of cars and the identities that are attributed to the car play an important role in the formation of material culture and affect the identity in the national territory. The methodology of this research is qualitative, in terms of results, it is an applied research and is among the interdisciplinary researches. The results of the research show the "relationship between the material culture of goods and identity in the national territory." Indeed, goods, such as cars, can be integrated into national identities, adapted practically and symbolically to national territories, and expanded into emotional connections that harmonize ideas about national car cultures.