نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی
سال هفتاد و پنجم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

Uncontrolled emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere have been cited as a major reason and threat to climate change. Accordingly, it causes decreasing in precipitation, increasing of temperature, and the occurrence of extreme climatic consequences in the future. Due to the characteristics of communities and limitations, it has harmful consequences. Understanding the trend of these changes in global climate change projects is crucial to understanding future climate change. In this research, based on global atmospheric circulation models has been used a statistical model for regional downscaling. This study has been carried out in the North Kroon basin in order to study the trend of precipitation components and average temperature, to reveal the impact of influence on the region's climate, that the results have been shown in the forecast range of (2100 -2020). Using both optimistic and pessimistic scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5), the model evaluation performance for the precipitation variable (R = 0.85, MAD = 0.58, MSE = 0.73, RMSE = 0.84) and for the temperature variable (R = 0.93, MAD = 2.2, MSE = 1.5, RMSE = 1.3). All in all, the average precipitation will increase 35.97 mm compared to the observation period under RCP2.6 scenarios and will increase by 73.57 mm under RCP8.5 scenarios. Also, the temperature in both scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 will respectively increase by 3.01 and 4.79 ° C.

Chromium exists usually in both trivalent and hexavalent forms in aqueous systems. The two-oxidation states of chromium have different chemical, biological and environmental characteristics. Chromium is used in a variety of industrial applications; hence, large quantities of chromium are discharged into the environment. In this study, a magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite polymerized with a 5-Aminoisophthalic acid amine group was used to remove chromium metal from aqueous media using the Central Composite Design for Response Surface method to optimize the adsorption process. To identify functional groups of synthesized nanoadsorbents use of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The optimization results based on the response surface model showed that the optimum value of the pH variable was 3.5, the initial concentration of the metal in solution was 55 mg / l, the adsorbent amount was 25 mg and the adsorbent contact time was 37.5 minutes. Also, the results of the adsorption isotherm models showed that the Langmuir model with a value of R2, 0.99 is more suitable with the adsorption process of chromium by the synthesized adsorbent and the maximum adsorption capacity based on the Langmuir model was 90.90 mg/g. Examination of the adsorption thermodynamic process indicates that the adsorption process has been endothermic and the adsorption capacity increases with increasing temperature. Overall, the results obtained in this study illustrate that the magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite polymerized with amine group is expected to be an effective and economically viable adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous system.

Given the mounting population and migration to cities, fastidious attention to food security is indispensable to increasing social and cultural cohesion. A community garden is a plot of land in an urban area, it is planted by a group of citizens who are engaged in gardening. The community garden is an approach is considered by policymakers and urban planners for honing social cohesion and security due to its functions and services. In this research, these functions of community gardens have been investigated using a qualitative approach via synthesizing respective indicators and components. Based on the research findings, the services and functions of community gardens are clustered into eight groups with different valuable components. Accordingly, a questionnaire was designed with eight dimensions and 125 components. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size of 92 people was selected and information from a sample of Karaj city was collected. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed through an expert panel of scientists and specialists, and the reliability of tests was measured via Cronbach’s alpha (0.89). The results showed that amongst the eight services and functions investigated, the educational dimension was ranked highest followed by environmental and health dimensions, respectively. The functions of these gardens in urban planning are well explained and in the design of the city and urban planning can be considered important elements and uses. Based on the results, it was suggested to embed the valuing of ecosystem services particularly the social functions of social gardens in architecture and urban development policies.

The Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) is a measure of plant resistance to air pollution. The aim of this study was to evaluate APTI and anticipated performance index (API) in plants in green space of Ardakan pelletizing factory. In the spring of 2021, 26 plant species were sampled in study area (bush, shrub and tree). The parameters of pH, leaf extract, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid was measured in fully developed leaves. APTI were determined using these four parameters. Finally, API was determined according to APTI and biological and socio-economic characteristics. The results showed that leaf extract pH, RWC, ascorbic acid, total chlorophyll and APTI were significantly different in 26 samples (p<0.05). The results of mean comparison showed that the highest value of APTI was related to Yucca filamentosa (12.2) and the lowest value was related to Chamaecy paris sp. (4.1). APTI was less than 15 in all plants. This study showed that APTI can be used to identify sensitive plants to air pollution. The results showed that Phoenix dactylifera had the maximum value of API and was in the good category in evaluating this index (Scoring% = 62.5 and API = 4). Frankenia laevis and Ruellia tuberosa had the lowest API and were evaluated as non-recommended (Scoring% = 12.5 and API = 0). Of the 26 plant species studied in terms of API index, 11 plants were not recommended, 5 plants were very poor, 9 plants were poor and one plant was good. The present study showed that the evaluation of plants using APTI index alone is not appropriate but the combination of APTI with biological and socio-economic characteristics is useful for recommending suitable plant species for ecological purposes.

Rivers are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems in the world, so determining and providing the minimum environmental flow to maintain their ecological functions, as well as maintaining the health of river ecosystems is a very complex issue in terms of: scientific and technical, managerial, executive and finally social and economic. In order to determine the environmental flow of Azad River, which is one of the most important rivers in Kurdistan Province, the present study was conducted using the PHABSIM model. In this study, the accuracy of upstream river data in comparison with the dam downstream river in estimating environmental flow was tested. In this regard, data on suitable water depth, appropriate water velocity and suitable substrate index for fish index species in January, February and March 2016 and April and May 2017 were used as model input data. The results showed that in the method of using upstream data, the amount of water requirement calculated for April and March is equal to 6.7 m3/s and 4.7 m3/s, respectively. And the same amount of need according to the data of the Azad River is equal to 4.4 m3/s and 4.2 m3/s, respectively, while the minimum flow rate of the river in the period 1987 to 1389 is equal to 7.327 m3/s and 7.779 m3/s. This indicates that the data obtained from the summing method of water requirement of upstream is closer to the minimum flow in the period 1987 to 2010 compared to the estimated environmental flow in the Azad river.

There are hardships in oil-polluted soil remediation that are increased by factors, such as soil salinity and pollution age. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the native strain of Rhodococcus bacterium and organic waste on the the total petroleum hydrocarbons reduction in contaminated saline soil by crude oil in incubation condition. For this purpose, a full factorial experiment using a completely randomized design was conducted with four factors: bacterial inoculation of Rhodococcus cercidiphylli Y1M65003, 5% spent mushroom compost, 5% sugarcane bagasse, and addition nitrogen and phosphorus with 100: 10: 1 ratio from urea and superphosphate triple. The analysis of variance of total petroleum hydrocarbons elimination showed that all four factors could significantly affect (p

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of climate change on the occurrence of dust in Ghazvin province. In order to study climate fluctuations, average rainfall parameters, relative humidity, potential evapotranspiration, temperature, relative humidity, average wind speed and wind speeds greater than 6 m / s in the period 2006-2016 were considered and the number of dusty days was extracted according to the dust phenomenon codes (06 to 09, 30 to 35, and 98)and calculated on a monthly, seasonal and annual scales. The trend of changes in climatic parameters and the number of dusty days were investigated using Mann-Kendall test and the relationship them between was investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that wind speeds of more than 6 m / s in most study scales had a significant decreasing trend (Z> -1.96). A similar trend was observed for mean air temperature and potential evapotranspiration in October. The trend of changes in dusty days was shown to be significant for internal events in summer and for extranal events in spring. However, no significant changes were observed in other parameters. The results also showed that local dusty days with a slope of 0.08 and days with extenal scource dust with a slope of 0.68 in the statistical period have increased. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a strong and significant relationship between the increase in mean maximum temperature with the number of days with local dust in winter and also between the average speed of spring surface winds with the number of dusty days during this period (r=0.67; p-value≤ 0.0.5).

Today, the use of plants tolerant of environmental stresses in the greenbelt of hot and dry areas is essential. One of the most important stresses is the quality of irrigation water. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological and phytoremediation characteristics of plants irrigated with steel wastewater. The design was implemented in a completely random design with twelve different treatment combinations. Experimental treatments include 1- common greenbelt irrigation water, 2- 50% mixing of common greenbelt irrigation water and wastewater, 3- complete waste water and 4- mixed water (common greenbelt irrigation water, wastewater and wastewater of softener resin in equal proportion). Plants used, including Ruellia tweediana, Lantana camara, and Lavandula angustifolia, all of which were the same size, were planted in pots. The studied traits included measuring phenols and antioxidants by spectrophotometer. To evaluate the potential of plants for phytoremediation, transfer factor, biological absorption coefficient and bio-concentration factor were also studied. The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of water type on the biological absorption coefficient of cadmium was not significant but showed a significant difference on other indices. Also, plant type and interaction between water type and plant type were significant on all indicators at the level of 5%. The interaction of Ruellia tweediana plant with common greenbelt irrigation water treatment, 50% mixing of common greenbelt irrigation and wastewater and complete wastewater treatment and Lavandula angustifolia (50% mixing of common greenbelt irrigation water and wastewater and mixed water treatment) are suitable for cadmium phytoremediation. Due to the range of biological absorption coefficient (0.1-1), all plants are medium accumulators for cadmium and lead.

Identifying plant species distribution and potential habitats which are under degraded in the rangelands ecosystem is an essential challenge in natural resource science. Performance these studies will support rangeland conservation, restoration, and management measures. In this study, the potential habitat of Trigonella elliptica in rangeland of Yazd province was modeled using one of the advanced machine learning models (Random Forest algorithm). We used 11 variables including land use, soil salinity index, rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature, evaporation, elevation, aspect and degree of slope, distance from river, and topographic wetness index, as well as 103 presence points of T. elliptica to improve the model. 70 % of the T. elliptica presence points were randomly selected for model training and 30% of them for model testing. In order to evaluate the model and the importance of environmental variables were used the area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and the Jackknife methods respectively. The evaluation results of the model using the ROC curve (AUC> 0.8) showed a very good performance. Error statistics including Accuracy, Precision, Bias, Probability of Detection and False Alarm Ratio showed 0.9, 0.79, 1, 0.93 and 0.04, respectively, which demonstrate the good performance of the model to prediction. In addition, the results of determining the importance of variables showed that the slope degree and following it, elevation and topographic wetness index are more important than other variables in determining the potential habitat of T. elliptica. The map obtained from the prediction of the potential habitat of T. elliptica can be very useful as accurate information in the rangeland management in order to Reclamation the destroyed habitats of this rangeland plant in Yazd province and be highly regarded by rangeland managers.

Given the consequences of climate change, urban planners seek to provide strategies and solutions to deal with the effects of climate change in metropolitan areas. Meanwhile, water consumption management is a component of demand management that looks at issues of reducing losses and unnecessary water consumption. In these strategies, efforts are made to convert water from a consumer good to a valuable good by using consumption reduction equipment, increasing consumer awareness and using legal and economic tools, and also by wasting water consumption efficiency, it is wasted and the destruction of these resources was prevented. Therefore, identifying the components affecting the implementation of the most effective strategies to control and reduce water loss, as a guide for planners and policy makers in selecting demand management tools and reducing water loss, is important. Accordingly, in the present study, using a survey method and in the form of two separate logit models, to evaluate the factors affecting the acceptance of new technologies in reducing its waste inside and outside the home by home users in Tehran as one of the most important tools. Non-economic, paid. Research data were collected by two methods of completing a questionnaire (sample size 256 people) and face-to-face interview. The results showed that the most effective factors in the tendency to accept the use of water-reducing equipment inside homes are related to the index of attitudes about efficient water technologies and education with weight tensions of 5.54 and 4.17, respectively. In addition, increasing the environmental concern and education index leads to an increase of 8.14 and 4.66 percent in the willingness to invest in efficient water technology outside the building, respectively. According to the results, the most important reasons for protecting and preventing water loss in the home sector are fear of water shortage and human need for it, environmental considerations, the impact of friends and family and financial considerations, respectively. Also, the common use of water in the building, lack of awareness of equipment efficiency and cost, respectively, ranked first to third are the most important reasons for not using water-efficient equipment.

Today, the use of freshwater production methods from saltwater can be a solution for the drastic reduction of freshwater resources. This study aimed to investigate the direct usability of Spirulina maxima as a new conceptual method to remove total dissolved solids (TDS) of artificial industrial wastewater (AIW). The effects of TDS levels, pH, light intensity, and light-dark duration were examined on the microalgal growth and TDS removal, and optimal conditions were obtained with the response surface method and Box-Behnken Design (RSM-BBD). According to the obtained model, effluent TDS and pH respectively have the greatest effect in reducing TDS. The calculated values of coefficient of determination (R2), adjusted R 2, and predicted R2 were 0.9508, and 0.8636, which were close to R 2 values and confirmed the proposed statistical model. Based on this, the maximum TDS removal efficiency in this study was obtained with TDS variables (2000 mg/l), (pH 9.36), lighting intensity 4010 lux and light-dark duration of 15 hours at the rate of 76%, which shows the efficiency of this It had a method in removing artificial effluents.

Special areas for conservation are the natural sites with valuable natural components which are managed through relevant organizations. Suggesting and establishing these areas, along with the other IUCN common areas designated for ecosystem conservation and protection will strengthen the conservation of ecosystems and their functions. The status of subjects in the Iranian statute law regarding forests and rangelands is often ambiguous or neglected and needs to be updated. In this regard, by using comparative law, the strengths and weaknesses of domestic law can be examined and the necessary amendments can be proposed. This research is a comparative study of forest and rangeland statutes in Iran, France, and South Africa regarding the allocation of areas with special management regimes, outside the common area for protection established by the environmental laws. This comparative study has been conducted in five steps including 1- defining research scopes, 2- Describing, 3- Comparing, 4- Explaining, and 5- Evaluating and proposing suggestions. The results showed that special areas for conservation in Natural Resources Organization (NRO) territory include 1- Natural and biological reserves, 2- Biological heritage and biodiversity, and 3- Sensitive and fragile ecosystems, mainly managed according to conservation measurements. It seems that South Africa has the most suitable legal system in this regard by granting special permissions to the Minister to establish special conservation zones, using scientific advice in determining the minimum area for conservation, considering suggestions and objections, as well as criteria, indicators, and standards for biodiversity conservation. We provide suggestions to amend and update domestic law on this subject and establish special areas for the conservation of NRO management regimes.

Land surface temperature is a function of net energy at the surface, which depends on the amount of energy reached to the surface, emissions, humidity, atmospheric airflow, topography and climatic conditions of the region. Calculate high accuracy over a wide range. Today, using satellite - remote sensing, can monitor the land surface temperature of the earth, which is one of the important parameters in determining the energy balance of the earth in biological, climatic, hydrological and biological researches. In this paper, to achieve this goal, the daily data of Terra satellite MODIS sensor used to analyze the long-term mean of the monthly period and land surface temperature trend in South Khorasan. The period of these data is daily and includes from 2002 to 2019 equal to 6449 solar days. The spatial separation of the pixel is 1 * 1 km in the sinusoidal networking system, for which 174015 spatial pixel have been extracted in the South Khorasan. Spatial zonation of land surface temperature showed that the surface temperature in this area tends to cluster and implant. During the year, gravity and increasing temperature in the southern, southwestern and western parts of the province, has a high adaptation to low-lying areas in the neighborhood of Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut. In addition, the analysis of the surface temperature trend in this province shows that, 1.5% of the province is located in the territory of increasing temperature trend and in the northern and northwestern parts of the province in the strip with Semnan, Isfahan and in the neighborhood of the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut. Less than one percent of the area of ​​the province has a decreasing trend in temperature that observed in most parts of the province, especially in high and mountainous areas. It seems that summer and winter are getting warmer in this province, which should not be overlooked the dynamic role of topography of the region, proximity to large deserts and deserts of Iran, reduced vegetation in the province and maximum absorption of solar radiation temperature in surface temperature changes.