نشریه پژوهش های روابط بین الملل
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 45، تابستان 1401)

Establishing and developing economic and political relations with other countries has a special role in improving the situation of governments and ensuring their economic and political security. In order to achieve economic development and a favorable position in the structure of the world economy, the Islamic Republic of Iran needs a special look at other international actors, in particular, the Federal Republic of Germany in the European Union. It is important to examine what are the characteristics of the perspective of relations between Germany and Iran in the 21st century? The main question and purpose of this research is and in response, the claim and hypothesis of this research will be that; Iran-Germany relations in the 21st century have been strengthened by German security considerations as an international power and by Iran as a troublemaker. The findings of this study confirm that the security of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran since 2000, a serious obstacle to strengthening relations between the two countries and diminishing Iran's economic opportunities and capacities by Germany to the point of being a troublesome partner to Iran, It has been from this country. The research method of this paper is a qualitative explanation and efforts have been made to collect research data by using documentary sources.

Thoughts are strategic; that is, if the mind can understand the conditions of its time and enter into power struggles by elites with socially available concepts, it can form an epistemic system that influences the facts. Foreign policy in most countries in the world has epistemic systems; that is, foreign policy actions refer to an epistemic logic, structure and package that is not so obvious. Each epistemic system has fundamentals, scholars, schools, concepts, sponsoring countries, implications, and, ultimately, analysis that helps analyze and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of foreign policy. In this paper, we examine Iran's foreign policy using a theoretical framework derived from a combination of the theories of Cohen's paradigm, the epistemic belts of Lakatos, Aparatus Althusser, and Foucault's epistemic. The question is, what kind of epistemic systems does Iran's foreign policy have and what systems did they intend to form around Iran? In this article, five Shiite, Islamic, revolutionary, national, modern and postmodern epistemological systems will be examined and each of them will analyze the foundations, institutions, consequences and applied pathology of Iranian foreign policy

In the opinion of many scholars, international law has grown and formed in the pursuit of the goals of the great powers in the recent century. On this basis, the role of the great powers in the formation and development of international law is somewhat vague and contradictory. This is the question to consider: Why and how great powers of the international system are determinative in the formation and expansion of international law? Although governments seem to be legally equal, but the great powers have a key role in shaping and expanding international law through institutionalization, treaty formulation, interpretation of laws and by normalization, due to their different capacities. Given that the great powers want to maintain the rules governing the international order to establish their position, it is considered to create and extend legal rules in their interests. Because legal rules and international institutions can reduce the cost of maintaining the system and increase the legitimacy of the actions of great powers. So the present study claims great powers are shaper, stabilizers and advocates of legal rule. In this way, the present study intends to study the role of international powers in the creation and expansion of international law based on a descriptive-analytical method and using historical evidence and utilizing library practices.

The Middle East and North Africa are located in the warm and dry belt of the planet and despite living, about 7% of the world's population has less than one and a half percent of the freshwater of the planet. This region is facing two crises entitled: 1. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and 2. The other is the water crisis. The element of water has always been an important, strategic and influential factor in the political equations of the Middle East, and in this regard, the United Nations has referred to the water crisis in the Middle East as "silent ISIS". The purpose of this study was to investigate the aims, methods and consequences of ISIL's instrumental use of water in Iraq and Syria. The central question raised in this article is: What role did the element of water play in the establishment, consolidation and consolidation of ISIL? In answer to this question and as a research hypothesis, it should be stated: It seems that ISIL has used water as a tool for land development, extortion, extortion, and monetization. The findings of the article indicate that water is a tool and weapon in the hands of ISIL to fulfill its strategic goals, which is the survival, consolidation and consolidation of its government, and has objectified the concept of "hydro-terrorism" through conventional and unconventional use of water. Used in this article is descriptive-analytical and library tools, documents and Internet resources have been used to collect data.

Environmental protection is considered as one of the basic values ​​of society and one of the concerns of international law. Despite the differences that countries have in their approach to the issue of the environment, they all agree on one thing: the importance of conservation. Following these concerns, a large number of international instruments related to environmental protection have been visualized and implemented, and the same trend is observed in international law. In this regard, legal and criminal protection of the environment is a priority of the measures taken. It is clear that by identifying the harmful factors to the environment and determining the guarantee of appropriate performances, the severity of the damage can be reduced to some extent and the future of the environment can be hoped for. In this paper, descriptive-analytical method of environmental crimes and the performance of the penal system in dealing with these crimes in international and domestic law are examined. Finally, it seems that the expansion of cooperation and interaction between governments in the international arena, as well as the establishment of authoritative and fundamental rules with the necessary legitimacy, in the form of an independent and specialized basic structure in this field can be an effective action to achieve Complete goals in this area.

The three countries of Australia, Britain and the United States signed a security agreement on September 15, 2021, which, although it did not seem to have a specific audience, but it faced a strong reaction from China, Russia, France and the European Union. Each of these countries had its own concerns about the agreement, with China and Russia considering it a threat, and the European Union and France also outraged by the ignorance and cancellation of the French submarine agreement.B y using descriptive analytical method and applying the concept of "new superiority", this study intends to explain the necessity of this agreement in the US strategy and its consequence; So the main question of the article is, with focus on AKUS, what is the US strategy towards the Indo-Pacific region and what will be the consequences of this agreement be? The hypothesis is that the US strategy is to confront China directly; while Europe's strategy, on the other hand, is to prevent entering in Great powers competition and not to confront China directly. Thus, the United States, by eliminating the European Union, and especially France, set up an independent mechanism to respond to challenges and threats, thereby warning other allies and partners. The most important consequences are weakening adherence to non-proliferation, increase in arms race, reduce in European confidence in the United States, making China more aggressive in the region, and further moving toward strategic European independence.

The emergence of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body as one of the pillars of an international organization in the field of international dispute resolution in the field of trade is a new development and phenomenon in international law. This evolution is the result of an evolutionary process that in various ways has affected the structure and body of the international legal system and some of its concepts, and has led to its expansion in terms of the implementation of international law among more subjects of international law and in terms of The development of some institutions of international law has been in the structural field of this system. This institution has initiated a new religion in the method of dispute resolution in the international dispute resolution system in general and in the field of commercial dispute resolution, in particular, which is unique in the system of international law. On the one hand, this institution, as an active player in the general structure of the international legal system and as a diplomatic center, has played an effective role in the development of international law in the field of international dispute resolution by developing mandatory competence among its members. On the other hand, this institution has developed this system with its unique elements and functions, multi-stage proceedings, timing of proceedings, accuracy and speed in resolving international disputes, and has ensured the implementation of the opinions of the Dispute Settlement Body.

After World War I and II, with the aim of establishing a new world order and creating a new Middle East and reducing the authority of the Middle East against the Western world, the main players were the United States, England, and France. The 21st century witnessed many developments, including the collapse of regional governments, the active presence of the United States with the aim of engineering democracy but hegemony and becoming the main actor due to its dominance over development resources (oil, water, natural raw resources). In the meantime, some countries in the region, including Saudi Arabia (the political system of the kingdom), due to their historical enmity and inability to develop domestically and increase their defense-military power with extra-regional actors (America), developed cooperation scenarios with the aim of confronting Iran. As an important and strategic regional power, against the game of the first world order (America) with Saudi Arabia in the Middle East, Iran puts its national security interests at the top of its priority. Based on this, the main goal of the current research is to study possible and desirable scenarios of Saudi Arabia's arms cooperation with the United States of America, emphasizing the security and national interests of Iran. The research method is a historical-analytical study and the security order study unit of the West Asian region has used first-hand documents, scientific works (articles and books) as well as authoritative organizational documents to answer this question in the period of 2018-2019.

The Rules of PECL are laid down by the European Union to uniform the rules of the member states for convergence and to create economic between the countries. The study and implementation of these regulations can be a model. In this article, one of the main pillars of contract formation based on the PECL and Iranian is examined.Among the conditions for the validity of the contract, the will and intention to sign both in Iranian law and in the PECL as the intention of legal obligation has been the most important condition for concluding the contract. The purpose of special ceremonies was only to achieve the intention of the parties. So that even putting considration or writing a contract has been to achieve the real intention of the parties. Today, most of the regulations for legal acts reduce the formalities and do not even consider it necessary to conclude a legal act and a contract in the form of requirement and acceptance. The stipulation of the Intention to be legally bound in the PECL indicates the importance of this issue so that it is not invalidated. In some cases the intention of the parties may differ from what has been stated.The question arises as to whether the PECL, in comparison with Iranian law, are based on esoteric will or apparent will? In order to achieve the intent of creation, an objective criterion should be considered or subjective criterion? The PECL in this regard are not significantly different from Iranian law.

Iran's constitutional movement was one of the events that occurred in the history of Iran during the Qajar period and brought about the highest transformation in the political, social and cultural affairs of Iran. They established the foundations of the constitutional movement under their leadership and with the support of the people in the tobacco movement, and it was the victory in this movement that provided the foundation for the constitutional movement and Islamic movements. After the tobacco movement, the clerics, as a reference group, took the leadership of the people against the internal tyranny of the Qajar government and foreign colonialism, and they had no eyes for the fruition of the constitutional movement to limit the power of the king and to raise the awareness and awareness of the people. They tried their rights and duties. One of these clerics who played a role in the constitutional movement and discussed the need for a constitution was Allamah Nayini. He played a very important role in the constitutional movement by authoring the famous and valuable book "Tanbiyyah Ummah wa Tanziyeh al-Mullah". The research method in this study is historical, descriptive-analytical. The findings and results of the research indicate the role of the Shia clergy and especially the role of Allameh Nayini in the constitutional movement. Research hypothesis: In the constitutional movement, Allama Nayini played a very important role in informing the people to limit the power of the Qajar kings by stating the necessity of the existence of a constitution.

Today's most successful companies build their entire business around the customer, and for the customer, experience is the single most important determinant of loyalty. 84% of customers say that the experience a company offers is as important as its products or services - and yet there is a huge gap between what a customer expects and what most businesses actually offer. Customer orientation and attention to consumer behavior is the key to the success of many service businesses, of which insurance companies are one. The purpose of this study is to provide a model of consumer behavior in obtaining new insurance services based on the data approach of the foundation. The statistical population of this study included 17 Experts from academic and insurance industry who were selected by snowball method and interviews were used to collect the required data. In this study, an attempt was made to interview people who have more than ten years of work experience and have knowledge of issues related to consumer behavior and modern insurance services. Data were analyzed using a qualitative method and data approach of the foundation. Data analysis was performed by open, centralized and selective coding and finally led to the presentation of the final model including six main dimensions and twenty-seven sub-dimensions.The results show that the pattern of consumer behavior in obtaining new insurance services revolves around the central category of marketing of new insurance services and development of services.