نشریه زبان کاوی کاربردی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، بهار و تابستان 1401)

PRO is considered as a substructure in linguistic studies that was first expressed by linguists in 1970s. Cognitive linguists also have conducted plenty of studies in this field. The current study aims at finding the Persian verbal treatment in active and passive voices of finite and non-finite clauses confronting PRO according to cognitive linguistics. To do so, at the beginning, each classification of Persian verbs is introduced and studied. The main hypothesis of this research is that all Persian verbs treat equally while facing PRO. Then, the verbs are compared and contrasted and the table of treatment is presented. At the end, all Persian verbs are compared and in the concluding table, the treatment of Persian verbs facing PRO is drawn. The results of this study indicate that Persian verbs have shown different treatment confronting PRO and they don’t act similarly. The most significant conclusions of this paper indicate that Persian verbs in finite active voices react positively to PRO which means that the existence of PRO is possible in this clause while in non-finite active voices, no PRO was found that means in under this condition, Persian verbs react negatively to PRO. And finally, Persian verbs have non-stable treatment in passive voices and treated differently.  In finite passive voices of Persian verbs except one classification of verbs that treated negatively to PRO, the other groups took both positive and negative position which means in some cases, they permitted the existence of PRO and in some other cases, PRO wasn't observed in the clause. And finally, in non-finite passive voices of Persian verbs, except one group of verbs, the other classification of verbs took negative position against PRO which means PRO wasn't found in these types of clauses but one group of verbs, took neutral position against PRO.

Linguists have long studied various language teaching approaches, such as classical education, electronic education, and contemporary face-to-face education, in the subject of foreign language education. Like other disciplines, the science of teaching foreign languages is developing and progressing. However, there is no denying the role and significance of educational and multimedia technology in the teaching of foreign languages, including Russian. This study aims to examine the use of passwords and QR codes in Iranian textbooks written in the Russian language. The research's first step, which uses the library method, defines technology, the role of technology in education, electronic learning, and the function of multimedia with a focus on films, after which the QR-code technology is described in the context of the educational process. Among its applications are the following: removing educational disparities by providing platforms for the creation and dissemination of excellent educational material; facilitating universal access to education; and speeding up and simplifying access to educational help files - enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of educational materials; inspiring authors, professors, and writers to create multimedia educational materials appropriate for the book to aid in the learning process; assisting in becoming familiar with the correct pronunciation, cultural nuances, and other aspects of the target language.

It is very important to deliver the information to the audience in sensitive religious texts correctly. Given the significance of this issue and the need to avoid translating from personal opinions, the current essay has attempted to examine the Qur'anic translation. In other words, the purpose of the study is to assess the Quran's method of message delivery in light of its implications. The "compensation" method, which Vinet and Darbelnet refer to as a message transmission strategy, is the theoretical model for this study. It hasn't been employed individually in the evaluation of translations by replicating the message, compensating attempts to send a message that the reader will find challenging to grasp while lessening the effect of the original material on the intended audience. This indicates that the translator makes up for parts of the translated text that was decreased by adding other parts. Verse translations by Makarem, Qomshei and Sadeghi from Surah Yusuf serve as the basis for the data in this study. The study approach is likewise descriptive-analytical in that after providing samples of the desired surah and outlining the sort of compensation made in them (required or voluntary), the effectiveness of employing this tactic and the results of its use will be examined and assessed. After reviewing the samples at the conclusion of the study, it was discovered that the translators' payment was voluntary rather than required. When it comes to compensation effectiveness, it should be noted that while the majority of obligatory compensations were efficient, only about half of the discretionary compensations were. Additionally, the frequent use of optional compensations shows that the translators have authority over the translated material and that their ideas, particularly those of Qomshehi, are fully applied.

One of the great poets of the Azerbaijani style is Nizami Ganjavi (530–614 AH). These writers frequently include traditional tales in their poetry. In the current study, the author has looked at the stories in Sharafnameh and seven military characters in an effort to determine the degree of their military application by outlining these occurrences and how the poet in question used them in his literary and artistic works. In Sharafnameh and Haft Peikar, instances of mythical, romantic, and folk tales were extracted and mentioned before being thoroughly examined. Esfandiar, Key Khosro, Bahman, Fereydoun, Mani, Harut and Zohra, Iskander and Roshank, Iskander and the Chinese girl playing the piano, Iskander and Nooshabeh, etc. are some of the most well-known mythical and folk tales in the two books listed. In contrast to Sharafnameh, which has more of a historical flavor, Haft Pekeykar has more folk stories and legends than poetry. The reason for this can be observed in the numerous incredible myth-making and events surrounding it. In Haft Paykar, Nizami has made use of the impacts of oral culture (beliefs and myths). Through the use of regional mythology, Sharafnameh aims to illuminate tales.

The audience's perceptions of the text's meaning and author are influenced by its structure. The impact of a work is multiplied if it has a straightforward, logical structure combined with linguistic and moral aesthetics (eloquence and eloquence). Every text has a unique structure that gives it individuality and influences how literary the text is. Religious writings can be categorized in a number of structural directions. This essay examines the grammatical and rhetorical structures of Surah Fatir and how they manifest in its Persian translation using the descriptive-analytical technique. One of the causes of parallelism between source and destination texts is paying attention to grammatical and rhetorical tendencies. The translator has attempted to translate the verbal and conceptual complexities in accordance with the structure of the source text into the structure of the target text using the simplest expressions in an artistic manner and with respect for veracity. This has involved interacting with the grammatical and rhetorical structures used in the Surah. Furthermore, the desired performance of the translator is more closely linked to the transfer of grammatical than rhetorical components.

The translator's task is not only to change the words but also to actively try to harmonize the literature and cultures of the source and the target languages. American translation theorist Peter Newmark contends that selecting a thorough approach for the full text is the fundamental challenge in translation, with metaphor translation standing out as the chief challenge. According to Newmark, a metaphor's translation mechanism may be classified into six categories based on the degree of resemblance or sharing it represents between two or more like or less similar items. According to Newmark, clichéd metaphors are statements with metaphorical connotations and parallels but are inconsistent with reality. Additionally, this particular metaphor has spread across the language and, in a sense, has become permanent. The recent metaphor that has become popular without a clear purpose or origin and whose inventor is frequently unknown. Adapted metaphors should be translated into their adapted counterparts since they run the risk of being understood incorrectly if they are taken literally. Innovative metaphors should be translated literally with an explanation or clear meaning in non-descriptive literature. This study attempts to evaluate and analyze the translation technique of conceptual metaphors in five translations of Nahj al- Balagheh's sermons using the descriptive-analytical approach and Newmark's point of view. The research's findings indicated that, because most conceptual metaphors are novel and Faiz al-translation Islam is more successful because it is closer to Newmark's perspective, the literal technique of translation is the most frequently utilized and, in some circumstances, is followed with an explanation.

One of the most well-known ideas in semantic studies is polysemy, which is defined as the situation in which a single language element has several interpretations. The constructivist method is well-known for giving specific emphasis to conceptual links at the vocabulary level. Homonymy is compared to polysemy for analysis. According to the constructivist perspective, polysemy is an unintended result of the presence of words. A word's potential meanings are thought to be limitless and unexpected. In the current article, a cognitive semantics method is used to examine the several meanings of the verb "to eat" (/xwârdn/ as an action verb in the Kurdish dialect of Kolhori). Field libraries have been used to collect the data. Common phrases, proverbs, and Kurdish poets' works all made up the language corpus employed in this study. Forty-two meanings of the verb "to eat" were identified by analyzing the data using cognitive semantics concepts; one of these meanings was the main meaning of "swallowing something through the mouth," and 41 of its marginal meanings were categorized into seven main groups, showing a close semantic relationship between the meaning of the head of each group and the marginal members: First, there are those who "desire," second, there are those who "take place," third, there are those who "are efficient," fourth, there are those who "predict fate," fifth, there are those who "do injustice," and sixth, there are those who "do something right." The sixth group is "giving," followed by "entertaining." The semantic network of Kolhori Kurdish may be examined to see how the similarity of a verb's fundamental components affects how it is understood. In certain cases, the existence of a word that is similar to many verbs might signify the same thing. As a result, the semantic network relationships between the verbs in Kolhori Kurdish and their context-related associate words lead to the transmission of meaning.

Many scholars, particularly social linguists, place a strong emphasis on how society and the environment influence how languages change through time. They contend that the social and institutional language of the military is influenced by culture, which responds to extralinguistic and environmental elements. Gender is examined as an extralinguistic component in connection to language creation in addition to aspects including the environment, social structure, attitudes, and values. Color is unquestionably one of the most crucial and successful components in the construction of literary works. Poets utilize color to communicate high-frequency abstract ideas to their audience. Among them is "Zeinab Habash," a poet of the Palestinian resistance who experienced the hardships of his time and wrote poetry to capture the freedom, suffering, and anguish of the Palestinian people. The interpretation of color in this poet's poetry and the identification of its uses appear crucial and imperative since the color is one of the symbolic aspects of current poetry and one of the essential elements of imagination. Therefore, the aim of this descriptive-analytical study is to investigate the role of colors and words in communicating sustainability concepts in the female writing of "Zeinab Habash" and to explain the qualitative and quantitative use of colors in her poems. The use of the element of color is an expression of the difference between this poet and other Palestinian female speakers. As far as the ratio of the positive use of colors to their negative usage is practically twofold and represents the optimistic thinking of the poet Zainab Habash; colors are frequently used to create positive notions. He employed the primary colors of red, black, green, white, and yellow; however, he avoided using blue in any form since he despises and does not regard the occupiers, who are represented by this color. Despite their low frequency, the two shades of wheat and silver have a very specific purpose in the poet's paintings and have given them fresh color and gloss.

Classical rhetoricians utilized metaphor as one of the literary arrays for the beauty of words and saw ornamentation and word arrangement as important and crucial components in the development of literary works. This idea has a unique and different perspective from the conventional view in the modern period and in the context of cognitive linguistics. According to cognitive linguistics, metaphor is a cognitive process that is present in both literary and ordinary language. It is not just a literary phenomenon. The modernist era brought about a change in the metaphor notion, and the new rhetoric gave attention to the eloquent reader in addition to the eloquent phrase and rhetorician. The goal of the present research is to better understand how metaphor functions in contemporary discourse. The study's findings demonstrate that contemporary metaphors have a conceptual component that frees audiences to interpret metaphorical meaning in accordance with the amount of concrete data and information stored in their semantic memories. This method of using metaphor results in the production of meaning. Based on this, a conceptual metaphor based on the discussion of meaning production can be considered the foundation of new rhetoric. In reality, it plays a crucial role in recognizing and comprehending phenomena and affairs and actually creates a cultural model in the mind that the behavioral chain is planned accordingly.

Self evaluation is developing a greater self-awareness about the nature and impact of one’s performance which provides opportunities for professional growth and development (General Medical Council, 2010). It is distinctly emphasized in Islam and its followers are advised to take some time periodically to evaluate their deeds. The present study aims at finding evidence that self evaluation has been taken into consideration in Islamic religious texts. It is also focused on how being inspired by self evaluation developed in Islamic religious texts can improve the quality of teachers’ job. To this end, verses of Quran and traditions were looked into with respect to self evaluation. Meanwhile, the recently developed approaches to self evaluation were explored to find out the relationship between the two outlooks and the contribution they might potentially have to develop self evaluation particularly among teachers. The findings show that self evaluation is considered as one of the basic tenets of Islam and within its framework, humans are the best evaluators of themselves. Teachers, walked through the whole self evaluation process by numerous Quran verses and traditions, are called to be consistent and spiritually motivated in order to do consequentially valid self evaluation. Self-evaluator teachers are urged to avoid bias, arrogance, pride, and self-enhancement, and make upward comparison to develop professionally. The findings of this study have implications for teacher development and teacher education. They can also be employed by English teachers as well as syllabus and textbook designers in the sense that they can take self evaluation developed in religious texts into account in EFL contexts.

Language communities must be conversant with the vocabulary and word combinations used by speakers in order to build communication amongst languages of the world. Understanding grammar and syntax norms may greatly aid in expressing the idea and bolster the message's accuracy. Noam Chomsky established grammatical rules in 1957. According to these rules, the internal workings of languages are the same, and the only differences are in the form, phonetic structures, and commands. This means that the sentences and concepts that exist in mind about various topics have the same concepts and only differ in the quality of their expression in the form of syntax. A disadvantage of translation occurs when various equivalents are used for the same term in the same language since different words affect how concepts are presented, in addition to differences in linguistic structure. Knowing the terms, when to use them, and how to deal with the association issue can help you use words correctly, grasp the text clearly, and prevent translation errors. As a result, the researchers in this work used the descriptive-analytical technique to assess the word equivalency while focusing on the accuracy of the translation using the genealogical method. The findings demonstrate that there are two aspects to translating astrology into Arabic and Persian: the infrastructure and superstructure. The infrastructure demonstrates the action of gesturing by applying elements (deletion, insertion, replacement, and transposition) of the example sentence in the target language, which by using different equivalents, causes both semantic multiplicity and vocabulary diversity in the text.

Qaboosnameh is an educational and ethical book written by Onsor Al-Maali Kikavous, one of Alziar's rulers, in the fifth century for his son Gilanshah. This book has many literary and social values, so that it is considered a collection of pre-Mongol Iranian civilization. The author has used historical and social anecdotes and stories to influence and emphasize his words throughout the book. These stories are told to explain ethical points, and a special context of storytelling can be observed in them. One of the fictional elements that is clearly prominent in Qaboosnameh anecdotes is the narrative element. This research has analyzed the descriptive-analytical form by randomly selecting fifteen anecdotes from Qaboosnameh, the structure of the narrative in this work according to the beginning of the story, story triangle, denouement and complication, etc. In addition to the structure of the plot and how it is formed and its process in the story, two main and effective elements in the narrative such as characterization and perspective have also been explored. According to the results of this research, Onsor Al-Maali has benefited from new storytelling methods in Qaboosnameh anecdotes in addition to expressing moral points consciously and unconsciously.  This factor has increased the impact and intimacy of its stories. Onsor Al-Maali has also made innovations in terms of perspective and has expressed a new perspective by combining several perspectives. In his view, although he is aware of all the events, he refrains from narrating all the events, excessive bias and details, and leaves the decision to the reader.