فصلنامه زیست شناسی تکوینی
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 55، تابستان 1401)

There is a relationship between epilepsy and decreased daily memory, learning and behavioral disorders, so in this study, the effect of menthol on learning and spatial memory and GABA receptor gene expression in epileptic rats was investigated.

In this study, 60 male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 10, including control , ethanol, pTZ (37.5 mg / kg), menthol (30 mg / kg) and ethanol + PTZ and Menthol + PTZ groups Chemical kindling was performed over a 28-day period with 14 injections of pentylenetetrazole every other day, then spatial learning and memory were tested by the Morris water maze .Then, the animals were anesthetized and their brains were isolated for GABBR2 gene expression. For statistical analysis of data, one-way and two-way ANOVA and Tukey test were used at a significant level of P <0.05. Delta CT test was used to express the gene.

PTZ decreased learning and memory and menthol was able to prevent this defect and increase learning and memory, also menthol was able to increase GABBR2 gene expression in epileptic rats.

Pretreatment with menthol significantly reduced the incidence of epilepsy in epileptic rats with pentylenetetrazole. Menthol increased learning, spatial memory, and GABA receptor gene expression in epileptic rats, Therefore, menthol may be a suitable choice for the treatment and reduction of learning and memory disorders caused by epilepsy.

To investigate the effect of different types and amounts of jasmines on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two strawberry cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in Sadra Hydroponic Greenhouse of Shiraz University in 2018. Experimental treatments include two types of jasmonate (jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate) each in five concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mM) and (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM) with four replications and three pots in each replication and two strawberry cultivars (Selva and Parus). Analysis of variance showed that the effect of experimental treatments on all studied traits except fruit weight and vitamin C was significant. The results showed that foliar application of jasmonate reduced chlorophyll content and leaf dry weight in both strawberry cultivars, while the highest number of fruits in Selva cultivar was obtained by foliar application of 2 mM jasmonic acid. The results also showed that increasing the concentration of jasmonates by reducing the total acidity and increasing fruit anthocyanins in both cultivars, improved the quality properties of strawberries. In general, Selva cultivar is more effective than jasmonate by producing soluble solids and the ratio of soluble solids to total acidity is more significant and the amount of total acidity is lower than Parus cultivar, it is more desirable in terms of quality.

In most countries today the area under cultivation of transgenic crops has increased due to the increasing population.In Iran, there is no system for labeling transgenic products.Although baby food is one of the most important needs for growth and health of the baby, it is no exception.Therefore, in this study,we try to identify the transgenic products by PCR by examining the internal control gene Lectin and Camv 35S Promoter gene transcriptome.25 soybean samples were collected from shops and Twenty-five samples of baby food were collected from pharmacies in Tehran. Samples were extracted with TLAB brand tissue extraction kit. After analyzing the concentration and quality of DNA extracted by the nanodrop machine, the samples were screened by PCR.25 soybean samples were analyzed for 23 of the total samples (%92) for the presence of Lectin internal gene and 15 samples from all samples (%63) had Camv 35S Promoter gene.Of the 25 samples of baby food, 20 (%83) were positive for the presence of the inner gene,Lectin positive, and 13 (%52) were positive for Camv 35S Promoter gene transformation index. None of the products containing Camv 35S Promoter gene, indicating that the product was transgenic, were not labeled.It can be concluded that the rate of transgenicity in the samples tested is significantly higher.In baby foods, the transgenicity rate of Camv 35S Promoter gene was higher in Iranian samples than in foreign samples. In soybean samples, Camv 35S Promoter gene was present in Iranian products, while none of the samples tested had transgenic label

Fraxinus excelsior is a common tree belongs to the Oleaceae family which is commonly found in the vegetation of most areas of Iran, especially Tehran province. According to the reports of allergenicity of olive family and homology between genera and species of this genus and high level of seasonal sensitivity to ash pollens, accurate knowledge of pollens is essential.In this research we investigated the pollen grains developmental characteristics of pure male flowers F. excelsior. The flowers and buds, in different developmental stages, were removed, fixed in FAA70, stored in 70% ethanol, and following dehydration and embedding in paraffin, the specimens were sliced by a rotary microtome. Staining was carried out with PAS and contrasted with Hematoxylin and prepared specimens were studied under a light microscope. Also, to be observed pollen structure was examined by SEM and FESEM electron microscopy.The results indicated that consist of two stamens and anthers were four pollen sacs and pollen tetrads types were tetragonal and cubic. Pollen grains, when shed had three colpes and Striped-mesh ornaments and/or be observed along with orbicules of different sizes on the surface. The pollen grains, in this plant, are spherical in polar view and fusiform in equatorial view; mature pollens are prolate, tricolporoidate with furrows disposed along polar axis. The disposition of the microspore in the tetrads is tetrahedral. The pollen grains are 2-celled when shed. Scrutiny cell and tissue of pollen grains can help in more thorough investigation on applications of aerobiology and identification of pollen allergens.

Linaria Mill.with 150 spp. constitutes the largest genus of the tribe Antirrhineae. This genus clearly has the main challenges in the normal classification and so needs to more serious and complete research. The goal of this research is trying to solve existing problem using molecular systematic tool. In this research, a phylogenetic analysis of representatives from Linaria has been presented based on nuclear ribosomal (ITS) sequences. From Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian analyses nearly congruent trees are produced. Our results indicate that Linaria-Nuttallanthus is monophyletic group and comprising of seven sections of Pelisserianae, Lectoplectron, Macrocentrum, Versicolores, Supinae, Diffusae and Linaria. Linaria is expanded to include sect. Speciosae and some members of sect. Diffusae. It is necessary to propose a new concept for sect. Diffusae by restricting it only to those annual species with wingless seeds that are covered by testa cells with slightly elevated to sunken anticlinal walls plus convex periclinal walls papillate on surface.

The transition from vegetative to reproductive phase is an important developmental under genetic control. This stage requires the activation of a set of genes in apical meristem, the expression of which transforms the meristem from vegetative to reproductive. The APETALA1 (AP1) gene plays an important role in transition phase and flower meristem identity. The identification and homology of this gene and its deduced protein in Eruca sativa was studied. Total RNA was extracted from flower buds and cDNA made. Specific primers were designed and then used for RT-PCR reaction. The results showed that the desired fragment of the gene contains 782 nucleotides (complete cds). This fragment was called EvsAP1 and recorded in the NCBI database (KX524132.1). BLAST of this sequence with other species, showed that Raphanus sativus and Brassica nigra have the highest similarity (87%) with EvsAP1. The deduced protein of the EvsAP1 gene contains 256 amino acids, which is 82% similar to Raphanus sativus. The total length of AP1 protein obtained from NCBI databases in most species of Brassicace is 256 amino acids confirming the sequence. Examination of location of the different species in the phylogenetic tree showed that all species of Brassicaceae place in clads close to Eruca sativa. The species has the highest similarity with Brassica nigra and Raphanus sativus so that the later and Eruca sativa located in one clade. These results confirm the accuracy of the obtained sequence for the AP1 gene in this specie.

According to increased consumption of supplements during pregnancy and the teratogenic impact of some drugs on evolution the vital systems of embryos, in this study to improve the health of the fetus and prevention of cardiovascular abnormalities as the most common cause of infant mortality, we examined the effects of L-Arginine and L-NAME administration on fetal rat heart.

Forty Wister rats, weighing 200-250gr with age of 8 weeks, were divided into 5 groups after observing the vaginal plug. Except the control group, the others were received 2ml/kg normal saline, 200mg/kg L-Arginine, 20mg/kg L-NAME and a mixture of the same doses of L-Arginine & L-NAME respectively on 8 to 11th gestational days via Intraperitoneal. The fetal Hearts were removed on 18th gestational days and were fixed in formalin 10 percent, after tissue preparation and staining method (H&E) histological changes were studied by Light microscopy Olympus Cx31 and software Image tools III.

Despite of the control group, the significant decrease (p <0.05) in the diameter of cells and their nuclei were observed in L-NAME group , L-NAME group also was associated with irregularities in heart muscle structure and intercalated and in the L-Arginine group severe Myogenesis and Angiogenesis was observed.

Results of this study showed that Nitric oxide (NO) in amounts higher or lower than normal is associated with congenital heart diseases. Therefore, drugs and supplements should be used with caution especially during pregnancy.