Nurses, as members of the therapeutic team in health care centers, are faced with challenging decisions, moral issues and problems. The purpose of this study was based on examining the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between Professionl Values and moral sensitivity among nurses during the corona epidemic.

This study was a descriptive-correlational study. By applying quota convenience sampling method, 220 subjects were selected among the nurses working in Khatam Al-Anbia (PBUH) hospitals in Abarkooh and Imam Khomeini (RA) towns, Abadeh town in order to participate in the study. To collect data, The Weis and Shank (2009) Professionl Values Scales, Lutzen et al. (2006) and Dennis and Vanderwall (2010) Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaires were used. The Data were analyzed through Pearson's correlation test and structural equation modeling.

Ethical Considerations: 

In this study, criteria concerned with moral principles as confidentiality, personal satisfaction and freedom of participants in cooperation or non-cooperation during the study process have been observed.

The findings of the study demonstrated that there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables of occupational values and moral sensitivity, Professionl Values and cognitive flexibility (P<0.001). Moreover, it confirmed the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between Professionl Values and moral sensitivity among nurses during the corona epidemic (P<0.01).

Considering the findings of the present study, in order to increase Professionl Values, it is recommended that appropriate strategies in line with addressing to the principles and criteria related to this variable, including social, emotional and economic support, especially in the nursing field, should be exerted to be strengthened their moral sensitivity by affecting their cognitive flexibility.

 Observing the ethics of the nursing profession has an effective role in providing quality care. The present study was conducted to determine Knowledge and practice of nurses regarding the standards of professional nursing ethics.

 This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 2020 by 392 nurses from teaching hospitals affiliated with the Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences in Iran. Nurses were selected by the simple random sampling method and to collect data, two questionnaires were used to assess the knowledge and practice of nurses to comply with nursing ethical standards. Data were analyzed by SPSS software 16 and descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation, frequency) and inferential tests (correlation coefficient, regression). The Significance level was considered less than 0.05.

Ethical Considerations: 

To participate in the study, informed written consent was obtained from the participants. Necessary information was given about the nurses being free to participate and leave the study.

 The average knowledge of nurses about compliance with ethical standards (17.2±4.81) and their average performance was by ethical standards (130.88±9.11). Pearson correlation coefficient indicated a positive and significant relationship between nurses' knowledge and practice of adhering to ethical standards (P<0.05, r=0.65). The nurses' knowledge (R2=0.26) significantly predicts their performance in terms of ethical standards. The non-standardized beta value showed that the share of knowledge in predicting nurses' performance is (2.54). There was no significant relationship between the average knowledge and practice of nurses and demographic characteristics (P>0.05).

 The efforts of systems to improve the awareness of their nurses can play an influential role in improving their performance in line with ethical standards in the clinical environment. Continuous training programs can play an important role in sensitizing nurses in the face of ethical issues and therefore improve their performance according to ethical standards.

 Justice sensitivity is a stable personality trait that relates to prosocial behavioral tendencies and altruistic orientation. Secure attachment and deep emotional bond with others will increase justice sensitivity in students and prepare the ground for academic honesty and efficiency of education system. Considering the role of this personality trait in healthy educational behaviors; the purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents and outcomes of justice sensitivity in a frame of a causal model.

 The present study is descriptive and in the form of structural equation modeling in which, the attachment styles were considered as independent variables, justice sensitivity as a mediating variable and academic dishonesty as a dependent variable. Participants were 240 (boys and girls) M.S. Shiraz University students. They completed Justice Sensitivity Scale, Revised Adult Attachment Scale and Academic Dishonesty Scale. Factor analysis method was used to verify validity and the Cronbach Alpha was applied to determine the reliability of the scales؛ Also, bootstrapping method in AMOS 24 was conducted to examine the mediational effects of the intervening variables.

Ethical Considerations:

 Participants completed the scales online after they were informed of the study aims and were ensured on paper that the responses would remain confidential.

 Results showed that attachment styles were significant predictor of academic dishonesty through which secure attachment style was negative significant predictor of academic dishonesty (β=-0/44, p=0/0001) and insecure attachment styles (avoidant and anxious) were respectively positive significant predictors of academic dishonesty (β=0/13, p=0/0001) and (β=0/36, p=0/0001). Results also revealed that secure attachment style predicted justice sensitivity positively (β=0/41, p=0/0001) and avoidant style predicted justice sensitivity negatively (β=-0/35, p=0/0001). Furthermore, results demonstrated that justice sensitivity mediated the relationship between attachment styles and academic dishonesty. In general; findings confirmed that secure attachment style decreases academic dishonesty through increasing the justice sensitivity.

 According to the hypothesis testing results, it can be concluded that Secure adults tended to hold positive self-image and positive image of others; meaning that they had both a sense of worthiness and an expectation that other people were generally responsive and trustworthy. This means that secure students will apply effective and ethical strategies to achieve their educational goals and never intend to violate the rights of others to gain academic legitimacy.

that may be caused by various reasons. In the long term, job burnout is one of the serious consequences of moral distress. The current study was carried out aiming at determining the association between moral distress and job burnout of nurses working in the intensive care units of hospitals affiliated to Zanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2021.

 This was a cross-sectional descriptive correlational study. A total of 350 nurses working in all intensive care units of hospitals affiliated to Zanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2021were selected by total population sampling method. Data collection tools included Hamric’s Moral Distress Scale-Revised (MDS-R) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) Manual. The data was analyzed by means of descriptive inferential statistics and through SPSS 20 software.

Ethical Considerations:

 The present study was approved by the ethics committee. Ethical considerations were observed, such as completing the informed consent form, voluntary participation and explaining the research objectives, as well as ensuring the confidentiality of the information.

 The nurses in question had an overall mean of moral distress equal to (116.47±49.79), indicating a low level of moral distress. Moreover, the burnout in nurses working in intensive care units had a medium level of emotional burnout (31.76±5.41), a high level of depersonalization (13.45±4.77) and a low level of personal success (26.24±5.61). The results revealed a significant and direct association between moral distress and the depersonalization dimension of job burnout (r=0.18, P<0.001), besides its significant and inverse association with the individual success dimension of job burnout (r=-0.17, P<0.001).

 Given the association between moral distress and job burnout in intensive care units’ nurses, the officials of the medical centers are required to formulate strategies like periodic review of this phenomenon besides arranging training sessions to take steps in the field of how to deal with ethical distresses in the wards to decline their impacts on the care of patients as well as preventing burnout among nurses.

 The corona pandemic, which was observed in China in December 2019, soon spread to other parts of the world and became a critical issue for the right to public health at the international level. The right to health is important and vital for societies today and one of the criteria and values in the principles of medical ethics is the observance of justice in equal access to health services; Prisoners, like other members of society, have access to it as a more vulnerable group of society whose law restricts some of their freedoms. The purpose of this study is to review the strategies of the Iranian legal system and international instruments on the right to health of prisoners and the principles of medical ethics in prisons and legal strategy to observe the principles of medical ethics in prisons in order for health policy makers to benefit from it during the corona pandemic.

 This research is of review type and its information has been collected by library-documentary method.

Ethical Considerations:

 Ethical considerations have been observed in all stages of research, including the study and collection of data, their documentation, analysis and publication.

 The research findings indicate that in the supra-legislative, legislative and sub-legislative norms of the Iranian legal system and binding and guiding international documents on the principles of medical ethics in prisons and the right to health of prisoners, general and specific regulations have been set to observe ethical rules in medicine. Prisoners can also enjoy the right to health as a human right. Therefore, health system policymakers can use them to expand the role of ethics in prisons and to support the health of prisoners.

 Based on the results, it can be said that observing the principles of medical ethics and paying attention to the health of prisoners during the corona pandemic in order to prevent Covid-19 virus and treat infected prisoners should be considered by health policy makers. Therefore, using the norms of the Iranian legal system and international documents, it is necessary to adopt regulations in order to standardize the ethical principles of doctors, nurses and health center staff in prisons to maintain the health of prisoners during the corona pandemic.

 Human dignity is considered the basis of citizenship rights, which people enjoy as human beings. Today, in the light of the principle of human dignity, we have witnessed the emergence of intellectual procedures toward people with disabilities that have been formed based on the rules of citizenship rights. This study aimed to investigate three components of citizenship rights for the persons with disabilities, including the right to equal opportunities, the right to a job, and the right to education as the most effective citizenship rights to maintain the dignity of people with disabilities in Iran.

 This research is a narrative review, and its data collection is a documentary library method from reviewing 20 articles in Persian between 2010 and 2020 in various scientific journals. Furthermore, laws such as the Constitution, the comprehensive law on the protection of the persons with disabilities approved in 2013, the protection of the persons with disabilities approved in 2016, and the laws approved in the field of urban development have been reviewed.

Ethical Considerations:

 The ethical considerations have been respected at all stages of research, including the study and data collection, documentation, and analysis.

 According to the human dignity of the persons with disabilities, the process of formation, legislation, and the monitoring method of the disabled citizens’ rights are considered as the support requirements and concerns.

 In terms of rights and substantive guarantees of citizenship legal system, the status quo in the legal system of Iran is unable to provide a basis for equalization of opportunities on the right of city and the right to employment for persons with disability, and the desired situation is yet far to reach easily.

 Although fear of illness recurrence and negative illness perceptions can significantly undermine the quality of life of cancer survivors and increase their physical and psychological fatigue as well as anxiety and depression, few studies have introduced effective treatments for adjusting the perceptual-psychological factors involved in breast cancer. While, spirituality is an important factor for adapting to stressful conditions caused by chronic diseases, ensuring physical and psychological health as well as hope of patients and consequently improving the health condition of patients. The present study was an attempt to investigate the effect of spiritual therapy on the fear of illness recurrence and negative illness perception among women with breast cancer.

 The present research falls within the category of semi-experimental studies with a pre-test, post-test control group design and two-month follow-up. Population of the study consisted female breast cancer patients subjected to chemotherapy who referred to the specialized and subspecialized breast pathology center of Jihad In Iran during winter of 2021. 30 patients were selected through convenient sampling and randomly assigned to two groups: intervention and control groups (n=15). The fear of cancer recurrence and the perception of the illness were measured using the Simard & Savard’s FCR Inventory and Broadbent’s IPQ before, after and two months after the intervention, respectively. The intervention group received spiritual-religious psychotherapy for 12 sessions (each 120 minutes) individually, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was done using repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test (α=0.05) within the framework of SPSS 24 software.

Ethical Considerations:

 After obtaining the code of ethics, the researcher went to the research sites and obtained the written informed consent of patients by introducing the objectives and nature of the research as well as the implementation and intervention techniques.

 The results suggest that spiritual therapy has a significant effect on mitigation of the fear of cancer recurrence and improvements in the illness perception of women with breast cancer (p<0.001). The mean difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up was significant in both mentioned variables (p<0.001), however, the mean difference of post-test and follow-up stages in terms of fear of cancer recurrence and illness perception was not significant (p>0.05).

 According to the findings, spiritual therapy has a lasting effect on mitigation of the fear of cancer recurrence and improvements in illness perception of women with breast cancer. Thus, health professionals can effectively apply this treatment method to female breast cancer patients with fear of illness recurrence or a negative illness perception to help them improve their physical and psychological health.

Cultural humility is a life-long process which has a crucial role in enabling nurses to establish respectful intercultural relationships. Considering the importance of education in the formation of interaction-related skills, and the necessity of educational planning based on the related macro policies, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating how to pay attention to cultural humility in the official documents of nursing education upstream documents in Iran.

The present study, which has been conducted using a qualitative approach and a directed content analysis method, has reviewed the document of transformation and innovation in medical education and nursing undergraduate curriculum. The semantic units were extracted after studying the documents repeatedly, and categorized based on Furanda's conceptual model. Then, based on the conceptual and logical correlation, the possibility of placing these categories in the main categories existing in the matrix, or the formation of new categories was investigated.Ethical Considerations:Trustworthiness in quoting the documents and unbiasedness, have been observed in all the stages of this study, including reviewing texts and documents, dataextracting, analyzing, reportingand publishing the data.

Out of the 302 extracted codes, 122 codes were excluded due to the general nature. The remaining codes, considering the number of assigned codes, were respectively placed in the supportive interaction, openness, egoless, self-awareness, self-reflection, and criticismcategories, which are among the features of cultural humility. Some codes were not placed in the above conceptual categories, but were separately placed in the attention to spiritualitycategory. Only 52 codes were extracted from the practical part of the course curriculum, i.e. the course outlines.

The findings indicate that although the existing documents have implicitly addressed the concept of cultural humility in their macro goals, but it has not been given clear and practical attention in the executive parts of the program. Moreover, some of the features of the concept of cultural humility, which are among the crucially important features of nurses, have been neglected. Therefore, it is recommended that the policymakers and the authorities pay more attention to putting achieving this important feature, nurses' cultural humility, into practice in the upstream documents.

 Nursing students experience moral distress while facing complex moral problems, which has a harmful effect on nursing care. One of the factors which improve nursing performance is adherence to professional values. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between moral distress and professional values in the nursing students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

 This descriptive correlational study included 210 nursing students from three nursing faculties of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran. The samples were selected through convenience sampling method. Data collection was done using 3 questionnaires: the demographic questionnaire, Hamric Moral Distress Scale-Revised (MDS-R) and Weis and Shank’s Nurses Professional Values Scale (NPVS). The data were analyzed through the descriptive and inferential statistical tests. SPSS software 25 was used.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this study, the standards regarding moral principles, such as confidentiality, Personal consent and the participants’ freedom to continue or quit cooperation during the study process have been observed.

 Based on the main purpose of the study, Spearman's test did not show a significant relationship between moral distress and professional values (P=0.251, r=0.08).The mean of moral distress in nursing students was (92.61±57.30) and their moral distress was low level. The mean of professional values in nursing students was (79.69±12.09), which was moderate. The students assigned the highest value to the dimension of care and the lowest value to the dimension of pragmatism. There was no significant relationship between moral distress and demographic characteristics and only gender (p=0.005) and place of residence (p=0.028) showed a significant relationship with professional values.

 Although no significant relationship was found between moral distress and professional values in the intern nursing students, the nursing students' attention to the care dimension of professional values reflects the students' attention to the importance of care as the main professional duty of nursing, which can affect their performance.

 Moral disengagement includes the cognitive mechanisms which are formed in the doer’s mind while performing unethical actions or deciding not to perform ethical actions, which influences the occurrence of unethical actions or not performing ethical behaviors. The Present study aims to narratively review the studies that have examined the role of this variable in medical and nursing settings.

 Through Google scholar and PubMed databases, besides using the search section of the websites of the journals related to medical and nursing ethics, the keywords moral disengagement, medical ethics and nursing ethics were searched; the articles which had studied moral disengagement in medicine and nursing until 2022 were reviewed.

Ethical Considerations: 

The results of the studies have been mentioned without bias, while observing trustworthiness in reporting the contents of the articles.

 Moral disengagement was found to be prevalent among the nurses and the physicians. Moral disengagement was accompanied by decreasing moral reasoning, behaviors and traits, as well as increasing unethical and unproductive behaviors among the physicians and the nurses. In addition, these mechanisms increased in the medical environments with higher levels of stress, more perceived injustice and higher power. On the other hand, they decreased in managerial conditions in the form of moral leadership. These mechanisms were more prevalent among the physicians and the nurses who had stress, unstable moods, negative emotions, as well as the desire for power.

 Considering the modifiability of moral disengagement through certain educational interventions, it is necessary to add some lessons or courses in order to introduce and reduce the mechanisms of moral disengagement in academic programs and the in-service courses of doctors and nurses In addition, considering the role of variables such as job stress, perceived injustice and having uncontrolled power, it can be possible to reduce the aforementioned variables and consequently, moral disengagement through applying certain management reforms such as applying ethical leadership.

 Nurses’ ethical values in today's complex world have made ethics a vital and important issue. These values arise from nurses’ philosophical approaches and are influenced by the prevailing philosophical thinking in each historical era. Considering that several decades have passed since the postmodernism era, a comprehensive study of the effects of this school of thought on the ethical values in the nursing profession seems to be necessary. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating nursing ethical values from the postmodern perspective.

 This is a scoping review study, which was conducted based on the five stages suggested by Arksey and O'Malley in 2005. The articles published from 2000 to 2021 were searched in Magiran, SID, PubMed and Web of Science databases, as well as Google Scholar search engine using MeSH terms. The keywords included nursing, ethics, ethical value, nursing ethics, postmodern and postmodernism. Out of the 170 articles obtained, 9 were included in the study, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, after a two-phase review: first, the title and the abstract and then the whole article.

Ethical Considerations:

 Honesty and trustworthiness was observed in the analysis, reporting the texts and citing.

 The articles used were in English, qualitative, narrative analytical and case studies. The focus of the current studies was on issues such as relational narrative and its nature, ethical values and how to make decisions based on these values. Therefore, the findings of the present study are divided into two categories: "the basic role of relational narrative in postmodernism ethics and its effects" and "decision making and nursing ethical values in postmodernism compared to the previous perspectives, emphasizing positivism".

 From the perspective of postmodernism, ethical values emphasize considering each care recipient in his/her own cultural, social, political and economic contexts, maintaining the care recipient’s autonomy, developing a holistic view in nurses, avoiding discrimination in care provision and nurses’ providing humanitarian and empathetic care.

 The social responsibility of managers includes various indicators such as legalism, moral responsibility, communication development, organizational leadership, financial and administrative affairs and innovation. The social responsibility of managers is one of the important issues in the field of organizational ethics, with the understanding of this important; the present study aims to Identification of indicators of social responsibilities of managers in Medical Sciences University of Mazandaran was done.

 This study is a mixed research (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative section, the method of qualitative content analysis with inductive approach was used and in the quantitative section, the descriptive-survey method was used. The participants in the qualitative section were experts, faculty members and managers of medical sciences universities and the statistical community in the quantitative part included the employees of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was done in the targeted qualitative section through interviews with 19 experts. In the quantitative section stratified random sampling method was used. 289 employees were selected as a statistical sample for investigation. The data collection tools included semi-structured interviews in the qualitative section and researcher-made questionnaires in the quantitative section. Validity and reliability of research data collection tools were confirmed. Data analysis was done through confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS 22 and Lisrel software.

Ethical Considerations: 

Respecting honesty and trustworthiness, explaining the objectives of the research to the participants and ensuring the confidentiality of information are among the ethical principles of this study.

 Based on the research results, Indicators of social responsibility model of managers in medical universities It includes eight indicators of legal responsibility, ethical responsibility, communication responsibility, organizational responsibility, administrative responsibility, financial responsibility, innovation responsibility, public responsibility.

 Indicators of social responsibility of managers as a management strategy can be used by managers in medical universities.

 Tax evasion is one of the important financial issues that are affected by various factors. It seems that the extent to which taxpayers consider tax evasion as a moral issue has an effect on tax compliance. But this issue has not yet been agreed upon by experts. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of ethical understanding of tax evasion on tax compliance of health service providers in medical sciences universities in Tehran.

 This study is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the research was the medical staff (medicine, paramedicine, dentistry and pharmacy) working in the universities of medical sciences in Tehran. 383 people were selected as the research sample based on Cochran's formula and simple random sampling method. The data collection tool was Kaliberg et al.'s (2008) and Waltin and Bettman's (2011) questionnaire, whose validity was calculated and confirmed by the face and content method and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha method. The obtained results were analyzed using the structural equation model and Smart PLS software version number 2.

Ethical Considerations: 

In this study, the objectives of the research were explained to the participants and the confidentiality of the data was emphasized. The participants were free to answer the questionnaire.

 The results showed that morally imagining tax evasion has a negative and significant effect on the tax compliance of health service providers (p<0.05, r=-0.524) Meanwhile, the dimensions of idealism, tax knowledge on Tax compliance has a positive effect, religiosity and education level have no effect on tax compliance and relativism has a negative and significant effect on medical staff tax compliance.

 The findings of this research help the tax policy makers to pay more attention to the ethical aspects of tax compliance and think of measures to prevent tax evasion.

 By using digital health marketing, non-profit organizations, as the custodians of communicating between benefactors and those in need, can direct their marketing activities in a direction that will reach more supporters and benefactors and explore the good intentions of benevolent compatriots to help those in need. Build Therefore; the main goal of this research is to present the digital health marketing model in obtaining the support of donors from non-profit institutions.

 This study was conducted using a qualitative method of the grounded theory type. For this purpose, experts related to health marketing were used, including professors of marketing ethics, all experts of Akram, Mohsenin and people's partnerships of a non-profit organization and the sampling method was snowball and targeted until saturation was reached. Data analysis was done using the method of Strauss & Corbin (1998). Validation of the research findings was expressed with the four criteria of Guba & Lincoln (1985), which were measured and confirmed through the tests of acceptability, transferability, reliability and verifiability.

Ethical Considerations: 

The participants in this research were aware of the topic and the method of conducting the research and their presence was informed, free and voluntary.

 Based on this, by conducting interviews with some experts, 67 concepts directly or indirectly related to digital health marketing in obtaining donor support have been identified in 18 main categories, based on the data base paradigm model, in the form of six causal dimensions or the development of digital technologies (compatibility, ease of use, usefulness), central phenomenon or support (informational support, emotional support, social support), strategies or trust building (trust in institutions, trust in digital technologies, trust leading to donation), background factors (knowledge, resources, education), intervention or demographic characteristics (age, gender, education) and outcomes or trust building (opportunity, desire, performance) were structured.

 Digital health marketing is the missing link in attracting donors and sponsors. By using digital health marketing, non-profit organizations can direct their marketing activities in the direction of reaching more people and supporters. The set of advantages of digital technologies for donating is effective and causes the desire to use digital health marketing tools and tactics in obtaining the support of donors.

 Moral awareness is a necessary and inseparable part of moral behavior. The behavior of employees can affect the ethical climate of the organization. The existence of an ethical climate causes the management of ethical values in the work environment, the cohesion and balance of the organizational culture. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of ethical climate on the moral awareness of employees of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.

 This study was carried out by descriptive correlational method. A total of 278 administrative staff of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences was selected by stratified random method. The data were collected using the ethical climate and moral awareness questionnaires of Pusriadi et al. (2021). Data analysis was done using the structural equation model. Using Spearman correlation test for analysis by software SPSS 19.

Ethical Considerations:

 The objectives of the research were explained to the participants and they were assured about maintaining the confidentiality of the data.

 The results showed that the moral atmosphere has a positive and significant effect on the moral awareness of the administrative staff in the health field. In addition to the fact that the various components of the moral atmosphere (teamwork, friendship, organization's interests, rules and procedures, moral atmosphere and personal ethics have a positive and meaningful effect on the moral awareness of administrative employees), but the benefit itself has a negative and significant impact on the moral awareness of employees.

 According to the results of this study, strengthening the moral atmosphere towards team and collaborative approaches and paying attention to laws and regulations can increase moral awareness and then moral performance (r=0.801, P=0.001). Therefore, planning to improve the moral environment is essential.

 Ethics in marketing and the use of up-to-date technologies are considered as two strategic factors in today's health tourism industry; therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing a model of digital transformation of ethical marketing in the tourism industry.

 The current research method is qualitative and using the foundation data method. The data of this research was obtained through semi-structured interviews with the snowball technique, which reached theoretical saturation for interviews with eight expert university professors in ethical digital marketing and eight expert managers of the health tourism industry. After performing three stages of open, central and selective coding, the paradigm model of the research was developed.

Ethical Considerations: 

In the different stages of design, collection and analysis of data and research findings, the principles and standards of ethics in research such as faithfulness to the text, referring to sources and observing the principles of scientific writing have been followed.

 This research provides a comprehensive model regarding the digital evolution in ethical marketing in the health tourism industry and according to the goal of the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education regarding digital services, the health tourism industry as an industry based on international information and communication and the interior will be affected by digital technology very quickly.

 This research provides a comprehensive model regarding the digital evolution in ethical marketing in the health tourism industry and according to the goal of the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education regarding digital services, the health tourism industry as an industry based on international information and communication and the interior will be affected by digital technology very quickly.

 Extensive and rapid changes owing to the arrival of new needs, along with technological innovations and the development of surgical and anesthesia techniques, has exposed surgical teams to various operating room ethical issues. Undoubtedly, offering a theoretical topic for a number of hours will not be sufficiently effective. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the professional ethics curriculums in the Operating Room Technology undergraduate program in Iran and in the similar disciplines in the selected universities around the world in order to identify the approaches to the revision of the existing program.

 The current research is a comparative study which was conducted based on Bereday’s four-step comparative analysis method. After data collection, the data were analyzed using a researcher-made verification checklist based on Harden's integration strategy and the curriculum components. Then they were placed in a table according to the similarities and the differences. Next the key and important items were explained based on the research topic in order to identify the approaches to the revision of the curriculum of the operating room professional ethics in the country.

Ethical Considerations: 

The present research has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Alborz University of Medical Sciences.

 According to the results of the present study, in many universities, the professional ethics course is offered in the form of integration during the training course. This course is offered considering the educational goals in the theoretical and psycho-motor dimensions, in addition to the cognitive dimension, and using active teaching methods such as story writing, scenario-based, simulation, and group discussion, as well as the assessment methods such as conducting projects, recording experience writing, case study, reflection writing in the portfolio, and direct observation in addition to the written test is offered.

 In comparison to other universities in the world, the curriculum of professional ethics in the operating room in Iran has serious defects in various aspects, including educational strategy, educational goals, teaching methods and assessment methods, which require revision and basic reforms.

 Substance abuse disorders are a major concern in today's world, which have both emotional and physical impacts on substance abusers. A significant part of these complications is caused by marking these patients with stigma and labeling them. The analysis of the concept of stigma regarding substance abuse disorders was carried out with the aim of reaching semantic integration, reducing ambiguities and increasing stability in the application of this concept.

 This study was conducted with the aim of clarifying and analyzing the concept of the stigma of substance abuse disorders and determining its dimensions and characteristics, using the concept analysis approach of Walker and Avant in 2022.

Ethical Considerations:

 In the current research, the ethical aspects of the review study, including the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed.

 After analyzing the studies, the characteristics of the multi-dimensional psycho-social process were obtained: Pervasiveness in different areas of life, rapid spread in the society, being based on the socio-cultural context, dependence on the type and the quantity of substance consumption and being chronic.

 In this conceptual study, a comprehensive definition of the stigma of substance abuse disorders, along with antecedents, characteristics and consequences, was achieved through the process of conceptual analysis. The investigation of the findings eventually led to model, borderline and contrary cases. The presented definition, which is also supported by the literature, claims that the stigma of substance abuse disorders is a chronic, multidimensional psycho-social process, which is pervasive in different areas of the affected individual's life, along with rapid spread in the society. Moreover, it is based on the socio-cultural context and depends on the type and the quantity of substance consumption. The unfair and criminalizing practices of healthcare and non-healthcare organizations, the social beliefs regarding the undesirable identity of the affected individual, people's ignorance, the relatives’ lack of personal experience in dealing with the substance abuser, the socioeconomic power gap between the stigmatizer and the affected individual and demographic characteristics trigger stigmatization. Stigmatization leads to comprehensive vulnerability of the stigmatized individual’s credibility and health in different aspects: personal, functional, family, social, cultural, economic and political. This definition as well as its antecedents, consequences and empirical references can be a basis for a more comprehensive perception and future applied studies.