فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 65 (تابستان 1401)

The end of the fifth century AH in the history of Khorasan with The end of the fifth century, throughout the sixth and seventh centuries AH is one of the most important periods in the history of Sufism. The emergence of many great Sufi elders, the establishment of the oldest organized methods, the formation of some rituals, the growth and development of monasteries as formal social institutions, are prominent features of this period. While the religions of the society were facing each other among the Sunnis and Shiites, the Sufi currents tried to reduce these sectarian differences by presenting unifying concepts. Among these issues were the differences between the Islamic sects, the issue of the caliphate, the Imamate, and the position of my Rashidun caliphs in terms of political legitimacy and ideological superiority, but the Sufi currents tried to define the issue differently by offering a different definition of the issue. Rashidun caliphs should be considered Sufis in Islamic thought and culture. The problem of the present research is what was the position of the personality of the Rashidun caliphs in the Sufi currents of the sixth century AH in Khorasan? The position of the Rashidun caliphs in the Sufi currents seems to be convergently defined, given that Sufism and mysticism have always been the inspiration and unifier of Muslims. In the present study, the typology of religious and social concepts of the life of the four caliphs in Sufi literature has been studied in a semantic way.

With the rise of the Fatimids in North Africa, a great change took place in the Islamic world, and that was the establishment of a caliphate based on Shiite beliefs. The institution of the ministry was one of the influential institutions in the political structure of the Fatimid government, and they, like the Abbasid government, had two types of ministries of enforcement and delegation, which were ministers in the first period and the caliph was in power. The ministry of delegation began, and the ministers were the main power in the Fatimid caliphate. The main question of the present study is what role did the Shiite ministers of the Fatimid religion play in the spread of Shiism and Shiite beliefs in Egypt? The research hypothesis is that the Fatimid Shiite ministers played a significant role in the spread of Shiism and Shiite beliefs in Egypt. Based on the findings of this descriptive-analytical study, the actions and reforms carried out by the Shiite ministers of the Fatimid religion during their ministry have played an effective role in establishing their government and spreading Shiite beliefs in North Africa.

The Seljuks, themselves one of the 22 tribes of the Turkmen Oghuz, invaded the eastern borders of the Abbasid Caliphate with an alliance between the Turkmen tribes and the Turkic tribes, establishing the first tribal government in the Islamic period. For this reason, they gave a special role to the Turkmen and Turks in their military organization. The purpose of this study is to recognize and study the role of different tribes in the pillars of the great Seljuk army. The research method is historical and descriptive-analytical in the theoretical framework of the system and tribal identity. After describing the invasion of Turkmen and Turkic tribes, especially from the fourth century and the disappearance of the eastern borders of Iran, the role of each tribe in the Seljuk corps was analyzed and it was concluded that after the establishment of the Seljuk government and Iranian cooperation with them in administration The government gradually diminished the role of the Turkmen and Turkic tribes in the Seljuk army and was replaced by trained cavalry from Turkish slaves. This issue, along with the increase of Turkmen and Turkic tribes in many parts of Transoxiana and Greater Khorasan during this period, as well as the rebellious spirit of Turkmen rulers, created challenges between the central government and the tribes, which eventually weakened and overthrew the Seljuk rule by the tribes. Turkmen became Oghuz.

One of the Iranian dynasties that dominated the east of the Islamic Caliphate was the Al-Saman, who ruled over the Transnistrian region from the first half of the third century AH and gradually promoted Iranian culture and national traditions by retaining political citizenship from Bani Abbas. They made an effort. The behavior of this dynasty against the Iranian independence movements has caused doubts in the attitude towards Samanid Iranianism.Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, this study aims to answer the question of what was the nature of the Samanids' political behavior with the Iranian independence-seeking movements? The findings of the study indicate that Al-Saman had a behavior contrary to the discourse of the Iranian independence movements and despite the tendency to Persian culture and civilization, pursued their own interests by following the Islamic caliphate and therefore, They were hostile to the Iranian independence movements.Keywords: Samanids, Abbasids, Independence movements, 3rd and 4th centuries AH.

AbstractAfter migration to Medina, the prophet of Islam (PBUH), was inevitably forced to have fights with the enemies of Islam, namely, pagans and Jews. According to great Maghazi (Raids) reporters in the Islamic World, the battles that the prophet had to have were for the following reasons: for the breach of promise as in the battle of Banu Qaynuqa in Medina; for the prevention of aggression as in the battle of the Trench; for the retaliation and reciprocation; for the economic blockade imposed, the battle of which is by today’s standards quite legitimate and authorized, as in the battle of Badr; and finally for the prevention of expansion of wars as in the battles against the sporadic raids the Romans had along the borders, and as in the battle of Tabuk. Such battles consisted of ‘Qazvahs’ and ‘Saryehs,’ which were often defensive. . By using a descriptive-analytical method, this study aimed to explore the different approaches and the ways of representation of the Prophet’s battles by the Iranian scholars publishing different books on the history of Islam from 1980 till now. The findings of the study revealed that the Prophet’s battles have been represented by using religious-ideological, chronicling, and descriptive-analytical approaches in such books. . The research results show that all the prophet’s Ghazwas (the battles the prophet was personally all reported from a narrative, descriptive, analytic, religious, and faith perspective. Key Words: battles, authors, books on the history of Islam, the Prophet Muhamm

With the coming to power of the Safavids, great political, cultural and social changes took place in Iran. With these changes, the role of religious officials was of special importance and importance, without which Iran would not achieve the necessary unity and cohesion. With the formation of Safavidism, there were few scholars in Iran who could explain and interpret Shiite teachings to the people. To respond to this need, top scholars from Jabal Amel, Syria and Bahrain migrated to Iran. This transfer is one of the most important issues in the field of influence in the history of Iran, the effects of which must be carefully considered. Mohaghegh Karki immigrant scholars had a special prestige and importance.The central question of the present study is what were the goals and functions of religious positions and the hypothesis of the research is that religious positions showed an important role in the political and social dimension. Reveal it secretly.

The Islamic World is facing a variety of challenges nowadays. It is therefore necessary to pave the path for making the Islamic branches closer together in order to overcome the challenges. There is no doubt that all faithful Muslims know that one of the reasons of the greatness of Islam is the closeness and unification of Islamic religions despite the differences and disputes. The stronger this unification among Islamic branches including Shias and Sunnis get, there will be more chances and opportunities prepared for the Islamic world to face their enemies. But what is worrying is the ignition of adversaries, hostilities and spiting among different branches and cults of Islam. Actually the disputes in religious jurisprudence and some of the nonfundamental issues which are the natural result of free thought and the practice of religious jurisprudence are not innately dangerous and the goal of religious unification is not diminishing and destroying the differences themselves but its most important goal is not to let these differences cause adversaries and let brotherhood and closeness replace disputes and separation. The sayings, books and behavior of Imam Reza(AS) show that during his fruitful life he carried out serious efforts to unite the religions. The theory of this research is the effectiveness of Imam Reza’s teachings in religious unification according to holy Quran, sayings and his debates. This descriptive analytical research starts first by notetaking from different sources, then categorizing them and at last analyzing them.

The Allied occupation of Iran in World War II had several political, economic, social, and cultural consequences for Iran. One of these effects was the economic consequences that led to conditions such as famine and food shortages, inflation and recession, high prices, declining trade, and the closure of production centers. The subject of this research is the study of the economic consequences of World War II in Hamedan. In conducting this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used and information has been collected in a library-documentary manner based on existing reports. This research seeks to answer the question of what were the economic consequences and effects of World War II and the occupation of Hamedan on this region? The findings of the present study show; Numerous factors have played a role in the economic problems of the region during the war and most of these consequences have been short-term and unstable and limited to the occupation of Hamedan. Due to the unfavorable economic situation of Hamedan during the years 1325-1320 was considered as an objective and tangible consequences of the war, solving these problems has been a priority for the people of the region. The outbreak of World War II in the economic field not only had many negative and destructive consequences for the region, but also had positive results such as the construction and improvement of communication routes, the establishment of repair centers, especially military vehicles, and master training. Keywords: Hamedan, World War II, Allies, Economic Consequences.

Khorshid Banoo is one of the most important progressive and modernist women of the 13th century AH / 19th century AD in Qarabagh region. His family situation caused his life to be tied to politics, willingly or unwillingly. Khorshid Banoo's childhood and adolescence coincided with the political and military turmoil and tensions in the region, especially in Karabakh, which led to her tendencies towards modernity and modernism. The pursuit and understanding of modernity in various social, cultural and literary aspects of Qarabagh by a woman and a prince is significant and important, which will be addressed in this study. In this research, we try to answer the questions of how modernity ideas were created in Khorshid Banoo and what role did Khorshid Banoo play in the social, cultural and literary modernity of Karabakh? Findings show that acquaintance with different personalities in the idea of ​​modernity through his numerous trips to various cities in the Caucasus, especially Tbilisi, as well as his family situation has had a major impact on the modernization of the Karabakh region. Despite many problems, Khorshid Banoo's activities in creating civic institutions, civilizations and the flourishing of literature have had a major impact on increasing the cultural and social level of the Karabakh community.

By studying petition documents as one of the sources for studying social history in the contemporary era, one can take a new look at It had the social life and the cultural and economic life of the Iranian society, which may have been neglected until now. Followers issues unofficial religions, sects and rituals as one of the aspects of the social life of the Iranian people need to be examined.It is mostly in different historical periods and from this perspective, these documents can be of great help in understanding life and Have problems with these social groups. In this research, the documents of the petitions of the Nasiri period, during the years 1301 It has been studied until 1303 AH. The religions mentioned in these documents mainly include two Christian religious groups And he is Jewish. The research method in this article is the historical method (inductive) and the method of writing and compiling it as It is descriptive-analytical. Extraction of information and data has also been done in the form of libraries and documents.The findings of this study show that except for religious issues, in other matters, issues of followers of religions, sects and Formal and informal rituals have been common. regarding religious issues, we can boldly say that mainlyIt has been an excuse for lords and those in power to achieve their material goal.

In the 11th century AH, Mirza Mohammad Amin Astarabadi (1031 AH) revived the Akhbari school in the manner of the early scholars, the group of hadith (anti-rationalism) by publishing the book "Favaed Al Madineh". According to Ayatollah Motahari who did mention in his book "Islam and the Necessities of Time", Ayatollah Boroujerdi was just on the opinion that Mohammad Amin Astarabadi was influenced by Western sensory philosophy in his thoughts. The important question here which we try to discuss is How Western sensory philosophy could Impact on Mirza Mohammad Amin Astarabadi. Answering to this question we will examine in a historical way and in a descriptive-analytical route based on the available reliable sources It appears; Mirza Mohammad Amin Astarabadi has reached such a belief because of the Safavid state's relations with European countries and followed the creation of a social wave directly and indirectly and under the influence of the existing atmosphere Due to the remarkable convergence of Mirza Mohammad Amin Astarabadi's thoughts combined with sensory thinking in European philosophy and also attacking of both currents on rationalism and his contemporaneity with Francis Bacon ( 1626 AH), it is possible that he got familiar with Western sensory philosophy while his residency years in Mecca.

The purpose of this article is to study the history of structure Transformation of Land ownership in Iran. This study was conducted in the context of the new historical sociology, in particular in relation to the works of Charls Tilly and Micheal Mann, on the basis of which the subject is carried out using documentary and bibliographic methods. Iran's economy at the turn of the twentieth century was a self-coeffient agricultural economy. The basis of this economic structure was the relationship of land acquisition as land ownership, which was justified in terms of Islamic principles and the prevailing custom of society. On this basis, the public attitude to property was negative, so that the property was not socially accepted and respected. It was the sphere of intervention of powerful people and groups. Even the “new middle class” that emerged mainly in the 20th century, did not support property rights, but by advocating a quasi-socialist economy, communal property, and cooperative economics, ultimately represented the same economic approaches to ownership that was traditionally held. The result of this research is that traditional economic and property relations are justified, in the sense that they are reinterpreted in the context of new categories such as “cooperative”, “equality”, “justice”.

The present study, by explaining some concepts, principles and theories contained in Iranian culture and thought in the pre-Islamic period, has tried to show the collection of Iranian thought as a coherent and interactive system. Accordingly, the geometry of Iranian thought is compose of three components: the belief system, the moral system, and Iranshahri culture was more prominent in Iran. the political system.» Shahriari »Iranian for the ake of theoretical coherence as a fixed paradigm has been transferred to the period after the arrival of Islam in Iran and with the transformation of the caliphate model to monarchy has become the basic method of Iranian governance. Hence, it reached the Islamic period and influenced it. The central question of the present study is what are the components and elements of Iranshahri thought culture framework? According to the hypothesis, the political and religious system are very important and significant components and determinants of the thought structure of Iranshahri culture.

Much research has been done on pre-Islamic Iranian families, but less attention has been paid to the cultural influences of these families. In this article, through genealogy and survey of the Espahbodan family, as one of the aristocratic families influencing the socio-political destiny of this land, an attempt is made to show that part of our national achievements and cultural continuity of Iranians is rooted in the historical permanence of the ancient families. The Esfandiari family from the Espahbodan dynasty is an example of the cultural continuity and prosperity of these ancient dynasties. A look at the family genealogy of this family shows their wide presence in various fields, from the army to ministry, literature, and art. This article seeks to prove the hypothesis that the influence of the cultural achievements of the Sassanids can be traced not only in the early centuries AH but also to the present day.

Although different researchers have investigated various factors in the instability of parties and their inefficiency in the second Pahlavi period, but it can be said that the expansion of Iran and the heterogeneous social structure of Iranian society is one of the reasons for its social divisions during the course of history, especially in After Reza Shah's coming to power, it has become more widespread and the social consensus necessary for political development and above all the formation of political parties has been reduced. National unity is of particular importance in societies that are made up of several ethnicities, groups and subcultures and is an important factor in political and social stability and cohesion without external control. "The consequences of the existence of heterogeneous social platforms, such as the widening of the ethnic-religious gap, the creation and expansion of the gap between traditionalists and modernists, the increase of the class gap between people and ideological conflicts among the political elites involved in the activities of political parties, caused Political parties could not achieve the desired efficiency and stability during the second Pahlavi period.

Social History as a New Trend In studying the history of past societies, it tries to pay attention to the daily life of ordinary people. In these studies, the component of "occupations" as the main pillar of social and economic life is of special importance. The city of Baghdad was one of the most famous Islamic capitals with its political and economic composition and structure. The political, scientific and cultural attractions of Baghdad during the Abbasid caliphate led to the large presence of the population in this city, and consequently the growth of urbanization and the expansion of economic and political affairs led to the transformation of jobs in this period. This article, while examining the occupations of this period as an important part of social history in the second to seventh centuries AH, tries to show the causes of change in occupations of the Abbasid era. This study tries to answer the question by using descriptive and analytical methods. What is the evolution of jobs in Baghdad during the Abbasid era from the 2nd to the 7th century AH?It seems that among the factors of change in Baghdad jobs during five centuries can be the expansion of the administrative system and the emergence of various government jobs, the growth of urbanization and welfare, the establishment of scientific and educational centers, security and economic development and agricultural development.