پژوهش نامه تاریخ اجتماعی و اقتصادی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 21، بهار و تابستان 1401)

Nasser al-Din Shah's interest in the emerging phenomenon of photography, which was the achievement of Western civilization, led to the rise of photography. The first subjects of the king's photography were the women of the shrine and the courtiers, and the first photographers were the king, the courtiers and a number of foreign photographers. The departure of the monopoly of photography from the court became one of the reasons for paying attention to various subjects such as subjects, nature and animals. On the other hand, the Shah's desire to photograph pure and improvised subjects led to a shift to documentary photography. Since then, photography has continued in both portrait and documentary forms. In addition to capturing pure and improvised images, documentary photography was also used in video reporting and journalism. The photographs used in journalism, as well as the photographs taken for the purpose of visual reporting, have been able to find an important citation position over time.The purpose of this research is to use a descriptive-analytical method to explain why documentary photography was used and its applications during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah. Findings of the research show that Shah's attention and interest caused others to pay attention to photography, especially documentary photography by some photographers. Photographs and albums left over from that period show progress in this area.

American industrial and technological advances, especially in the maritime industry throughout the nineteenth century, were rapidly noticed in different parts of the world, including Iran, and immersed various intellectual groups in thought.In this article, we intend to examine for the first time the evolution of the American maritime industry and its impact on the economy of this country from the perspective of Iranian progressives of the Qajar period and then to answer the question of whether the efforts of dissidents of this period to awareness of the American maritime industry to the Iranians were successful or not? The method of writing and compiling the present article has been done with an explanatory approach and relying on the press and unpublished documents.The findings of the study indicate that Iranians from the middle of the Nasserite period through a geographical text, especially publications, gained a relatively comprehensive knowledge of the American shipping industry and they concluded that the United States was superior to other Western nations in the field of navy. This issue, on the one hand, and the country's lack of political ambition in Iran, on the other, led to that intellectuals and progressives mentioned the United States the best role model in the shipping industry, and with the help of Iran's political representatives in Washington, they tried to pave the way for the entry of US naval achievements into Iran..

Since textiles are very old in Yazd, this industry is tied not only to the "economy" but also to the "identity" of this city. Therefore, the transformation of the traditional textile industry into a modern textile industry affected the economic and social life of almost all the inhabitants of this city. and All social groups had a role in this process according to their "interpretation" of their advantages and disadvantages and their interests and values. The main question of this research is who were the initial and main "carriers / founders" of the development of the modern textile industry of Yazd (between 1931 and 1963) and on the basis of what "material and ideal interests" did so? And basically, what has been the role of the government and various economic, political and social groups in the development this modern industry. This research is part of historical sociology and is taken from the approach of "social construction of technology" and the research method used is qualitative and descriptive-analytical. The findings of the study indicate that although the Pahlavi government and merchants were the primary and main "carriers / founders" of the modern textile industry in Yazd. But how this industry develops and stabilizes in Yazd is the result of the interaction or conflict of all social groups related to this industry, including politically influential individuals and families, traditional textiles (sharbafan) and industrial workers, clerics and Zoroastrians, and the interaction of their "material and ideal interests"

This article examines the emergence of the bourgeoisie in Safavid empire and tries to answer this hypothesis that: In the Safavid period, especially during the reign of Shah Abbas I (the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries), in parallel with European countries, Iran was also going through the process of formation of national bourgeoisie and historical capitalism. According to studies, this issue has not been researched so far and most theorists and researchers in the fields of political economy, sociology and political science, in terms of industry and production method, do not believe in the emergence of the historical bourgeoisie in Iran, some consider its beginning in the late Qajar period and after the constitution. But according to many historical data that most of which, are taken from the travelogues of western tourists and later other historical texts, Iran in the Safavid period, especially in the period of Shah Abbas I, witnessed the emergence of a method of production and trade system that can be considered it as an example of the historical bourgeoisie. The definition of the historical bourgeoisie by which the developments and characteristics of the economy of Shah Abbas's period are measured, is formed by Emmanuel Wallerstein. The focus of this research was mostly in the Shah Abbas I period. Also, looking at the art of the Safavid era, it is clear that Iran at that time, intellectually and culturally and only in urban societies, had begun to move towards a kind of materialism.

With the Pushed of Iran's Economy Around the World Capitalist System in The Second Half of the Nineteenth Century, Various Changes and Transformations Occurred in The It's Economy that One of the Most Important of them Was the Commercialization of a Major Part of Iran's Land Economy, which Significantly Changed the Mode and Relations of Land Production in Iran and Left Certain Social and Political Consequences. The Main Issue in this Study is to Investigate Why and How Iranian Agriculture is Commercialized Under the Influence of the Global Capitalist Economy and its Economic and Social Consequences. In this Article, with Applying Dependency Theory, shown that the Commercialization of Iranian Agriculture in the nineteenth century under Peripheral conditions of the global capitalist system, in Addition to Being Not a Development Process in Iran's Land Economy, but also No Result for Economic Growth and Benefits for Iranian Society. Iran’s Commercial Agriculture in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century did not Achieve any Long-Term Success in Balancing Iran's Foreign Trade and it Only Caused Many Problems in Providing the Essential Feed Needs of the Iranian People, Occurrence of Various Famines, High Cost of Public Victuals and the Imposition of Relentless Pressure and Starvation on the Majority of Iranian Society for Nearly a Century and one of the Main Causes of Population Loss was the Persistent Famines of the Second half of The Nineteenth Century and The Lack of Public Victuals.

Numerous toponyms are seen through texts in northern littoral of Persian Gulf which their function has been changed or forgotten due to pass of time. Despite the numerous researches on domain of historical geography of Persian Gulf, still there are many ambiguous dimensions in this area. One of the names is Khenesir which was the name of a geographical region before and is the name of a collection of tribes now. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evolution of the word over time and to study the migrations of the residents of Khenesir region. The present study is done by historical method and with an analytical-explanatory approach basing library resources, field researches and oral researches. Discoveries and historical evidence of this paper indicates that the origin of the of Khenesir tribe was located in the south of Tangsir (Tangestan) and obedient of Khan Dashti. In the beginning this region was defined to Kabgan village and adjacent but later expanded. Population explosion and reduction of agricultural land together with insecurity and unemployment have been the main reasons of migrant sending and lack of development in this area. Another achievement of this research is to investigate the backgrounds of slums formation in the south of the high wall of Bushehr seaport and explaining its exact location.

Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar (d. 1264-1313 AH) came to the throne while the political, economic and financial situation of the country was very turbulent and critical. Therefore, upon his arrival in Tehran, he appointed Amir Kabir as chief minister. Amir Kabir carried out extensive reforms to improve the economic situation and the organization of the country's finances, which, according to various sources as well as new researches, were successful. However, due to the lack of access to official statistics, these works have not been able to accurately describe the financial policy of Amir Kabir. The main question of the present study is how Amir's fiscal policy had improved the situation of the central treasury and how successful he was. For this purpose, with a descriptive-analytical method, along with the analysis of statistics extracted from the financial documents in bureau, the study tries to determine the impact of Amir's reform programs and financial policies on the country's expenditures. The findings of the present study show that Amir, by using various strategies, while reducing additional and unconventional expenses and increasing tax revenues, in addition to creating a balance between income and expenditure, added an amount to the treasury reserve. It should be noted that the government's expenditures exceeded the expenditures of 1255 AH with the establishment of the new military system and the increase in the number of military forces. Also, to compensate for the deficit or loss of land tax, the funds from the customs revenue were taken out of the Financial responsibility of the provincial governors and came under the direct supervision of the government.

The increasing expansion of urbanization and the increase in the number of cities and its quantitative and qualitative changes have been influenced by various factors such as industrialization, migration of villagers to cities, economic, social and cultural developments in different societies. From the 1930s onwards, when the country underwent major political changes, internal movements and movements in the country were also very noticeable. At the beginning of the sixties, with the continuation of government development programs and the implementation of social reforms by Mohammad Reza Shah, this mobility and movement in the country intensified. Simultaneously with the third development plan in the country, land reforms were implemented, which was one of the most fundamental social reforms of the Shah in improving the life of rural communities. These programs intensified internal migration, especially rural migration in the country and the growth of cities. In this research, we try to study the growth of urbanization and changes in urban population and the increase in the number of cities in Fars province in the sixties and seventies. The present research method is descriptive-analytical based on library resources. According to the research findings of Fars province, which was one of the major rural centers and tribes and nomads of the country, in the sixties and after, it was faced with widespread migration of villagers to the city and settlement of tribes and nomads in cities. Shiraz, the capital of the province, received more than 50% of the province's internal and external immigrants. The expansion of urban population in Shiraz led to the physical development of the city, the emergence and growth of the phenomenon of marginalization in it.

The economy and its components have always been influential as constant along with other causes in the emergence of historical effects meanwhile; taxes have played a key role in the history of Egypt as a factor in the rise and fall of governments. The sovereignty and weakness of the Egyptian government have also been subject to this factor. The Burji Mamluks (784-923 AH) by imposing all kinds of taxes and their costs in the governmental and administrative welfare sector, caused tax collection and spending to deviate from their natural path. As a result, the positive effectiveness of the tax has diminished and this has negative economic and social consequences. This research examines the tax diversity of the Mamluk period and its consequences on the Egyptian society during the Mamluk period with a descriptive-analytical method. The result of this research shows that during the Burji Mamluk period, a different tax policy compared to the first period of this government's political life, especially, the imposition of an unconventional tax under the name of Mukos (Customs duties) , led to negative social consequences such as hoarding, bribery, migration of villagers and class divide. And it caused the tax system, which was once the factor of the government's authority, to become the factor of its weakness.

Historical photographs are essential tools utilized to study and analyze the social history of different periods; in addition to providing visual information, they have implicit implications for other senses, including the sense of taste. Extracting elements related to the taste in photographs and matching them with the written sources can reveal the relationship between the social position and the sense of taste, the way of cooking, the ingredients, and the way of serving the food. Many photographs taken in the Qajar period include elements and behaviours related to the foods. In the current article, using the social history of the senses to analyze photographs, we examined the sense of taste in photographs of different social classes in the Qajar period. The critical question of this research is: "what are the differences in the sense of taste in various social classes in the Qajar era, and how is it reflected in the social photographs of the same period?" The results show that in the photographs recorded during this period, food and related elements in the upper of the social class pyramid were used not only to tame hunger but also to present an aesthetic and luxurious aspect and the glory in banquets such as Ashkhoran, an annual feast of the king. In these classes, a large volume of high-quality food is used together in one meal. While the meals of the lower social classes were more uncomplicated and, regardless of aesthetics, were consumed for necessity and urgency.

Coinage and monetary system during the decline of Ilkhanids and Timurids dynasties shows the continuity of Iranian bureaucracy with Turkish-Mongolian culture and tradition. Some components of this monetary system such as monetary units, titles, phrases and inscriptions have continued but some of them have changed and transformed. The present writing analyzes the signs of continuity and transformation of coinage system by a historical method based on a analytic-descriptive approach and using historical resources and available coins in museums and available pictures and catalogues and tries to answer the following question: given the analysis and comparison of the coins in these periods, how was the process of continuity and transformation and what changes were done in this system by actions of Sultans and kings? The research findings indicate that the coinage system in local governments of Togha Timur and Sarbedaran in eastern territory of Iran were continued based on gold, silver and copper; handwriting, character, titles, rites and names of four Ilkhanids caliphs were inserted like Sunni decoration. Except Ali Moayyed period in which most of writings, inscriptions and phrases of coins such as Oljaito coins were coined with Shiite decoration, using the names of 12 Imams and religious verses are considered as important characteristics of the coins in Ali Moayyed period. In coin system of Timurids, monetary units such as Dinar, Toman, Derham and Miri were continued as Ilkhanids period but monetary units such as Shahrokhi were common with different criteria. In case of using Turkish language with Persian and Arabic languages, some pictures and phrases were changed on the coins.

The three-year reign of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar has been filled with scenes of conflict between the monarchy and its supporters and constitutional elements. In the meantime, the use of powerful coercive forces to protect the monarchy was obvious. Silakhori Regiment from Lorestan region, which during the Qajar period, always succeeded in local conflicts and was known for its inherent courage and loyalty, was appointed as the Shah's bodyguard and was the vanguard of Mohammad Ali Shah's army in the case of bombing the parliament and arresting and killing constitutionalists. The purpose of the present study is to mention the reasons for Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar's attention and reliance on the Silakhuri regiment in the constitutional developments and also the impact of the regiment's performance on the society of that time. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is mainly library and based on documents. Examining the documents, it can be concluded that the conditions formed based on the indicators of the Shah's "perceived power" of the loyal military forces; "Mental hatred" of people in response to the actions and behavior of the government and the military forces attributed to it; Finally, the formation of "attitude of dignity" in the soldiers of the Silakhori regiment was due to the acquisition of a special position by Shah Qajar, and although it caused confrontation with his fellow countrymen, in the end, the occurrence of war and subsequent conflicts was inevitable and inevitable.