International Journal of Finance and Managerial Accounting
Volume:8 Issue: 28, Winter 2023

The purpose of this article is to provide a model for calculating the economic capital of a bank loan portfolio and compare the obtained results with regulatory capital based on Basel II Models. The widely used asset value approach is used to model the default correlation. The method of estimating the parameters is based on the Method of moments and the method of maximum likelihood. Finally, the economic capital is calculated based on the distribution of losses obtained from the Monte Carlo simulation method. According to research hypothesis, calculated economic capital is compared with calculated regulatory capital based on Basel II Models. Regarding obtained results regulatory capital is more than economic capital. Considering the difference between economic capital and regulatory capital in the selected portfolio, it is not sufficient to rely on regulatory capital to assess banks’ risk. In order to have an accurate assessment of banks’ risk, economic capital must be calculated with proper modeling.

There is a requirement to provide simple and fluent reports to enables users to make decisions easier according to global trade competition intensity. In a way, information can be reported to stakeholders at a lower cost, more extensive, and more diverse way through a website and includes all organization's dimensions (past, present, and future) and, evaluates organization value creation. This study aims to design a model for integrated web-based reporting with a corporate citizen reporting approach using an exploratory mixed method. The model was provided by identifying 15 components and classifying them into four dimensions in the qualitative section after examining the research theoretical foundations, with the help of interviews with 20 experts by snowball sampling method and based on the theme's analysis interviews. The quantitative part presents the random sampling method in a simple way. A questionnaire of design and information was collected and analyzed by 384 people using structural equation and confirmatory factor analysis tests to prove and fit the identified model. As the research results show, the final model can be used as a native and innovative model for Iranian companies' integrated web-based reporting.

Financial markets play a key role in a country’s economy, but a developing economy could not make any progress without a clear financial system. Various factors affect the level of liquidity in financial markets, and one of them is financial openness. Therefore, this study has examined the impact of openness of financial markets on the level of liquidity over a 38 year period (1980 – 2018). Empirical research results show that in countries under study, financial openness has a positive and significant effect on the liquidity level in financial markets. Gross domestic product per capita (GDP), inflation and market’s value also has a positive and significant effect on the liquidity level in financial markets. In other terms, the higher these variables are the higher market liquidity level and vice versa. Also model-based estimation researches show that in Iran only two criteria of Foreign Assets’ (FOA) ratio to G.D.P and Foreign Direct Investment‘s (FDI) ratio to GDP, has a positive effect on liquidity’s level in financial markets.

Judgment is a process in which people think and comment on aspects of issues being decided. Wrong decisions are often made of wrong judgments. Auditing is one of professions that uses judgment in decision-making processes. However, halo effects affects the auditor's perception as a decision maker, which reduces power of reasoning and analysis in decision making. In this regard, purpose of present study is to investigate halo effects on judgment of auditors. The research period was 1398 and data needed to answer research question were collected by distributing a questionnaire among community of certified public accountants. Accordingly, data obtained from 186 supplementary questionnaires were analyzed using structural equations and also SmartPLS software as an effective tool used for this aim.Research findings show that halo has an effect on audit judgment and also cods of professional conducts and personal characteristics play a mediating role in the relationship between halo effect and audit judgment

The present research aims to identify Criteria of Internal Audit Quality for Iranian listed Companies. For achieving this purpose, inductive and deductive approaches are utilized. In current research, by using Delphi research method, preparation of scored checklists and a survey of 16 accounting and financial management professional experts and 20 internal auditors, it attempts to identify Iranian internal audit quality criteria, so as to design a appropriate model. In the next stage, Delphi analysis was used to reach theoretical adequacy, 8 out of 31 dimensions were eliminated and the remaining 23 dimension were included in interpretive structural analysis phase (ISM) to improve qualitative functions of internal auditing within the framework of three main categories: leadership factors, socio-cultural factors, and process factors and individual training. The results revealed that the most effective item(s) of strategic factors were approval of plan, budget and internal audit reward, and the most effective item of socio-cultural factors was strengthening audit culture symbols and values, and the most effective items of process factors and individual training were internal audit quality upgrade, improvement of behavioral capabilities and decision-making of internal auditors.

Whistleblowing as a moral act plays an important role in preventing financial scandals. Therefore, detecting the dark triad traits is one of the factors related to whistleblowing, so that it can play a decisive role in preventing potential damages due to the wrongdoings in the organization. The results showed that Machiavellianism and psychopathy behavior had a negative effect and narcissism did not have a negative effect on whistleblowing. According to the research findings, people with the dark triad traits such as Machiavellianism and psychopathy are less likely to exhibit moral behaviors. But as narcissists do not worry too much about morality or ethics, managers are advised to develop the principles and ethical requirements in a transparent and accurate manner by providing mechanisms within the organization to provide conditions to inform everyone and officials within the organization or higher officials about the wrongdoings through their own name and reliable communication procedures (telephone, special e-mail and other special communication tools).

The aim of this study is integrating the incompatible and contradictory conclusions of the past empirical studies made on the impacts of Audit Committee on Earnings Management in developing and developed countries as well as the main evidence of the contradictions existing in above-mentioned studies. For more precisely collecting the incompatible conclusions of numerous completed studies, meta-analysis technique and Garcia-Meca and Sanchez-Ballesta research plan have been used. The technique was applied to a sample consisting of 30 independent studies made in during 2000-2019. The results of examining the relation of the characteristics of the Audit Committee and the Earnings Management indicate that while in developing countries the independence and financial expertise characteristics are negatively related to Earnings Management, and the size and number of the meetings of the Audit Committee is not significantly related to Earnings Management; in developed countries, the independence and the size of the Audit Committee characteristics are negatively and significantly related to Earnings Management, and the financial expertise and number of the meetings of the Audit Committee have no significantly related to Earnings Management. Examining the relation of financial expertise and Earnings Management suggests that the studies are heterogeneous. For finding out the factors of this heterogeneity, the criteria and indices of Earnings Management were grouped based on the quality of financial reporting, total accruals, Jones Models, and other models used in the studies made in respect of developed countries and calculation of intragroup chi-square statistics. We found out that financial expertise and Earnings Management.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the quality of accounting information and capital cost according to the adjusting role of financial and environmental characteristics in the Iran capital market in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. This research is included in the category of exploratory researches in terms of scientific value, depth, extreme limit of research, fundamental and the goal of the research, and it is in descriptive research category according to its research method. The statistical population is the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange that have been listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2018. Based on the method of systematic elimination, 120 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange were selected as the statistical sample. In order to test the research hypotheses, at the first the independent and dependent variables of each year were calculated. Then, the econometric method of data integration and structural equations was used. Chav test was used to determine the appropriate method for estimating the regression model. In order to test the significance of the research hypotheses; the fixed effects method that was the result of the mentioned test, was used. In the next step, using structural equations, the relationship and intensity of correlation and relationships between variables were investigated. The results showed that the effect of audit quality, operational diversification and speed of capital structure amendment on pricing of accounting information quality has been confirmed....

Financial literacy is the ability to use knowledge and skills to manage monetary decisions correctly and effectively. Given the growing importance of financial literacy and its tremendous impact on the financial well-being of individuals and households, unfortunately this issue has not been seriously considered in our country, and it seems that providing a suitable model to measure financial literacy in the country is a good starting point to do research in this field.The purpose of this study is to present the concept of financial literacy and provide appropriate and comprehensive model using the Iranian financial experts’ opinion in a qualitative manner upon a grounded theory approach. The required data were collected using theoretical saturation criteria and semi-structured interview technique by snowball sampling method through interviews with 20 experts and professors of accounting and finance. The research data were analyzed by open coding method which is specific to the contextual approach, and conceptual, main and macro categories were extracted and finally the conceptual model of financial literacy including causal (4 categories), contextual (4 categories), intervening (3 categories), strategic (3 categories) and consequential (3 categories) factors were presented.

Negotiation techniques in achieving effective results and providing the best type of services in organizational process can generally improve organizational productivity. Individuals in any job or profession are involved in communications and related processes. Proper management of these extensive and complex communications requires appropriate tools. Auditing firms are always involved in negotiations with client, which is the issue of negotiation from the beginning of audit to the completion of audit work. Applying appropriate techniques in negotiation between auditing firm and client can provide desired assistance in shaping quality of audit services. On the other hand, personal characteristics are always an influential factor in negotiating behavior. In this regard, purpose of this study is to investigate relationship between negotiation techniques and quality of audit services with emphasis on mediating role of individual characteristics. Research period is 1400 and data needed to answer research question were collected by distributing a questionnaire among certified public accountants. Accordingly, data obtained from 174 supplementary questionnaires were analyzed using structural equations and smartPLS software.Auditor's gender has a mediating role on relationship between negotiation techniques and auditing and quality of service delivery. Auditor’s experience has a mediating role on relationship between negotiation techniques and auditing and quality of service delivery and finally auditor's education has a mediating role on relationship between negotiation techniques and auditing and quality of service delivery.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the integrated risk of the banking system through the meta-heuristic algorithms of gray wolf, genetics and particle swarming. This research is applied research in terms of purpose and correlational in nature and method. Data collection has been done through library studies, articles and sites in deductive form and data collection to refute and confirm hypotheses inductively. The statistical population of this research is the banking system and the sample includes banks listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the fiscal years 1392 to 1397. In order to collect the required data, the financial database of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance, codal website, etc. have been used. After extracting the information, and adjusting them in the form of an integrated risk model, the objective function and constraints are entered in MATLAB software and the variables of risk and return profit and loss on assets and Debts were obtained using particle swarm algorithms, genetics, and gray wolves, and we compared their results using SPSS 16 software. After that, first the descriptive statistics were analyzed and then inferential statistics were performed. after reviewing the results of comparing the evaluation indicators of algorithms, it was determined that the gray wolf algorithm is efficient. Provides better goal function optimization. Also, by examining the research hypotheses, it was found that particle swarm algorithms and genetics have the same efficiency for assessing the integrated risk of the banking system. Provides better problem solving.

Sustainability accounting and sustainable quality gather companies to develop practical characteristics in individual and social accounting, including accounting ethics for better communication along with efficiency and strategy. This research provided a corporate sustainability accounting model following Putang (2011) by predicting the causal relationship between managers' tacit knowledge and sustainability accounting. Dimensions of managers' tacit knowledge and various structures of sustainability accounting, including ethics, volunteerism, transparency, human capital, and social responsibility reporting is identified and analyzed. The research population was all managers of the studied companies, and a standard questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were analyzed based on the Lineal Structural Relations after reliability and validity tests. The results indicated that managers' tacit knowledge regarding financial and tax issues affected sustainability structures, strengthening corporate sustainability accounting. Therefore, top and middle managers, as well as financial managers, are recommended to pay more attention to the tacit knowledge of managers and include it in their decision-making models because this factor can be a basis for strengthening sustainability accounting.

Corporates’ strategies among other components of social responsibility may enable them to meet at least part of the stakeholders’ demands and generally guarantee adequate legitimacy. Current practices of industries and corporates are associated with adverse environmental impacts with regard to biodiversity, health, diseases, greenhouse gas emissions and …. Consideration of these matters by the media is a threat to legitimacy that has been addressed by industries in different ways. A considerable part of legitimization strategies lay emphasis on paying taxes to local communities and creation of jobs in rural areas as part of an attempt to contribute to social responsibility. In the present study, attempts are made to delineate the relationship between corporate tax behavior and environmental disclosure with and approach to perceived justice and organizational commitment of 373 corporates during 2011-2018. Tax aggressiveness and voluntary disclosure of environmental information were used as dependent and independent variables respectively. Multiple linear regression was used to test the research hypotheses. The results showed that there is a relationship between the rate of voluntary environmental disclosure and the Tax aggressiveness of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange.

The stock market involves risks and returns that, if forecasted correctly, can lead to profitability, and for this forecasting, appropriate methods are needed. It is affected by various parameters and needs a way to identify these parameters well and have a dynamic nature. The main goal of this article is forecasting Tehran Price Index (TEPIX) by using hybrid Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based on Genetic Algorithm (GA), Harmony Search (HS) particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO) Moth Flame Optimization (MFO) and Whale Optimization algorithms. GA is used as feature selection. So, PSO, HS MFO and WOA are used to determine the number of input and hidden layers. We use the daily values of the stock price index of the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2018 in order to forecasting price and test it. The accuracy of ANN, hybrid Artificial Neural Network with HS, PSO MFO and WOA is evaluated based on different loss functions such as MSE, MAE and etc. the results show that the predictability of Meta-heuristic algorithms in testing period is higher than normal ANN. Also, the predictability of hybrid WOA is higher than hybrid PSO and HS algorithms and MFO.

The present study aimed to identify and rank the factors and strategies affecting financial derivative contracts in risk management. In order to achieve the objectives of the research using the non-random judgment method, the opinions of 15 experts in the field of risk management and derivative contract in the Tehran Stock Exchange and investment companies, up to the stage of theoretical saturation, were used. The present study uses the mixed exploratory research method in two parts: qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative section, open coding was performed first using open, grounded theory and line-by-line analysis of the interviews. During the coding, 55 items were obtained as basic concepts from the text of the interviews, which were classified into 11 subcategories and three main categories, including underlying factors, intervenors, and strategies. In the quantitative part of the research, through the questionnaire, experts' views were collected. Then, the data were determined using a fuzzy hierarchical process, analysis, and prioritization of components in each of the main categories. The results showed that perception was the highest priority among the underlying factors; structural and technical factors were the highest priority among the interventionist factors. The establishment of a stability council between the financial institutions of Iran was the highest priority among the strategies.