نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال هفتم شماره 4 (زمستان 1401)

Uncontrolled consumption of nitrogen in cucumber fruit causes nitrate accumulation in the fruit that is harmful for humans and ecosystem. One of precise way to diagnose nutritional disorders is plant analysis, which is a destructive, costly, and time-consuming method. Hence, present study aims to evaluate cucumbers non-destructively using hyperspectral imaging. Cucumber seeds were planted in 16 pots and after the growth of plants and the appearance of fruits, the pots were divided into 4 categories. One was considered as a control sample (with normal nitrogen) and rest were treated with excess nitrogen by 30%, 60% and 90%, respectively. Hyperspectral images were obtained during two stages namely before treatment and 10 days after treatment. Three proposed methods namely hybrid neural network-cultural (ANN-CA) algorithm, multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to analyse and classify fruits. The findings represented the correct classification rates of 92%, 89.51% and 78.97% for ANN-CA, MLP and SVM, respectively. Thus, the ANN-CA algorithm had a good ability to identify excess nitrogen fruits.

The aim of this study is to evaluate heavy metal pollution in the soil of Ahwaz oil field which is the biggest oil field in Iran, by using chemical dissociation process and Dendrogram interpretation and pollution severity index. The 20 stations were selected on the soil surface. Parameters of nickel, vanadium, cobalt, iron, chromium, barium, arsenic and total petroleum hydrocarbons concentrations were determined. Five-step process of chemical dissociation method was used to identify and determine human-made and natural heavy metals concentration, and also MVSP software was used to draw the cluster analysis dendrogram. The results of chemical dissociation show that the origin of the nickel, vanadium and cobalt elements and also of iron, chromium and arsenic in new wells is higher in the human-made and the natural phase, respectively. The results of pollution severity index for nickel showed that 25% of the stations in clean class, 50% in low pollution class and 25% are in middle pollution class. 40% of the stations in terms of vanadium pollution in clean class, 40% in low pollution class and 20% are in middle pollution class. In terms of cobalt pollution, 35% of the stations in the clean class, 40% in low pollution class, 20% in the middle pollution class and 5% are in the high pollution class. In terms of chromium pollution, 75% of the stations in the clean class, 25% are in low pollution class and also for iron and arsenic all the stations are in the clean class.

Pollution derived from the use of Diesel fuels led to finding a low emission alternative resource like biodiesel. The use of biodiesel has to improve engine performance and reduce emissions. Using dual-fuel technology (NG and pilot fuel) in compression ignition engines can be considered as another way to improve engine performance as well as reduce engine emissions by the use of alternative fuels. Otherwise, there is no justification for using alternative fuels. The vibration characteristics of an engine caused by the combustion process can be considered as one of the main factors for considering the engine's durability. In the present study, vibration characteristics of a diesel engine fueled by Diesel+NG and B5+NG have been studied. Also, the ANFIS technique has been employed for modeling and estimation of the total engine vibration value. Based on the results, B5 provided a lower vibration compared with Diesel fuel, especially in the dual-fuel systems. This indicated that biodiesel makes more compatible fuel samples for the dual combustion systems. Also, ANFIS could successfully cope with the modeling task with high accuracy and a low deviation from target values. According to the results, the capability of Gaussian MF type for providing the testing phase data was considerably higher than that for the Tri. (about 3.5 %), Trap (about 69.66%) and Gbell (about 65.37%).

Separation (SP) is an undeniable member in the process set after harvesting of bulk products. The gravity tableseparator machine (GTSM) is one of the devices used to separate modal impurities in grain masses. Due to the continuity in the range of changes in the parameters of the GTSM and the high number of these factors affecting the rate of SP of impurities in the mass of cowpea beans, and considering that it seems almost impossible to examine all the values in this range. The use of machine learning (ML) to predict the process of SP against the changes applied to these factors facilitates the use of the GTSM for black-eyed pea (BeP). The present study is about predicting the performance of a GTSM in separating the BeP. The dependent variables included the cleaned seeds (Y1), weight of the cleaned seeds (Y2), total gross number (Y3), total gross weight (Y4), rotten seeds number (Y5), rotten seeds weight (Y6), broken seeds number (Y7) and broken seeds weight (Y8) and the independent variables included transverse slopes of the table (X1), longitudinal slopes of the table (X2), frequencies of table oscillation (X3) and blower air speeds (X4). The employed methods were single Random forest (RF) and a hybrid Random forest integrated by Genetic algorithm (RF-GA) for optimization of RF parameters. Results were evaluated using correlation coefficient (CC), Scattered Index (SI) and Willmott’s Index (WI). According to findings, hybrid method provided higher performance compared with that for the single method and increased the prediction performance, successfully.Separation (SP) is an undeniable member in the process set after harvesting of bulk products. The gravity tableseparator machine (GTSM) is one of the devices used to separate modal impurities in grain masses. Due to the continuity in the range of changes in the parameters of the GTSM and the high number of these factors affecting the rate of SP of impurities in the mass of cowpea beans, and considering that it seems almost impossible to examine all the values in this range. The use of machine learning (ML) to predict the process of SP against the changes applied to these factors facilitates the use of the GTSM for black-eyed pea (BeP). The present study is about predicting the performance of a GTSM in separating the BeP. The dependent variables included the cleaned seeds (Y1), weight of the cleaned seeds (Y2), total gross number (Y3), total gross weight (Y4), rotten seeds number (Y5), rotten seeds weight (Y6), broken seeds number (Y7) and broken seeds weight (Y8) and the independent variables included transverse slopes of the table (X1), longitudinal slopes of the table (X2), frequencies of table oscillation (X3) and blower air speeds (X4). The employed methods were single Random forest (RF) and a hybrid Random forest integrated by Genetic algorithm (RF-GA) for optimization of RF parameters. Results were evaluated using correlation coefficient (CC), Scattered Index (SI) and Willmott’s Index (WI). According to findings, hybrid method provided higher performance compared with that for the single method and increased the prediction performance, successfully.Separation (SP) is an undeniable member in the process set after harvesting of bulk products. The gravity tableseparator machine (GTSM) is one of the devices used to separate modal impurities in grain masses. Due to the continuity in the range of changes in the parameters of the GTSM and the high number of these factors affecting the rate of SP of impurities in the mass of cowpea beans, and considering that it seems almost impossible to examine all the values in this range. The use of machine learning (ML) to predict the process of SP against the changes applied to these factors facilitates the use of the GTSM for black-eyed pea (BeP). The present study is about predicting the performance of a GTSM in separating the BeP. The dependent variables included the cleaned seeds (Y1), weight of the cleaned seeds (Y2), total gross number (Y3), total gross weight (Y4), rotten seeds number (Y5), rotten seeds weight (Y6), broken seeds number (Y7) and broken seeds weight (Y8) and the independent variables included transverse slopes of the table (X1), longitudinal slopes of the table (X2), frequencies of table oscillation (X3) and blower air speeds (X4). The employed methods were single Random forest (RF) and a hybrid Random forest integrated by Genetic algorithm (RF-GA) for optimization of RF parameters. Results were evaluated using correlation coefficient (CC), Scattered Index (SI) and Willmott’s Index (WI). According to findings, hybrid method provided higher performance compared with that for the single method and increased the prediction performance, successfully.Separation (SP) is an undeniable member in the process set after harvesting of bulk products. The gravity tableseparator machine (GTSM) is one of the devices used to separate modal impurities in grain masses. Due to the continuity in the range of changes in the parameters of the GTSM and the high number of these factors affecting the rate of SP of impurities in the mass of cowpea beans, and considering that it seems almost impossible to examine all the values in this range. The use of machine learning (ML) to predict the process of SP against the changes applied to these factors facilitates the use of the GTSM for black-eyed pea (BeP). The present study is about predicting the performance of a GTSM in separating the BeP. The dependent variables included the cleaned seeds (Y1), weight of the cleaned seeds (Y2), total gross number (Y3), total gross weight (Y4), rotten seeds number (Y5), rotten seeds weight (Y6), broken seeds number (Y7) and broken seeds weight (Y8) and the independent variables included transverse slopes of the table (X1), longitudinal slopes of the table (X2), frequencies of table oscillation (X3) and blower air speeds (X4). The employed methods were single Random forest (RF) and a hybrid Random forest integrated by Genetic algorithm (RF-GA) for optimization of RF parameters. Results were evaluated using correlation coefficient (CC), Scattered Index (SI) and Willmott’s Index (WI). According to findings, hybrid method provided higher performance compared with that for the single method and increased the prediction performance, successfully.

Groundwater quality is one of the important aspects of hydrogeochemistry, which describes the chemical characteristics and the local distribution of various chemical component of the water for various purposes such as drinking, agriculture and industry Therefore, contamination of these sources can be prevented by timely qualitative examination (Alley, 1993). Chemical composition of groundwater and surface water to depond on natural factors such as geology, topography, meteorology, hydrogeology, biology, precipitation and equilibrium between evaporation and precipitation salts and also seasonal changes in runoff volume and type of runoff, air conditioning (Gibbs,1970; Eilers et al., 1992; Bartram and Balance, 1996; Fernandez et al., 2009)).The Lordegan plain aquifer was located in south of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. this area is part of Folded zagrous zone that is very important point of water and agricalture. many years ago, quality of watre , in tis area was good but now it is change by agricalture, withdrawal more, use the contaminent and influence geology nformation .In 1976 and 1977, water company, was studied by digging a well. Ostovari et al. (2012) investigated the groundwater quality of Lordegan plain using GWQI index. He believes that water quality is decreasing from the southwest to the north, and factors such as intensive agricultural centers and wastewater treatment plants have led to a decrease in water quality. Also, in statistical studies of Lordegan groundwater quality index by Ostovari et al. (2017), water quality has been divided into low and weak categories. Ahankoub et al. (2021) have studied the defects of geological formations on the quality of Khanmirza aquifer. geology formation including salt , saandstone, limestone,. thes unites contamnated the water and decress its quality .she attributes the decrease in groundwater quality to the involvement of these formations. Unfortunately, there are high drop in groundwater levels due to the uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater storage in recent years. The purpose of this study was to present of the hydro-climatological, geological and hydrogeological properties. Material and MethodIn this study, we were studied hydrochemical data of the ten-year of 283 wells, 69 springs and 9 aqueducts. Also, we were taken samples from 10 wells during wet and dry seasons of 2018 and 2019. Then were measured pH, temperature and electrical conductivity. Other geochemical parameters were measured in the laboratory of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Regional Water Company. Then we were prepared map of changes of qualitative by Arc Gis10.1 software, Excel, Piper, sholler and Wilcox diagrams. Finally, we were interpretation all of data for aquifer hydrochemical condition.

Lordegan plain aquifer is a free alluvial aquifer that has alluvial thickness varies from 20 to 85 meters. Bed rocks is marl and heights around the plain is include Gachsaran and Asmari Formations, in the eastern parts of the plain. Also, in some parts, Bakhtiari Formation has been present in a scattered manner, which has played a significant role in the storage and quality of aquifer groundwater. Also, Pliocene conglomerate due to the presence of fractures, seams and cracks has played an important role in rainfall absorption and in some cases, while having a suitable construction location, has led to the formation of small reservoirs. Long-time discharge statistics (after extension and reconstruction) are estimated at 94.6 million cubic meters at the station and the average of the river discharge volume at the station is 67.17 million cubic meters in the recent 10-year. Depth data indicates the maximum depth of groundwater in the southern areas of the aquifer of the dry period of October 2018 and minimum depth in the central areas of the aquifer. The study of groundwater in different parts of the plain indicates the highest values of decline in the southern regions of the plain from October 1989 to October 2018. Also groundwater level has dropped by about -0.07 meters. The hydrograph diagram was indicates the decrease of groundwater level during the last 26 years, which is equal to 13.13 meters. The Schuler diagram indicates good and acceptable quality for groundwater drinking. Also, Wilcox diagram (Wilcox, 1995) was shown the groundwater quality of this aquifer for agricultural. In this diagram, electrical conductivity and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) are the effective parameters. Piper diagram was shown facies and type of water in different parts of the plain (PIPER, 1944).

Lordegan plain aquifer in the south of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province is folded in the Zagros structural zone and is located under the Semirom zone. Geostructurally, the NW-SE folds in this zone form regular anticlines and synclines. Evidence of Dena fault function at the end of the Neogene and the location of Lower Paleozoic rocks on the Bakhtiari conglomerate and the cutting of ancient alluvial deposits by Quaternary alluviums. Lordegan aquifer is a free alluvial aquifer with an area of ​​67.2 square kilometers with maximum depth in the southern parts and minimum depth in the central parts, which is located inside the Asmari calcareous formations and passes through the conglomerate formations and is adjacent to evaporitic formations. Geophysical data indicate changes in aquifer depth from 22 to 85 meters. In this study, 10-year period data along with sampling during wet and dry period of 1397-1398 from 10 wells have been used. Hydrographic data indicate a decrease of 0.49 m and a decrease in volume of 0.66 million cubic meters of aquifer volume. Hydrogeochemical data indicate the good quality of aquifer groundwater for drinking and C2S1 grade for agricultural use. In the piper diagram, water type is in the range of magnesium bicarbonate. Also, the chemistry of Lordegan aquifer indicates an increase in water salinity over time. The lithology of the region, the solubility of minerals and rocks in the region, the tectonic state, and the drought of recent years are among the effective factors in reducing the water quality of the Lordegan plain aquifer. Lordegan plain aquifer is a free aquifer with a variable depth of 22-85 meters, which has maximum depth in the southern areas and minimum depth in the central areas of the aquifer. The groundwater flow in the study area is from the southern to the central and northwestern of the plain. Improper withdrawal of water and drought have led to groundwater depletion in the region. The greatest groundwater depletion has occurred in the southern and southeastern parts of the plain. The groundwater level of Lordegan plain has decreased -0.49 meters during year 2018-2019 which has led to a volume decrease of -0.66 m3. The average change of groundwater level, annually for a period of 30 years, has been about -0.44 meters per year (-13.13 meters), which has reduced the average annual reservoir volume by 0.59 million cubic meters per year has been mentioned during the thirty-year period. Hydrogeochemical data indicate to groundwater good quality for drinking and C2S1 category for agricultural.

Sweet potato grows as a strong plant all over the world and is a product compatible with drought, temperature, and low fertile soils. Potatoes are high in starch, vitamins, minerals, and non-mineral salts such as calcium, phosphorus, iron and low in calories. This product is widely consumed fresh, boiled, etc. due to its functions for various reasons, such as improving immunity and preventing cancer, and its consumption is due to the abundance of nutrients such as carbohydrates, dietary fiber, minerals and other health-promoting compounds such as beta-carotene, vitamin C, phenolic acids, etc. are on the rise.Conventional evaluation methods for the internal quality of potatoes are mostly destructive and inefficient. In the practical production of potatoes, the quality evaluation system must have good accuracy, high speed, and low cost. Such goals can be achieved using modern techniques such as spectroscopy and electronic nose, as they do not require sample preparation, are non-destructive, efficient, fast, accurate, pollution-free, and inexpensive.Organic acids (OAs) are organic acidic compounds containing carboxyl groups that are widely present in organisms. Organic acids in fruits mainly include citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and succinic acid. The traditional method for detecting OA concentrations is ion chromatography in the laboratory. Ion chromatographic testing requires standard solutions as a reference, also requires the use of chemical reagents, and organic acids must be measured separately. This is a tedious operation that wastes a lot of time. Therefore, a rapid detection technology is needed and preferred as an alternative.Near-infrared spectroscopy is a type of rapid detection technology that extracts spectral information from a sample through the difference between radiated light and reflected light. NIR technology has the advantages of fast performance, no use of chemical reagents and is also able to detect multiple components simultaneously. Spectral signals can be further amplified by the combined use of the Fourier transform technique. Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy has been widely used in the fields of food science, agricultural informatics, environmental monitoring, biomedicine, and pharmacy.Based on the simplicity of PLS regression, nonlinear methods are investigated to improve the PLS algorithm by embedding nonlinear core functions. This method plots the data before PLS scoring in a high-dimensional feature space, and the data converted in the new space characterize the samples. In this study, a neural network as a core function is designed to optimize PLS in the quantitative NIR analysis of OA concentrations in potato samples. A three-layer lattice with an adjustable number of neural nodes is designed to extract spectral feature variables to optimize the PLS core model.

Potato samples were harvested and 248 of healthy size and almost the same size were selected. The samples were transferred to the laboratory 24 hours after picking and stored at room temperature for 2 days. In the next 5 days, about 50 glands per day were selected and their OA concentration and FT-NIR spectrum were identified. Each potato sample was divided into two parts, half of which were used to detect the OA concentration and the other half to measure the NIR spectrum. The FT-NIR spectrum was measured using a PS-100 spectroradiometer (Apogee Instruments, INC., Logan, UT, USA) made in the USA. Temperature and humidity were kept constant at 25 ° C and 47% during the spectrum study.PLS kernel is an improved PLS method to deal with the nonlinear problem of spectral data. Raw data is mapped by a special nonlinear core function in high-resolution image space, so the original PLS linear algorithm can be used to discover the relationship between feature data and sample analysis. In short, this method can be done in two consecutive steps of mapping and regression.In modern studies, a neural network is a good tool for operating dynamic data, as it is flexibly taught by automatically fitting its link weights to the data-based model. A three-layer neural network was constructed in this study as a new nucleus for PLS output in the quantitative NIR analysis of potato OA concentrations.All 248 potato samples were divided into three parts for calibration, validation, and testing. The calibration section is used to create models and teach the model structure as well as the main algorithmic parameters. The validation section is used to check the model and optimize the parameter values. And the test section to evaluate the model.All 248 potato samples were divided into three parts for calibration, validation, and testing. The calibration section is used to create models and teach the model structure as well as the main algorithmic parameters. The validation section is used to check the model and optimize the parameter values. And the test section to evaluate the model.

Core PLS regression was applied to create FT-NIR calibration models to quantify OA concentrations in potato samples. The proposed network architecture was used as a new kernel conversion function to select attribute variables. The network was created connected with an input layer, a hidden layer, and an output layer.All 3114 wave number variables were transferred to the input layer. The same number of input nodes were generated to accept the data, and then perceptron units were applied, converting the data into a hidden layer. In the case of using a data-driven learning mechanism, the number of hidden nodes varies from 10 to 200 with step 10. Each Nh value was tested to screen for the best latent structure. Perceptron calculations converted the hidden data into an output layer, and a total of 20 output neurons were generated in the output layer to reduce the dimensions. These output variables were mostly used for PLS regression.In general, neural perceptron units were adjusted with their link weights, which automatically matched the data. 20 output variables were delivered to the softmax MLR predictor. Predictive errors were used for 50 rounds of error-feedback repetition optimization on link weights. Figure 3 shows that the RMSEV gradually shrinks with more repetitions and gradually decreases for each Nh number. This phenomenon means that the initial feedback and error replication mechanism can optimize machine learning for the network kernel. Duplicate optimized network link weights were used to serve the network architecture as a core evaluation function to optimize PLS regression. . The most optimal network structure was constructed with 130 hidden nodes and 20 output nodes.Then, the optimal network structure constructed with 130 hidden nodes and 20 output nodes is used as the core function for PLS regression. Hidden PLS variables were selected by network search mode. We tested PLS regression models with f = 1, 2… 20 based on the optimal network core. The results of model training for validation samples are shown in Figure 4. The optimal number of latent variables was determined as f = 8. The results of the network core model prediction and common cores are listed in Table 2.According to the principle of sample division introduced, PLS core models were quantified for FT-NIR analysis of potato OA concentration based on calibration samples and optimized by validation samples. The PLS model of the selected optimal network core should then be evaluated by 64 experimental samples that were unique to the model training process. Spectral data of the experimental samples were entered into the core of the optimal network with 130 hidden nodes and 20 output nodes.Table 2 shows that for PLS kernel regression, the proposed network kernel performs better than conventional kernels, regardless of the model training process or in the model evaluation process. Therefore, using neural network architecture to optimize the PLS regression kernel is a practical idea. FT-NIR calibration models have clearly improved compatibility by the adjustable network core.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the trend of changes in environmental health indicators in rural areas of Uremia County and West Azerbaijan province during the years 2015-2019. The present study is longitudinal retrospective research that was conducted using the data available in the Environmental Health Department of the Health Center of Uremia County and West Azerbaijan province over a period of 5 years. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics indicators such as mean as well as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Friedman and Wilcoxon one-sample statistical tests using SPSS software version 26. Studied indicators in this research include the percentage of rural households with access to drinking water, public plumbing network, sanitary toilets, Sanitary collection and disposal of wastewater, solid waste and animal excrement, desirability of microbial and chemical samples, Measurement of residual chlorine, food preparation, distribution and sales centers and public places with health criteria and employees of centers and places with a valid medical card. The average percentage of desirability of these indicators in the 5-year period in the villages of Uremia County was 99.04%, 92.44%, 81.82%, 65.24%, 80.32%, 98.61%, 95.32%, 79%, 97.28%, 78.84%, 78.92% and 86.22%, respectively. The upward and downward trend of environmental health indicators in the villages of Uremia County, as well as West Azerbaijan province in a period of 5 years was equal to 50% and 41.66%, respectively. The findings of the present research indicated that the trend of changes in 50% of the indicators in rural areas of Uremia and 75% in the rural areas of West Azerbaijan province was significant during five years. The average of 58.33% of the indicators in the villages of Uremia County was lower than the provincial index. Except for the indicators of desirability of water chemical samples, sanitary collection and disposal of animal waste, and food preparation, distribution, and sale centers with hygienic criteria, other environmental health indicators (75%) have a significant difference with the provincial index. The status of most environmental health indicators in the villages of Uremia County and West Azerbaijan province is favorable. Except for indicators of sanitary collection and disposal of wastewater and animal waste, the desirability of 83.33% of the indicators was more than 75% both in the villages of Uremia County and West Azerbaijan province during five years. In general, the results of the present study showed that 50% of environmental health indicators in the villages of Uremia have improved over a period of 5 years, but the desirability of more than 50% of indicators was lower than the provincial index. Therefore, the efforts and participation of authorities, villagers, Islamic councils, environmental health experts, and health workers are necessary to improve environmental health indicators.IntroductionEnvironmental health is one of the main challenges of sustainable development in most countries. The most important health priorities of most countries, especially developing countries in rural areas are sanitary collection and disposal of solid waste, animal waste as well as access to drinking water and sanitary toilets. Environmental health indicators are very essential because they reflect the changing state of people's living environment and the existing health threats. Studies indicated that environmental quality can affect health status and costs. Therefore, improving the environmental situation will have positive effects on the health of the community. The health of individuals in society has positive effects on the standard of living of people, and measuring health indicators is one of the most desirable and appropriate approaches to assess the level of health in a society. Rural society, which accounts for more than 27 percent of the country's population, plays a key role in the country's economic and social life. Given the importance and position of rural society in the country and the problems and challenges that this society faces in the development process, recognizing and analyzing the features of rural development planning in the country is necessary. In the process of rural development planning, attention to rural environmental health is essential and can lead to improving the quality of rural environmental health. Environmental health indicators are very important because they reflect the changing state of people's living environment and the existing health threats. The environmental health status of an area can indicate the status of development or underdevelopment of that area.Improving environmental health indicators in rural areas, in the implementation of rural health development and with the aim of reducing the risk of infectious diseases, play a critical role in improving the quality of life and health of villagers with inter-sectoral cooperation and public participation. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, many programs related to the rural environment have been implemented since 2006. Nevertheless, the evidence suggests that the level of health in rural areas is low. The production of information and indicators on various aspects of health is essential and must be addressed. Assessing and monitoring people's health is one of the most significant principles of public health science, and the health status of a community is measured based on the indicators of the health of that community and the rate of change of these indicators over time.At present, health information related to the environmental health status of rural areas is regularly prepared in the form of statistical forms and health indicators. Despite the great value of these health indicators, the trend of changes in environmental health indicators in rural areas over time has been less analyzed and limited scientific articles have been published in this field. Therefore, according to the mentioned cases, this study was conducted to investigate the trend of changes in environmental health indicators in the villages of Uremia County during a 5-year period (2015-2019).MethodologyUremia County is located in the northwest of Iran, which has 39 comprehensive rural health service centers and 6 urban-rural health service centers, and in total has 200 health houses with 315 health workers and 625 villages. The present study is longitudinal retrospective research that was conducted using the data available in the Environmental Health Department of the Health Center of Uremia County and West Azerbaijan province over a period of 5 years. The data collection tool was a checklist with a list of desired indicators. These indicators are standard values that are calculated and recorded in accordance with the guidelines for environmental and occupational health. These indicators have been selected by environmental health experts and included in this list, so the tools of this study had the necessary validity and reliability. The 12 environmental health indicators studied in this research are the percentage of rural households with access to drinking water, public plumbing network, sanitary toilets, Sanitary collection and disposal of wastewater, solid waste and animal excrement, desirability of microbial and chemical samples, Measurement of residual chlorine, food preparation, distribution and sales centers and public places with health criteria and employees of centers and places with a valid medical card. After collecting data, the indicators were compared with existing provincial indicators. Finally, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics indicators such as mean as well as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Friedman and Wilcoxon one-sample statistical tests using SPSS software version 26.ConclusionThe results of this study showed that the trend of changes in 6 environmental health indicators (50%) in the villages of Uremia County and West Azerbaijan province in 2015 compared to 2019, was upward and the trend of changes in 5 indicators (41/66%) was downward. The maximum improvement in the villages of Uremia County was related to the index of public places with health criteria with 10.5% and the maximum decrease was related to the index of access to the public drinking water network with -4.1%. While the maximum increase in the villages of West Azerbaijan province was related to the index of measurement of residual chlorine with 23.5% and the maximum decrease was related to the index of desirability of water chemical samples with -11.7%. The trend of changes in 50% of the indicators in the villages of Uremia County and 75% of the indicators in the villages of West Azerbaijan province was significant during five years. Also, the finding indicated that the average of 7 environmental health indicators (58.33%) in the villages of Uremia County was lower than the provincial index and the average of 5 environmental health indicators (41.67%) was higher. The highest increase was related to the index of water chemical samples with 8.36% and the highest decrease was related to the index of sanitary collection and disposal of animal waste with -3.35%. Except for the indicators of chemical samples of drinking water, sanitary collection and disposal of animal waste and centers of preparation, distribution and sale of food with hygienic criteria, other indicators of environmental health (75%) in the villages of Uremia have a significant different with the provincial index. In general, the results of present study showed that 50% of environmental health indicators in the villages of Uremia have improved over a period of 5 years, but the desirability of more than 50% of indicators was lower than the provincial index and need to be upgraded.

The issue of soil contamination by waste chemicals has raised concerns about the environment. Among them, heavy metals are also known to be important in low concentrations due to their non-degradability and physiological effects on living organisms. In addition to natural processes, heavy metals can be used by human resources such as mining activities, landfilling of various wastes and wastes, use of sewage sludge in agricultural lands, waste leachate, excessive use of chemical fertilizers, fossil fuels and the like cause soil pollution. Heavy metals do not decompose in the environment, so they need to be removed from the environment. On the other hand, the exorbitant costs of physical and chemical methods have led to efforts to achieve cheaper methods. The use of conventional physical and chemical treatment methods is not economical and cost-effective in cases where the concentration of heavy metals is low, and may even lead to the production of secondary effluents, which in turn will lead to more treatment problems. Therefore, researchers have developed a new method using the potential of plants to eliminate soil pollution and preserve this national capital. Some plants, by developing special mechanisms, can accumulate heavy metals in high concentrations, which are called hyperaccumulation plants. The most characteristic disadvantages of this method are limited to sites with medium and low pollution, low biomass production, shallow roots, low biological access of metals in the soil, especially calcareous and young soils in arid and semi-arid regions, time consuming. These unavoidable constraints are forcing researchers to refine traditional approaches and apply new phytoremediation techniques to minimize the constraints and ensure widespread use of phytoremediation.Selecting suitable species for phytoremediation of heavy metals is one of the critical stages of phytoremediation. Another solution to overcome the problems mentioned in phytoremediation is to use heavy metal-resistant bacteria and plant growth stimulants to strengthen the root system, produce more biomass and increase the bioavailability of metals by plants. Therefore, the use of microbial inoculation will help plant species to effectively filter heavy metals from the soil.The application of phytoremediation technique has been less in our country so far and only in laboratories and experimentally and due to the ignorance and negligence of officials has never been used as an effective method in refining heavy metals in contaminated soils. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce and replace plants and apply new strategies based on the study of cooperation between plants - microbial communities, to be able to expand and localize modern phytoremediation, to reduce soil health risk and increase food security effectively and economically.To achieve the above goals, the following suggestions can be considered:1- Introducing suitable crops to replace cultivation in soils contaminated with heavy metals: Contamination of agricultural lands with heavy elements is a serious risk for the production of healthy crops in Iran and the world. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the contaminants in the soil by accumulating them in the roots of plants or depositing them in the root zone and transferring them to the food chain by using the bio-stabilization technique. Unlike other phytoremediation techniques, plant stabilization does not remove metal from the soil, but by stabilizing them by adsorption or deposition in the root zone, it reduces their risks to human health and the environment. Plants with high bio-concentration factor (BCF, the ratio of metal concentration in the root of the plant to its concentration in the soil) and low transfer factor (TF ratio of metal concentration in the stem to its concentration in the root) are suitable for plant stabilization. The absence of high concentrations of metals in the stem eliminates the need to discard harvested plants. In this project, sorghum, millet and flax species are proposed for cultivation in agricultural lands to reduce the burden of contamination in crops and food health for study.2- Introduction of herbaceous plants (forage) for stabilization of heavy metals in contaminated soilsConsumption of infected forage plants by livestock and domestic animals can be examined from two perspectives. First, the use of contaminated forage causes disturbances in livestock and domestic animals, such as reduced milk production and growth rate, reduced resistance to binaries and infections, and impaired reproduction. Second, by consuming animal products, pollutants will enter the human food cycle. Also, due to the multiplicity of pollution industries and ways of its transmission, currently the best way to reduce these risks is to take seriously how to feed and control the diet of livestock. Therefore, the use of specific plant species to immobilize contaminants in the soil, through surface adsorption and accumulation by the root, intra-root adsorption or deposition in the root zone and physical stabilization of soils or in other words plant stabilization is also necessary. Plant stabilization reduces the mobility of pollutants and prevents their transfer to groundwater and the atmosphere. Therefore, in this study, several types of forage plants that have economic aspects and good yield, including sainfoin (Onobrychis aucheri Boiss), Timothy (Phleum pratense), Lolium perenne, Lemon Grass Tall fescue, Dactylis glomerata, Agropyron desertorum, Agropyron desertorum in order to produce healthy forage and restore vegetation in pastures and animal health are recommended for research.3- Introducing ornamental overgrowth plants for refining soils contaminated with heavy metalsIn recent years, plant-based environmental treatment technology, or phytoremediation, has been widely pursued as an in-situ cost-effective strategy to clean metals from contaminated sites. In this project, plant extraction means using polluting plants to remove metals or organic pollutants from the soil by accumulating them in harvestable areas. Plant extraction involves planting the plant several times in contaminated soil to bring the metal concentration to an acceptable level. The following species are recommended for review: Parsley (Tagetes patula / erecta), Margaret (Chrysantemum maximum) Marigold (Calendula officinalis / alata), Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum), Gladiolus grandiflorus, Pelargonium graveos ).4- Investigation of bacteria resistant to heavy metals with plant growth stimulant properties with the aim of increasing the growth and production of plant biomass under conditions of metal stressUsing bacteria can be a simple and effective strategy to increase growth as well as bioremediation activity. Bacteria have different mechanisms for decontamination of contaminated environments through biosorption, bioaccumulation, sales, bio-mineralization and biotransformation. On the other hand, plant growth-promoting bacteria typically improve plant growth under stress. Some rhizosphere bacteria that directly and indirectly have beneficial effects on plants are called growth-promoting rhizosphere bacteria. These beneficial bacteria (PGPR) are also called product-enhancing bacteria. Growth-promoting rhizosphere bacteria can play a direct role in increasing plant growth and yield by using various mechanisms. Increased dissolution of insoluble nutrients such as phosphorus, production of ACC-deaminase, production of plant growth hormones such as auxin, nitrogen fixation and production of siderophore (from the point of view of increasing iron absorption) are the most important direct mechanisms. Indirectly, growth-promoting rhizosphere bacteria neutralize or modify the harmful effects of plant pathogens by using various antagonistic mechanisms, thereby increasing plant growth. Competition to absorb substances and occupy suitable sites for the activity of pathogens, production of antibiotics, production of siderophores (from the perspective of removing elements from the pathogens), lytic enzymes and production of hydrogen cyanide are the most important mechanisms used in this method.5- Study of bacteria capable of producing chelating compounds with the aim of increasing the efficiency of plant extraction by increasing the dissolution and absorption of metalsThe efficiency of plant extraction of metals from soils depends on the availability of metals to plants. The magnitude distribution of metals and the intensity of their bonding in the soil are influenced by metal species, age and soil properties. If the availability of metals for plant uptake is low, microorganisms can add chelating or acidifying agents to increase the availability of metals to the soil.6- Feasibility study of using bacteria to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in crops grown in soils contaminated with heavy metals with the aim of reducing health risk and increasing food qualityRhizospheric and endophytic bacteria (with greater potency) in addition to modulating the harmful effects of biological and non-biological stresses (due to heavy metals, salinity, etc.) to the plant can reduce the absorption and accumulation of metals through various mechanisms They are also heavy in the plant (or in the aerial parts). In addition to reducing the destructive effects of heavy metal stresses on plants, heavy metal-resistant bacteria can reduce the availability of heavy metals to plants through various mechanisms in the soil. One of these mechanisms is the adsorption or bioaccumulation of heavy metals inside bacterial cells. At present, heavy metal bioabsorption techniques are recommended for the removal of heavy metals because they are more efficient, less costly, and more environmentally friendly. Root endophytic bacteria prevent their transfer to plant shoots (organs that can be harvested by humans or animals) by adsorption of heavy metals (adsorption of heavy metals on the bacterial cell wall), accumulation, complex formation, reduction and oxidation, etc. Finally, with this method in agricultural lands, the risks of these elements for human and animal health can be reduced.

Rivers are generally diverse ecosystems characterized by significant habitat heterogeneity. These heterogeneities depend on the activity of river geomorphic processes (Cohen et al., 2016, 528). In recent years, floods in rivers have caused great damage to human society. Morphometric factors of the river and its environments and predicting future conditions can be effective and necessary in planning and landscaping of riverside areas (Masoumi et al., 1400, 638). Rivers and canals are a completely dynamic system, and their location, shape, and other morphological characteristics change continuously over time. Factors such as geological, geomorphological, hydrological, land use change and destruction of natural resources of rivers are subject to change (Yasi, 2009, 27). It is one of the main assets of a water nation that currently flows in the rivers of that country and due to its role in locating and expanding settlements and cities, roads and agriculture, rivers have been of great importance in the past, so that from the beginning of progress And the development of human societies have shown their place in every stage of human civilization. For this reason, river systems as one of the most vital elements of the earth's surface, have been considered by humans from various aspects (Yamani et al., 2003: 63). Meanwhile, humans, along with morphogenesis activities, change the face of the earth by changing land use, destroying natural resources, plowing the land in the direction of slope, planting trees in riverbeds. , Using remote sensing and GIS approaches. They calculated the amount of increase and change in erosion in one open using Landsat time series optical images and concluded that the factors of hydraulic flow regime, upstream land use, natural canal slope and vegetation around the canal had the greatest impact on these changes. This study seeks to evaluate and analyze the morphological changes of Kahman River, using the fitting of tangent circles and the reason for the formation of torsions at different intervals from the perspective of applied geomorphology.

In this study, geological maps at a scale of 1: 100000 of the Geological Survey, topographic maps at a scale of 1: 50,000 digits of the Geographical Organization of the Armed Forces, satellite images of Landsat 8 pass 166 rows 37 dated 16 April 2017, Landsat 7 pass 16 rows 37 September 2013, Landsat 5 pass 16 Row 37 November 2001, Climatic data of the study area, including temperature and precipitation, which were used by the Meteorological Organization of Lorestan Province and a 30-meter digital elevation model of the study area to investigate the geological features, topography and extraction of waterways. ArcGIS software was used to create the database, spatial-spatial analysis, and ENVI software was used to process satellite images. To do this research, the Landsat TM satellite sensor images for the years 2001, 2013, 2017 were first downloaded. To correct the geometric and radiometric errors of these images, geometric and radiometric corrections were performed on these images using ENVI software. The Kahman River route was digitized in the ArcGIS software environment during the mentioned years. The output of this work was prepared in AutoCAD format. Then, in AutoCAD environment, in order to quantify the development rate of Kahman river inlet and determine its changes over time by fitting circles tangent to the arc, the geometric parameters of the river including canal length, canal length, curvature coefficient and river length using the tools available in AutoCAD software measurement and morphological changes of the river were reviewed.

In order to approach this study, after preparing the images related to 2001, 2013, 2017, geometric and radiometric corrections were made on these images using ENVI software and geometric and radiometric errors were eliminated. Then the river route in all three time periods on these images in digital ArcGIS software environment and output in AutoCAD format was provided. In the AutoCAD software environment, using the available tools, circles were fitted on the river arches with the utmost precision. The digitized path on satellite images shows that the morphology of the Kahman River in 2017 has changed more than in 2001 and 2013 (Figure 3). The tangent circles on the arches of Kahman River, the turning points of the arches were determined and in AutoCAD software environment using existing tools, the geometric parameters of canal length, canal length and river length were measured and by placing this information in equation (1), the curvature coefficient was calculated. (2). In addition to other statistical parameters including mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, minimum and maximum geometric parameters of waterway length and waterway valley length, for analysis in Excel software environment, the information obtained from Table (3) shows that the total length of the river, In 2001 it increased from 36,217 meters to 38,620 meters in 2017. The curvature coefficient has also changed from 1.136 in 2001 to 1.767 in 2017. The number of arches has increased from 37 arches in 2001 to 55 arches in 2017. In other words, the length of the river, the number of arches and the curvature coefficient have been increasing. However, the length of waterways and the length of valleys of similar waterways (in the range of measured arcs) have decreased in the period 2001 to 2017. From this information, it can be seen that in the period from 2001 to 2017, the number of arches increased, but the distance between the two ends of the arches decreased, or in other words, the length of the canal valley decreased. On the other hand, increasing the number of meanders has increased the overall length of the river.

Destruction of vegetation, destruction of forests and pastures, change of use from agriculture to housing and plowing the land in the direction of the slope, etc., increase the severity of erosion, prevent the infiltration of water into the soil and increase runoff. For nearly a decade, the residents of the study area have attempted to change the unauthorized use and encroach on the river area (construction and planting trees in the riverbed) Figure (5). They have also invaded the most pristine mountains in the basin (Green) and looted the dominant plant species in the area (shallots that have roots and prevent soil erosion) for sale. Since this plant species is almost endangered due to savage looting, these individuals attack tree and shrub species such as oak, argon, etc. and cut each of them for a specific use (Figure 6). Based on the information obtained from statistical indicators, the calculated geometric parameters of Kahman River (Table 2), the average curvature coefficient has increased from 1.136 in 2001 to 1.377 in 2013 and 1.767 in 2017. The results of the analysis of this index with reference to Table No. (1) show that the Kahman River was sinusoidal in the period 2001 to 2013 and changed to Pichanrud in the period 2013 to 2017.Keywords: "Seismicity", "Watershed", "Geomorphic features", "Topraqi pot", "Neotectonic".

Life cycle assessment (LCA) quantifies and interprets environmental impacts across a wide range of products or processes used throughout the system. Despite the need to understand regional differences in the life cycle assessment of agricultural systems, the LCA method is poorly defined due to regional heterogeneity modeling in agricultural production and transportation. Therefore, there is an opportunity to help develop LCA protocols by adapting methods commensurate with crop production and supply chain changes. The annual balance in soil organic carbon is a function of three main processes: stabilization in plant biomass, plant, soil, rooting, and long-term storage in soil. According to Kozyakov, a comprehensive review of the carbon cycle, approximately half of the total carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere by the wheat plant is converted to biomass. This study aims to evaluate the impact of using wheat waste for biogas production on the environment and greenhouse gas emissions. This research's life cycle inventory includes the production of wheat waste and its use in biogas production. Many studies have been devoted to discovering the effects of these various variables, particularly in terms of global warming and nitrogen fertilizer leaching, and based on such comprehensive information, a Life Cycle Assessment has been proposed to assess the cumulative environmental impacts of agriculture. The challenge for these tools is to be relevant both on a global scale, ie for global impact categories such as climate change, and on a smaller scale, i.e. for regional impact categories such as water eutrophication. The International Organization for Standardization and the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry provided an overview of the LCA method. However, the main issues under discussion are life cycle assessment methods, aggregation methods for different impact groups, and the final calculation of a summary environmental indicator. Next, inventory analysis continues with impact assessment.

This case study examines regional changes in field straw production and crop transportation for wheat using life cycle assessments and compares the results with carbon cycle estimates. Wheat is used as an agricultural product because it is the third-largest crop in terms of volume and value and grows in almost many parts of Iran. Life cycle assessment is different from previous studies and emphasizes the use of fuel, fertilizer, yield, and transportation throughout the country in the emission of greenhouse gases in agricultural methods and tries to spatially and different types of production. Wheat is independent. This case study can be partially supported and pursued by research centers for life cycle assessment, which are interested in conducting environmental studies in wheat production. Many of the wheat's share is imported, influencing domestic food systems policy.The study area is Iran, with a share of about 2.2 percent of world wheat production, is ranked 14th among twenty wheat-producing countries. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), China ranks first in 2019 with 131 million tons of wheat production. India follows it with 99.7 million tons, Russia with 72.1 million tons, the United States with 51.3 million tons, and France with 38.5 million tons. It is noteworthy that among the countries in the region, Pakistan, with a production of 25.1 million tons (1.8 times more than Iran), in the seventh place in the world, and Turkey with a production of 20 million tons of wheat (1.5 times more than Iran) in the eleventh place in the world are located. Figure 2 shows the complete map of wheat production in Iran. According to statistics, the highest wheat production (rainfed and irrigated) is related to the cities of Shousha, Marvdasht, and Ahvaz, with an approximate share of 2.3% of the total 84% of wheat production. Bilesvar city in Ardabil province is ranked eighth in the country with a share of 1.5 percent of total wheat production.This study aims to determine the amount of biogas production from wheat waste. Due to climatic conditions, the study area can produce biogas from wheat waste (as carbon waste). The amount of wheat waste used in biogas production varies. For biogas production, the combined presence of nitrogen and carbon is necessary to regulate C / N, which is an essential parameter in biogas production. Various studies have been conducted in the field of biogas production. In a study conducted by Jafari et al. (2019), in the conventional biogas production method, the share of wheat waste in the total amount of substrate was considered to be about 45% of the total material. According to the findings, the highest impact is related to the Aquatic ecotoxicity index with 24.63. The lowest level is related to the Ozone layer depletion index with a value of 0.0000000264. Table 3 presents the damage caused by consuming one kilogram of wheat straw for biogas production on the final indicators. According to the final indicators, it can be concluded that the lowest impact on the final indicators for the consumption of wheat straw as a substrate for biogas production is related to the Human health index with an approximate value of 0.000000342. The highest impact is related to the index related to Resources with The value is approximately equal to 3.26.

In this study, the effects of fermentation of wheat waste for biogas production were investigated in a comparative format for environmental indicators. In general, it can be claimed that the lowest impact on the final indicators for the consumption of wheat straw as a substrate for biogas production is related to the Human health index with an approximate value of 0.000000342, and the highest effect is related to the Resources index with an approximately equal value. In general, the environmental effects of wheat consumption as a substrate for biogas production are higher than the impact of wheat straw and grain production on some intermediate indicators. Another scenario could be proposed to prevent methane from entering the atmosphere directly. This procedure is also accurate in the final indicators. The release of methane into the air increases the environmental impact because, according to various sources, the impact of methane on global warming is several times greater than the impact of carbon dioxide on global warming. Therefore, there is a need for a consumption scenario after biogas production to prevent methane from entering the atmosphere.

Heyran Ardabil road is one of the areas with potential for range movements due to various geological characteristics such as tectonics, lithology, seismicity and climatic conditions. For this purpose, radar images of the European Space Agency's Sentinel 1 satellite have been used to identify and estimate the speed and amount of movements of unstable slopes overlooking the Heyran-Ardabil communication routes over a six-year period from 2015 to 2021. In order to process the information, it has been used using interference technique and SARSCAPE software. Landsat 8 image was used to prepare the land use map of the study area using the object-oriented classification method in eCognition Developer64 software. Was extracted. The results obtained in this study showed that radar satellite images and interferometry techniques are very suitable for detecting slope instability and calculating the amount of displacements due to their extensive coverage, high accuracy and abundance of data. The maximum amount of material movement is in the range of 30 cm in the study area. Which indicates that the area is active in terms of amplitude movements. Land use maps using Landsat 8 image were used using object-oriented classification in the study area. Co-institutionalization of landslide maps with land use layers also confirms the maximum occurrence of landslide area related to forest areas and residential area shows the highest amount of landslide. The reason for this is the climatic conditions and the potential for rainfall in all seasons of the year, the infiltration and direction of rainwater to the lower classes.IntroductionContinuous monitoring of land surface changes and identification of areas prone to slip movements, especially in the area of human settlements and communication infrastructure such as roads and railways, is one of the most effective factors in reducing casualties and natural hazards such as landslides and slopes. So far, several techniques have been proposed such as using the Global Positioning System, geodesy and tachometry, mapping cameras, laser scanning and lidar to monitor surface changes. However, due to the high cost of implementation, time consuming and limited coverage of the use of these methods, in the limited, the use of these methods in a wide range is not cost effective. But in addition to these methods, the radar interference technique with the ability to work in all weather conditions and the duration of day and night and with the ability to cover the ground and high spatial and temporal resolution, today is one of the most accurate (in millimeters) and least expensive Remote sensing techniques for detecting and monitoring surface changes, slow and unstable movements of amplitude around the world.MethodologyHeyran Pass is located on the Ardabil-Stara communication route. This pass is located in the northeast of Ardabil and west of the border city of Astara. Tectonically, the region has obvious faults such as Astara fault. Different formations can be identified in the route of Heyran pass from Namin to Astara. From near Namin to the village of Hiran, the main rock is the Eocene pyroxene andesitic volcanic section. In a part of this route, conglomerate sediments with loose cement with volcanic fragments have been placed on andesitic volcanic sections as igneous discontinuities. From Hiran village to 15 km from Astara, tuff sandstones with a layer of Paleocene andesitic lava and Quaternary sediments are located, respectively.Optical satellite imagery, including Landsat satellite imagery for 2021. In the image processing phase, the 2015 and 2021 Sentinel 1 time series were used in the C-bar. Using image processing with SARSCAPE 5.2 plugin in ENVI 5.3 software platform and using radar interferometry method, landslide affected areas in each area were determined. In the next step, using the survey operation, landslide effects in the area were identified. In order to explain the causes of landslides in the study area, land use data as well as information about observation wells were compared and statistically analyzed with results in the area.Results The results in accordance with the land use map and the landslide map showed that the highest landslides are in the residential area with 30 cm and the forest with 30 cm. The amount of lift in all three uses indicates the amount of 2 to 30 cm of landslide. Sudden landslides and the destruction of vulnerable structures are possible landslide accidents that cause casualties in urban areas. In some cases, these accidents can cause severe and irreparable damage due to high population density or widening of the radius of collapsed lands. However, by institutionalizing the forms, it can be concluded that the highest rate of landslides in residential and densely populated areas as well as forests has the highest rate of landslides.Discussion & ConclusionsThe results of this study showed that radar images have a good potential for detecting slope instability and calculating their displacement. The maximum amount of material movement is 30 cm in the study area. Which indicates that the area is active in terms of amplitude movements. Land use maps using Landsat 8 image were used using object-oriented classification in the study area. The results of matching the land use map and landslide map in Table 3 showed that the highest landslide rates The highest landslide rates are in residential area uses with a value of 30, forest with a value of 30 and rangeland with a value of 24 cm, respectively. . It shows the minimum value for agricultural use with 21 cm and barren with 20 cm. The sudden collapse of the earth and the destruction and collapse of vulnerable structures are possible accidents caused by landslides that face human casualties in urban areas. In some cases, these accidents can cause heavy and irreparable losses due to high population density or the expansion of the radius of the collapsed lands. However, by institutionalizing the shapes, it can be concluded that the highest landslide rate occurred in residential and densely populated areas, and also in forest use, it has the highest landslide rate.

In recent years, wind energy has received a lot of attention and many advances have been made in changing wind energy to electrical energy and mechanical energy. Wind energy is sustainable energy that plays an important role in increasing the energy production of countries and international policies against climate change. Most countries around the world are now facing environmental problems due to the consumption of fossil fuels, so they have turned to clean energy. For this reason, one of the best and most economical methods available is to use wind power and wind turbines. The development of this industry is possible when it is compared to other sources of economic energy, and considering the cost-free production of this energy, it is of course economical. Being economical means balancing the costs of investing and getting energy through it. The most important parameter influencing the construction of a wind turbine is the selection of the best airfoil. A wind turbine is a device that converts wind energy into electrical energy. There are two types of wind turbines available: horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) and vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). HAWT is very useful in generating electricity but it also has problems, for example it needs YAW mechanism, regular maintenance, additional cost in strengthening the tower structure, maximizing the rotor diameter, number of rotor blades, loud noise, wind direction it is suitable and dangerous for migratory birds. The ability to control wind flow in order to form the desired change is of great technological and practical importance. More than any other topic in fluid mechanics, it is now pursued by researchers and engineers to come up with methods for better efficiency and lower flow control. Wind characteristics in urban areas are significantly affected by the roughness of urban areas. It creates more complex properties for wind that the separation of wind flow is influenced by buildings in response to strong multidimensional winds in urban environments. Due to the disadvantages of HAWT and VAWT wind turbines and wind characteristics in urban areas, researchers have started to build cross-axis wind turbines. The CAWT wind turbine is more efficient in terms of wind turbine performance in different directions of urban areas. It can receive wind energy in horizontal and vertical directions. CAWT has the ability to overcome the disadvantages of any type of wind turbine and because of CAWT's ability to receive wind energy regardless of wind direction, it is a good alternative to conventional VAWT wind turbines in urban areas, thus increasing the performance of wind turbines.

The initial design of the CAWT wind turbine consists of 3 vertical blades and 6 straight horizontal blades as shown in Figure 3. The CAWT wind turbine consists of a support frame, a turbine rotor assembly mounted on a support frame and rotating on its vertical axis. To change the nature of kinetic energy from the movement of the turbine rotor to electrical energy and mechanical energy, an electric generator is connected to the turbine assembly. In this study, the CAWT wind turbine with 3 vertical shaft blades NACA 0018 and 3 horizontal shaft blades NACA 4412 which are connected to each other through special connections were evaluated. The advantage of CAWT is that it can work with the airflow on both sides through the vertical axis airfoil and from below and above the turbine through the horizontal axis airfoil. The horizontal axis blades act as the CAWT radial arms and attach the hinges to the vertical blades. Joints are used to pair horizontal blades and vertical airfoil blades. Horizontal wind can be picked up from all directions by vertical blades. The vertical wind flow from the bottom of the turbine can be received with horizontal blades, which improves the spontaneous ability to start the turbine and create aerobic force. This force reduces the bearing friction in the generator and thus increases the life of the wind turbine. In urban areas, wind currents are complex due to roughness and tall buildings, which makes it difficult to separate wind currents from each other. CAWT is superior to other wind turbines in this situation and receives wind currents from both sides. These wind conditions that are not predictable, especially in urban areas, require a special wind turbine that uses the potential of wind power. In this study, SolidWorks and Ansys Fluent software were used. First, the turbine was designed in SolidWorks software and Ansis Fluent software was used to analyze the wind flow. The first step to design or simulate a wind turbine is to choose wind conditions such as wind speed, direction and thickness, for which meteorological information from Mazandaran province was used. In this research, we intend to work on the full router model and obtain the effects of wind speed on it, we will obtain the production power and production torque of each region. According to the two formulas of output power and torque, the output power and torque of the turbine was considered in four wind stations, including Sari, Dasht-e Naz, Bandar Amirabad and Gulogah, where the average wind speed of the previous year was set for software input.

In this study, a 5 kW wind turbine with two types of airfoils in accordance with the climatic conditions of Mazandaran province was simulated using Ansys Fluent software. The steps were done in such a way that according to the meteorological data of four stations in Sari, Dasht-e Naz, Amirabad and Gulogah, the average annual wind speed in these areas was determined. The turbine was designed according to the dimensions specified in the SolidWorks software environment. The output of SolidWorks software is entered into Ansys Fluent software to solve the continuity and momentum equations for the control volume by applying the considered boundary conditions. The results in Ansys Fluent software show the force equal to 2089 (Newton) and the torque equal to 592.9 (radian joule). As a result, the power of the turbine is equal to 12.415 (kW). In this part, the result is the turbine production capacity of this research is about 2.5 times more than the vertical axis turbine, which has the same characteristics as the wind turbine of this research.

Villages as one of the habitats, due to their proximity to nature, have the greatest impact on the environment and are affected by it and have a high interaction with the environment. Therefore, village management is considered necessary in terms of environmental issues. For this reason, the present study seeks to investigate the deterrents and promoters of rural environmental management (a case study of villages in the Jokandan section of Talesh city).

The present research is applied in terms of purpose, which according to the studied components is a descriptive-analytical approach. The technique used to obtain the required data is library and field (questionnaire) and the statistical population of the villages of Jokandan Talesh village and 40 people are charities and experts. Lisrell software was used to analyze the data. Emphasis factor technique was used as a multivariate analysis technique to classify and prioritize the inhibitory and promoting factors of rural environmental management and in order to show the significance of each of the meda parameters, T-statistic was used.

In the ranking section based on standardized factor load, from the experts point of view, managerial-organizational factor, socio-cultural factor, natural-ecological factor, physical-infrastructural factor and economic factor are three important factors hindering the management of rural environment, respectively. In terms of driving factors, physical-infrastructural factor and according to experts, economic factor, natural-ecological factor, managerial-organizational factor, socio-cultural factor and physical-infrastructural factor are the important factors driving rural environmental management, respectively.Among all the challenges in the field of environmental management, the main obstacle is poverty. This factor, in addition to having a negative impact on achieving sustainable development, threatens the villages as a serious crisis. Rural poor by over-exploitation of natural resources cause more instability and this leads to the destruction of resources over time. Lack of knowledge of managers and experts also weakens the issue of environmental management and causes two serious harms to the rural environment.

Competitiveness can predict the economic viability of destination tourism and can be measured by calculating the rate of loss or gain of employment and revenue opportunities for the destination. Competition in tourism is a factor that makes the destination attractive to the tourist and promotes culture, economy, environmental resources in the destination (Armenska, 2011). Increasing investment in tourism destinations has led to increasing global competition for the number of incoming tourists, and as a result, tourism destinations offer different tourism services (Reisinger et al, 2019). The more the country's economy depends on tourism for its development. , Show more effort to improve the competitiveness of their goals. Thus, the impact of competitiveness on the performance of destinations is growing according to global economic trends (Dwyer, 2015). There are many forces and factors that affect the competitiveness of tourism destinations and the identification of these factors is the subject of this study. It is not possible to improve the competitiveness of a destination until the strengths, weaknesses, and priorities of a destination are identified, understood, and measured. Competitiveness is essential to the success of a destination and to ensuring its prosperity. Therefore, it is very important that the destination is aware of what needs to be done to increase its competitiveness. The competitiveness of a tourist destination is very important to achieve the desired position in the international tourism market and maintain a competitive advantage. Managing a tourist destination will not be possible without knowing the situation, phenomena and categories in which it is involved. A tourist destination must be familiar with the global definition of competitiveness and understand the models and factors of competitiveness. This has made measuring the competitiveness of the world's tourism destinations for policy-making and decision-making for future actions an important part of the tourism industry. Geotourism is often referred to as a form of nature-based tourism that focuses primarily on a geographical system (Gray, 2011).

In the present study, the capabilities of the Comansco method, Paolova method and Hadzik model have been used to investigate the extent of tourism potential and its impact on the economy of Ardabil province using the Comansco model, Hadzik model, Paolov model. One of the strengths of the Comansco method compared to other models related to the evaluation of geomorphosites for tourism, in addition to the newness of the model, is the large number of sub-criteria involved for each of the effective criteria. Unlike other similar methods in which the weight of none of the aspects of tourism is less or more than the other, because there is no specific reason for the importance of one over the other in determining the tourism potential of a geomorphic place, in this model the difference between geomorphosites Each other is identified in each of the criteria, and cases with defects and the need for reinforcement are identified and the necessary solutions are provided. The Comansco method is based on 5 values (scientific, aesthetic, cultural, economic and managerial). The maximum score that each of the sub-criteria can achieve is given against each sub-criterion (Table 1). The score of each value is based on several sub-criteria and is averaged. After identifying the geotourism attractions of the study area, to identify the characteristics of these attractions for each of them, a geomorphological location identification card was prepared based on the Comansco method. In the next step, the questionnaires were distributed among two groups of local geomorphologists and local residents. The questionnaires were completed using professors, PhD and senior geomorphology students and local people. After completing the questionnaires, the average of each value was measured for each geomorphosite and finally the results obtained from these cards were used for interpretation (Figure 2). Also in this research, to identify the studied areas, 1: 50,000 topographic maps, 1: 100,000 geological maps, as well as GIS software have been used. Field study This research was conducted in the field and a questionnaire was completed in June 1401. The selection of the study areas is due to the fact that the selected areas have tourist characteristics and are also among the index areas in the region. The study method is descriptive, analytical, comparative and the model for assessing the potential of tourism in the region is the Hadzic model and Pavolova model to analyze the competitiveness of tourist areas. In the Hadzik model, both the opinion of travelers visiting the area and the opinion of experts in evaluating the geotourism potential are taken into account. Data collection tools are also based on a questionnaire and the number of experts and tourists has been determined using a simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula. The statistical population in this study is travelers and experts who have traveled to the study areas of tourism, which for each study area was collected using a questionnaire of 50 tourists and 30 experts. A total of 240 questionnaires were completed for the three study areas.

Geomorphosites have two main values, scientific (reconstruction of some elements of ancient geography) and added value (cultural, historical, ecological, economic and aesthetic) (Reynard, 2005: 181). In this study, the overall importance and value of each geomorphosite was determined and calculated based on questionnaires prepared according to the Comansco method. The questionnaires were completed by two groups of local people and students of indigenous geomorphology of the region, whose averages are shown in Table 4. According to the calculations, the highest total value related to Sarein tourist city was 0.72 and the lowest total value related to Hir tourist city was 0.65. (Table 4). Among each of the values, aesthetic value has the highest score and cultural value has the lowest values, which should be considered in the management and organization of tourism in these areas. The highest and lowest aesthetic values are related to Sarein (20/50) and Meshkinshahr (10/25), respectively. In scientific value, Sarein and Hir, with 17.25 and 11.25, respectively, have the highest and lowest scores among tourist cities to attract tourists. The highest value in cultural value was 11.5 for Meshkinshahr and the lowest value was 7.25 for Hir. The highest economic value for Sarein was 17.75, which plays an active role in generating income for the people of the region, and the lowest value for Hir was 13.75, which may be due to lack of necessary infrastructure. In the managerial value section of Sarein and Meshkinshahr, 16.50 and 14.5 were ranked first and second, respectively (Figure 2). According to the results of Table 4, Sarein with a total value of 0.72 has gained the most tourism points. This city has a very excellent capacity for development in the tourism industry and economic development of Ardabil province, and due to having numerous hydrotherapy every year, it has witnessed a very high potential for attracting tourism. According to the results obtained from field studies and using a questionnaire, one of the negative factors reducing the competitiveness of Meshkinshahr geotourist areas in terms of lack of professionals and deficit of financial resources with a value of 8.33 is the highest score in terms of poor tourist attraction. And reducing the level of competitiveness among geotourist areas in Ardabil province, in other words, this area due to the lack of professionals and lack of financial resources has not yet been able to identify itself as a tourist area among other tourist areas and in terms of competitiveness. Located on the lower levels. Also, Sarein region, although it has developed in terms of tourism, but in terms of financial resources deficit with the amount of 7.33 has unfavorable conditions to compete with other tourist areas. In general, one of the biggest weaknesses of Sarein region is to develop and compete with other tourist areas (Table 8).

The tourism industry with its special characteristics is considered a dynamic industry with a bright future. Therefore, based on the results, it should be noted that Sarein tourist city using models to assess the potential of tourism and its impact on the economy of Ardabil province has a higher capability than other tourist areas studied. Therefore, it can significantly increase the economy of Ardabil province in terms of tourism, development and progress, and lead to job creation for the city and the province.

Study on the citizen satisfaction regarding public services and municipality activities has widely developed. Because the results of such studies are very important in order to identify services for budgeting and planning managers. The use of citizen satisfaction studies to assess the performance of public services has increased significantly in recent years. Studies on citizenship satisfaction are rooted in recent decades later, from 2005 to 2010, many studies were conducted on citizen satisfaction with the increasing development of urbanization. These studies are still ongoing around the world due to the growing population of urban areas and the annual development of cities. Citizens' satisfaction with public services has been a constant concern in public sector innovation innovation in urban management organizations such as municipalities. It has also been clearly proven that there is a significant direct relationship between people's satisfaction with municipal services and their trust in the government. The semantic burden of public service quality varies with satisfaction. Service quality has an objective, measurable and cognitive meaning, while satisfaction is a mental element based on emotions and passivity. The quality of services is measured by the shape, size and manner of access. Citizens' satisfaction with the city environment and the services provided by the municipality, it is an important factor in motivating people to participate in urban development and improve the quality of their housing. The purpose of this study is to assess the level of citizen satisfaction with municipal services with emphasis on the urban environment.

In this regard, first, the indicators and factors for measuring citizen satisfaction were identified using focus group interviews. This research is applied and developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of research method and is quantitative in nature. The theoretical framework was developed using the library method and literature review. Data collection tools were a centralized group interview and a researcher-made semi-structured questionnaire. For this purpose, in order to identify the important factors in measuring citizen satisfaction with the services of Kordkoy Municipality, a focus group interview was conducted with a group of local people as well as experienced experts. 24 factors were finally identified and finalized as factors of citizen satisfaction in 4 indicators. Then, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed with closed and semi-closed items In the first part, the individual characteristics of the respondents such as age, gender, education and occupation were examined, and in the second part, the satisfaction criteria of individuals with very few to very many options were examined. Then, by Yaman method, a number of samples of the population of Kordkoy family were identified. After approval, the questionnaire was completed using Cronbach's alpha test with 30 pre-test questionnaires among citizens. Finally, data analysis was performed in SPSS software. This study showed that among the 24 factors identified in the indicators of aesthetics, urban infrastructure, and environment and educational-cultural, citizens were less satisfied with 21 factors. Also, a significant difference was observed between the group mean of satisfied and unsatisfied citizens (p <0.05). Citizens' personal characteristics had a significant effect on their satisfaction with municipal activities and public services and education and age showed a significant effect (p <0.05). The results of a descriptive test showed the attitude of the citizens of Kordkoy city towards different municipal services The highest satisfaction was found in the factors of "firefighting speed and relief assistance, warnings and provision of safety services" and "cleaning and garbage collection in the city" with a group average of 3.483 and 3.406, respectively. And the lowest level of satisfaction regarding "the situation of eradication of vermin and dealing with stray dogs" and "sanitary services in the city and high-traffic areas" were with group averages of 2.032 and 2.271, respectively. Also, comparing the average of two groups with satisfaction and dissatisfaction with municipal services, the results of the binomial test showed. There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding 21 factors in all these disputes, citizens were dissatisfied with the services (P <0.05). People with less than a diploma have the highest level of satisfaction and people with a master's degree or higher have the lowest level of satisfaction with municipal services. There was also a significant difference between classes in terms of satisfaction (p <0.05). As the results of this study show, Citizens of Kordkoy in Golestan province were lowly satisfied with the current situation in the city. The results of the study showed Of the 24 factors studied, only about two factors, the number of citizens were more satisfied than citizens without satisfaction In these cases, too, the percentage of people was very small Citizens were satisfied with 52% of dissatisfied citizens with the factor of "cleaning and garbage collection in the city" (which also had the highest average satisfaction ratings). Numerous studies have shown citizens' dissatisfaction with public services and urban activities. Urban management strategies should be reviewed and determined based on the status of each different and purposeful city. In general, it was found that the individual characteristics of citizens affect their satisfaction with various factors. Urban management strategies should be reviewed and determined based on the status of each different and purposeful city. In general, it was found that the individual characteristics of citizens affect their satisfaction with various factors. The results of his study showed that personal characteristics had an effective role on citizen satisfaction. It was further found that the variables of education and age have a significant role in the level of citizens' satisfaction and a significant negative correlation was observed between citizen satisfaction and education level. Some studies in the world and in Iran have shown similar results to this study. The level of participation, awareness and learning about municipal activities and successes in the field of urban development, it can increase urban satisfaction.

In general it should be stated In order to be aware of the desirability and quality of its activities and performance results in complex and dynamic urban environments, urban management needs to establish appropriate performance appraisal systems to achieve competitive advantage. Because the lack of such a system means not communicating with the internal and external environment of the urban system In that internal part, it can include public services and municipal activities and citizens' satisfaction And ultimately leads to the death of public trust and the dynamism of society One of the main outcomes is migration and lack of belonging to the place of residence. In order to apply the results of this study in order to improve urban management and planning in Kordkoy city, first, citizens who are dissatisfied with municipal services can be identified according to age and educational classes of this study. And then for the target group, determined appropriate strategies to improve the situation of municipal services in the field of higher priority factors.

Tourism is one of the vital industries in many countries. Besides its advantages, tourism has some disadvantages due to its considerable role in the emission of pollutants, such as CO2. Many studies have been conducted on the negative consequences of tourism, while there are few studies on carbon management and subsequent issues. The main purpose of this study was to monitor the carbon footprint of tourism, considering it an effective approach to Controlling Environmental hazards and preservation of a sustainable environment. The extant study was conducted using a mixed-method of exploratory-sequential approach within two qualitative and quantitative phases. As the case study, Payam International Airport providing travel and tourism services since 2018. In this research, the relevant variables were identified and defined by using the environment input-output model then three fundamental information categories were introduced. Finally, Structure Decomposition Analysis (SDA) (the decomposition caused by high temperature) was used to measure respective indicators. The results showed the ascending trend of carbon footprint in Payam International Airport over recent years. The outcome of the present paper was monitoring carbon footprint in tourism, serving as an initial task in carbon management in tourism and an effective approach to Controlling Environmental hazards and preservation of sustainable environment. Such crucial results can identify the gaps and chasms in this context and reveal the main bottlenecks of CO2 emission. Related decisions in this area can prioritize the protection of the environment and the control of hazards and environmental pollution.

Over the past decades, food tourism has become as a dominant trend in global traveler’s interest. More than one-third of tourism expenditures are spent on food. Previous research has confirmed that food and dining are major elements considered by tourists when traveling and choosing destinations. Food is a major component of a travel experience, and it is a part of travel activities. Tourists eat the local cuisine in a tourism destination to fulfil their travel experiences. Travelers acquire new knowledge and understanding of the traditional local and regional culture of a destination, which are valuable in relation to destination image and future tourist intention. Accordingly, several tourism destinations have emphasized food activities and created gastronomic/culinary experiences to attract international visitors. Therfor this study was conducted with the general aim of preferences and behavioral intention of rural tourists to use local food in Iranian rural areas.

The statistical population of the study was all wolves in rural areas of Shushtar County. Using Krejcie and Morgan table, 400 of them were randomly selected for the study. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and combined reliability. Data analysis was performed by SPSS and Smart Pls software. Results and DiscussionFindings showed that all the characteristics of local food (cultural and local experience, menu and atmosphere (atmosphere), staff service (behavioral culture), main food quality, money value, product attractiveness, staff skills in cooking, package Classification, part, tradition and originality) have a positive and significant effect on tourists' satisfaction at the level of 99%. In addition, the results showed that the satisfaction of food tourists has a significant role in creating a positive attitude and attachment to local food. The results also show that attitudes and attachments to local food can explain more than 60% of tourists' behavioral tendencies.

The results of this study showed that the theory used in this study was very effective because it explains more than 60% of the desires of tourists. In addition, all the hypotheses of the research were confirmed. In general, the results of this study can help policy makers and rural development program to develop local food tourism to reduce migration and increase economic prosperity in the region.

Heavy rains every year in all parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, cause great damage to the environment and humans. For this purpose, precipitation data of 4 stations of Astara, Bandar Anzali, Rasht (airport) and Manjil from 2021-1993 were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of Gilan Province. Days with heavy rainfall were selected using 95% percentile and were examined for 11/6/2018 due to the brevity of the analysis. Heavy rainfall trend was also evaluated using non-parametric methods of Mann-Kendall, Sense Stimulator and simple linear regression methods. The results of these tests showed that Astara station had a positive, ascending and significant trend, but in other selected stations, despite being ascending, The trend has not been significant. To analyze the representative's day, NETCDF data were obtained from Nova site and maps of sea level pressure, geopotential height of 500 hPa, rainwater, tavaei, wind river, humidity and Huff Müller special humidity were plotted in Gardes software. The maps show that the dynamic clockwise movement in Eastern Europe leads to the flow of westerly and northerly winds towards the study areas, and on the other hand, by placing study stations in front of the landing axis of the bipolar block, which causes rotational and upward movements of the air. And the positive values of Tavaei have proved it, and finally it has led to atmospheric turbulence. The movement of westerly winds has brought the moisture of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the atmosphere of the studied areas, especially with increasing wind speed on the day of peak rainfall has increased the amount of special humidity in the lower levels of atmosphere and rainwater.

The importance of precipitation in human societies and all living organisms in general, has caused this climatic phenomenon to be a fundamental issue in climate studies. In terms of geographical location of Iran due to its location in arid and semi-arid regions, the annual rainfall conditions are small, short-term and with severe fluctuations that cause floods and drought at high and low levels, respectively (Asgari et al., 2007 and Quoted from Soltani et al., 2011). Gilan province can be mentioned as one of the important areas in this country where rainfall is a prominent feature. Cloudy and rainy weather is one of the climatic features of this province. Statistical evidence shows that this province is due to the existence of high Alborz mountains in the south; During the passage of migratory rotational systems and the establishment of synchronous patterns and northern rotation, the influx of heavy and super heavy precipitation is not unreasonable; Therefore, suitable conditions are provided for the occurrence of heavier rainfall in Gilan. Ultra-heavy rainfall is one of the various geographical elements that has dangerous life and financial effects that can affect nature and humans (Azizi et al., 2011 and quoted by Zolfaghari et al., 2014). A large amount of rainfall in a short period of time leads to heavy rainfall and gradually to super-heavy rainfall. This phenomenon causes a lot of damage in most places at the time of the event, especially in low-rainfall areas (Arabi, 2000, quoting Khorshid Doust et al., 2016). There is no complete definition of heavy and super heavy rainfall that can be used equally for all different areas, because in each area, depending on the physical, local and synoptic conditions, a certain amount of rainfall can cause a flood. In the popular definition, rainfall that occurs in the region more than 30 mm per hour is called heavy rainfall. It is one of the oldest studies on heavy rainfall conducted by (AII this 1948). He concluded that at the 500 hPa level, landings within the positive rotation forward range caused more intense rainfall. (Maddox, 1978) In a synoptic comparison between the heavy floods of Rapids City and Big Thompson, it was concluded that the main cause of this type of flood is winds that blow at low levels and cause high humidity to reach these two areas. Roughness also causes climbing and eventually heavy rainfall. (Aboutaleb et al, 2007) examined the changes of the annual series of relative humidity in Jordan. Their work showed that there is a significant increasing trend in the annual series of relative humidity. (Bourdieu et al, 2007) investigated the amount of Farin wet and dry periods for the island of Sicily. (Carbolut et al, 2008) In the Samsun region of Turkey, during their studies on the trend of precipitation and temperature, they concluded that there is no significant positive and negative trend between temperature and precipitation (Sen Roy, 2009) in India to study patterns Farin rainfall has shown that the high altitudes of the northwestern Himalayas cause heavy rainfall. (Lupi et al, 2010) A study was conducted over a period of 55 years (1951-2006) of seasonal rainfall in southern Poland, eastern and central Germany. According to their findings, the trend of increasing rainfall is observed in all seasons of the year, but in Poland this trend is reversed. These characteristics are more established in winter.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the statistics and synoptic of super heavy rainfall in Guilan province, during which data related to daily rainfall (24 hours) of Astara, Bandar Anzali, Rasht (airport), Manjil stations of Guilan Meteorological Department in a period of 29 years ( 1371-1399) was extracted. In the present study, the ultra-heavy precipitations of each station have been filtered in 95% percentile according to the topographic conditions and its geographical location. Among the main methods of this research, the non-parametric method of Mann-Kendall and Sens-Eastmotor statistical tests and the simple linear regression method were examined and analyzed to prove its significance or not. Finally, 11/6/2018 was selected as the peak day of precipitation and the modeling of synoptic systems was studied. For this purpose, upper atmosphere data from the National Environmental Prediction Center (NCEP-NCAR) were used to draw and analyze the day of heavy rainfall and the day before. These maps include sea level pressure, 500 hPa geopotential level, rainwater at ground level to the upper atmosphere, Tavaei level at 500 hPa, 250 hP wind and humidity at 500 hPa, especially in Hoffmol. Gardes software was drawn.

IntroductionPreservation of ecosystem functions is dependent on biodiversity and due to the extent of diversity, the use of different indicators in assessing the diversity-function relationship of the ecosystem is essential. Pasture ecosystems are one of the largest terrestrial ecosystems, which occupy more than 40% of the land surface. Also, these ecosystems have extensive services and functions. In fact, ecosystem services have advantages for Maintaining the quality of life is obtained directly or indirectly from ecosystems, as a result of which the life of human societies is dependent on them, and for this reason, it seems very necessary to recognize, monitor, protect and restore them.MethodologyVegetation sampling was done in the peak season of plant growth in the middle of June 1400. After determining the type of vegetation in the region, the light and heavy grazing site was selected based on the accessibility and distance from sources such as Aghl, Abshakhor, road, etc. according to the region. Therefore, in each site (light and heavy reason), sampling of 5 main plots and 15 subplots was used to collect the variables to be measured, a total of 30 plots were discarded. Sampling was carried out in the form of random-systematic design. In this method, the location of the main plot (10 x 10 square meters) was randomly determined. Then, three sub-plots of one square meter were systematically placed inside it (in line with the main diameter). Finally, the data of three subplots were combined with each other and the basis of all calculations was done. This work was to eliminate the false repetition error in sampling. Within each plot, using 3 sub-plots of 1 x 1 square meters, sampling of the presence percentage of plant species, percentage of total coverage and ecosystem function was done.In this research, similar to previous researches, Rosemary's vitality was selected and measured as the function of the ecosystem. To measure the biomass of rosemary under the plot, the entire vegetation, both annual and multi-year, was cut from one centimeter of the soil surface, and after separating the pods, they were dried and then weighed. About the bush plants in the plot, the biomass was measured by determining the index (Adelaide method). That is, first, the branches of the bush plant that represent 10 to 20% of the whole plant were cut and this index was compared with the plants in each sub-plot, and based on visual comparison, the amount of daily rosin content of each plant was estimated. At the end of the day, Sampling was dried and weighed and the amount of biomass of plants in the plot was estimated.Measuring the functional characteristics of plants In order to measure functional diversity indices, in addition to species abundance data, functional characteristics of plants are also needed. In general, features that are easy to measure and have a relationship with the functioning of the ecosystem were selected and measured. In this study, based on the opinion of experts, as well as a review of available sources and similar research, 5 traits including: 1- leaf surface, 2- leaf dry matter content, 3- leaf specific area index, 4- plant height, 5- leaf dry weight, size direction Functional diversity was used. After determining the characteristics, to measure each plant functional characteristic (quantitative characteristics), usually 10-20 repetitions (samples) from 10 plant bases were selected and measured. Considering that it is not possible to select and measure the characteristics of all plants, therefore, the selection of plants was such that these plants make up 80% of the total composition of the plant community (Dactylis glomerata., Avena sativa., Salvia officinalis., Bromus tomentelus., Stachys byzantine., Thymus sp., Astragalus gossypinus., Onobrychis cornuta). Measuring species diversity and functional diversity Species diversity indices (richness, uniformity and diversity) were calculated in PAST software. In this regard, four indices of species diversity including: 1- species richness, 2- Shannon-Wiener diversity, 3- Simpson diversity and 4- species uniformity were calculated. Similar to species diversity, functional diversity has different dimensions that cannot be expressed with one index. In this regard, Wilgar (68) stated that functional diversity, like species diversity, includes elements of richness, uniformity, and divergence, considering the value of characteristics and species abundance. For this reason, by considering all aspects of functional diversity, all aspects of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function can be revealed. In this research, the indicators of functional diversity used are community weighted average (CWM), functional richness index, functional evenness index, and functional divergence index. Functional richness indicates the spatial expansion of functional characteristics in the society. This index is shown as a minimum-maximum range for one feature, but for more than one feature, it is shown as a volume in the feature space, so that the number of dimensions is a function of the number of features under investigation. Functional uniformity is a measure of uniformity of the space between species in the space of features. Functional divergence is a quantity of how the values of the features are spread within the limited space of the features. The weighted average index of the community, which is calculated separately for each plant characteristic, is affected by the characteristic of the dominant species. If the function diversity index is based on several characteristics (function richness, function uniformity, function divergence), it indicates the diversity and difference in the functional characteristics of plant species. Therefore, the type of relationship (positive or negative) and the level of explanation coefficient (R2) will determine the relationship between biodiversity (plants) and ecosystem function.ConclutionThe results showed that species diversity indices (Eveness, Shannon and Simpson) had a significant and negative relationship with rosemary. Two indices of functional diversity based on one trait had a negative relationship with ecosystem function but the weighted average index of dry matter content had a positive relationship with function. The results of multiple regression also showed that the indices of species diversity and functional diversity based on one trait justify 0.43 and 0.68 of ecosystem function changes, respectively. Therefore, different aspects of biodiversity are related to ecosystem function and sustainable protection of ecosystem services and functions is of great importance. Heavy grazing also lost the link between biodiversity and ecosystem function. Therefore, reducing the intensity of grazing in rangeland ecosystems will improve biodiversity and ultimately improve ecosystem function.

Land use is the most important factor affecting biodiversity on a global scale, the availability of water and climate condition. A large part of the land is used for agriculture, forestry, residential, and industrial areas, which has a great impact on the environment. Agricultural products, preparation of wood from forests, medicinal plants, animal products, air conditioning and purification are biological uses related to land use. Land use changes and conversion of natural resources to agricultural and residential areas have become a major problem for many countries, because it directly affects human life. One of the important reasons for land use changes is human interaction with nature and the use of natural resources to improve the quality of life. Land use changes affect hydrological processes such as infiltration, groundwater recharge, base flow and surface runoff. Unfortunately, the increase in population, the development of technology and the change in human lifestyle have had destructive effects on land use, especially in recent decades. Land use classification is often the first step in land use studies and thus forms the basis for many earth science studies. Up-to-date land use maps are very important to scientists, planners, natural resources managers and policy makers. Land use simulation is one of the most important tools to manage land use, so various methods were developed for land use change simulation. CLUE-s is one of this model that use to simulate land use change of Mahdishahr Township. Mehdishahr Township and especially Shahmirzad city has favorable weather conditions compared to Semnan and is always the focus of the people of Semnan and other cities of the province. This condition has caused an excessive increase in demand for residential areas and the destruction of natural resources, agricultural lands and their conversion into residential areas.

The aim of this research was land use mapping using remote sensing technique, land use change detection, and finally land use change simulation for year 2040 in Mahdishar Township. At first, Landsat satellite images related to different seasons were prepared for 1992 and 2017. In the next step using field survey and also using Google Earth software, 128 training samples were prepared for supervised classification. The 85 training samples were used for classification and 43 samples were used to evaluate the classification method. There is multi-temporal agriculture in the case study, and there are spectral mixes between agriculture and other land use types. As a result, traditional methods did not have enough accuracy for land use classification in this region, and land use map of 1992 and 2017 was prepared using synthetic methods. In Synthetic methods, different types of land use are prepared using different methods. Synthetic methods use additional maps next to satellite images to separate land use types with the same reflectance. This integration of remotely sensed data with other data sources can result in higher classification accuracy. In the synthetic method, supervised and unsupervised methods and ancillary data were used simultaneously. Unsupervised classification method and false color combination were used to extract agricultural land use. Also, the slope map was used, in such a way that the agricultural use was compared with the slope map and the areas with a slope above 30% were removed from the map. Forest, residential and barren land use types were prepared using the supervised maximum likelihood method. By combining these land use types, the remaining areas were considered as rangeland. For 1992, the method was relatively similar, but training samples were taken from the images themselves and in specific areas of each land use types. For accuracy assessment, overall accuracy and kappa coefficients were calculated for the map created with the synthetic approaches. Training samples were entered into ENVI software and their compatibility with land use classes was checked. In the next step area of each land use types were calculated and land use change was identified in this period. Finally based on land use maps of years 1992 and 2017, land use change simulation of the Mahdishar Township was done using CLUE-s model. The simulation is such that susceptible areas for each type of land use are assigned to the respective land use based on the maximum probability. This is done based on the regression relationship for all land use types in all pixels. Accuracy assessment of regression method (a part of simulation process) was carried out using ROC curve for each land use types. To evaluate the accuracy of the land use map, the training samples that were not used in the classification are used. Accuracy assessment showed that overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of synthetic methods was 0.93 and 91.3% respectively. Overall accuracy of the synthetic approach (0.93) is over the 85 % level that is considered satisfactory for planning and management purposes. This shows that integration of remote sensing data, ancillary data and decision rules provides better classification accuracy than traditional methods. Results of land use change detection showed that the main land use change in Mahdishahr Township is degradation of natural resources areas and conversion to agriculture and residential land. The degradation rate of forest and range is 24 and 17.6 percentage respectively. The value of ROC method was achieved 0.91, 0.86, 0.92, 0.96 and 0.89 for agricultural area, bare land, forest, residential area and rangelands respectively.

In many studies land use map in topography mas are used that are no very accurate. Using these maps is not logical because of land use change in Iran. In this research land use map was created using synthetic method with acceptable accuracy. In general, Mahdishahr city has better climate conditions than its surroundings, so is very susceptible to land use changes. Due to the drought in recent years and the decrease in employment, migration from other provinces to Semnan province and consequently Mehdishahr city has increased, which has led to an increase in land use change in the region. Considering this condition, it seems very necessary to pay more attention to land use management and monitoring land use changes in this area. Simulated map of land use change using CLUE-s model can be a useful tool to better management of land use in the study area.

Ecosystem services are valuable resources that a natural environment provides directly or indirectly to humans. The term of ecosystem services is a key concept in the field of sustainable development. Cultural ecosystem services are the immaterial benefits and out comes that people receive from the environment. These services are intangible and have different features from other ecosystem services. In general, with the decrease of cultural interactions between people and their environment, social identity is lost and it leads to cultural disorders and will lead to an isolated society. Also, the opportunity to enjoy the aesthetic features and natural and cultural benefits of the environment will be limited, and this will have negative effects on the mental and psychological health of the citizens. This process will ultimately lead to a reduction in cultural services received from the environment, which will in turn lead to high costs for the treatment of diseases and environmental problems and the fight against crime. In other words, ignoring cultural services in the environment and related decisions can destroy lifestyles and identities, endanger people's health, increase social inequality and cause conflicts in society. Urban space is the platform for the formation of sources of tourism supply and demand. Tourism can ultimately change the cultural services in the ecosystem by changing the culture. As the importance of culture in receiving cultural services in ecosystem becomes clear, the protection of culture becomes necessary; and since there is a mutually beneficial relationship between culture and tourism, the protection of culture and its expansion can be guaranteed by truism. District 1 of Ardabil city includes the central core of Ardabil city. Therefore, this region houses most of historical complexes of Ardabil city, which has a unique composition and spatial organization in terms of history. also the oldest and most valuable textures and buildings of Ardabil city are located in this district. Therefore, the special touristic conditions of this district and due to the existence of various attractions it have always been known as one of the destinations of domestic and foreign tourists. Since this tourism space can play an important role in promoting the cultural services of the ecosystem, so it is selected as a case study of the present study.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose. Also, descriptive-analytical method has been used to describe the characteristics and features of the study area in a realistic and systematic way. The research method in this research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative method. In this study, a sequential exploratory design of equal importance has been used. Also, for data analysis and information, survey method (questionnaire) and statistical analysis software SPSS and SMART PLS were used. The statistical population in this study is divided into two categories. The first category includes the Delphi group, whose opinions were used to identify the components of cultural services of the ecosystem. In this field there are, experts from professors, managers, experts in tourism and people working in this field and experts related to tourism; whom were selected by purposive sampling method. The second statistical population includes citizens of district 1 of Ardabil city, or in other words, residents, employees or people who are constantly in contact with this study area. Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size, and based on this formula, with a 95% confidence level and a 70% probability of having the characteristic in the community, 384 people were selected as the research sample. The method of this study is simple random sampling. The Delphi method was used to identify the components of factors of ecosystem's cultural services so that these components could be used as a tool to measure the impact of tourism on ecosystem's cultural services. Finally, 36 components were identified for ecosystem cultural services factors. Structural equation modeling and second-order factor analysis have been used to assess the significance of the relationships between the independent variable and the dependent variables. Also, COPRAS technique has been used to prioritize the components of ecosystem's cultural services in being affected by the tourism environment of district 1 of Ardabil city.

When considering the types of impacts of tourism (economic, social, cultural and environmental) we should consider the fact that segregating this multilateral effects and dividing them are not as easy as it seems. In other words, we cannot classify the effects of tourism only as social, environmental or economic effects. Rather, these effects tend to have many interconnected dimensions. In this study, by reviewing previous studies and theoretical perspectives, the analytical framework is based on the fact that tourism spaces in cities have a significant relationship with ecosystem cultural services. Therefore, the results of this study have been considered to be used to analyze the quantitatively and qualitatively of the impact of tourism in the district 1 of Ardabil city to promote then cultural services of the ecosystem. The results of the analysis of questionnaires show that there is a significant relationship between tourism in district 1 of Ardabil city and the promotion of cultural services in the ecosystem. Because the amount of t value of all research variables is higher than 1.96. So that the factor of knowledge and educational with t- value equal to 11.019 has the highest value and then the factor of cultural heritage with the value of 9.623, the factor of sense of place with the value of 9.129, the factor of social relations with the value of 8.520, the factor of aesthetic values with 7.839 and cultural diversity with 7.279 shows a significant relationship with tourism. Also, analyses of the amount of R2 related to each of the endogenous hidden variables shows that the tourism variable explains all the factors related to the ecosystem's cultural services in a relative way. The results of using the COPRAS technique to rank the factors of cultural services in ecosystem in the extent of being affected by the tourism environment of district 1 of Ardabil city, show that the factor of knowledge and educational values with the highest Qi (0.213) is in the first place.

Hawthorn with scientific name Crataegus spp. It belongs to the Rosacea genus, which has more than a thousand species of hawthorn in the world, twenty-two species in Iran, and nine species in East Azerbaijan. The use of hawthorn tree for the rootstock of apple and pear trees is unknown in Iran, but in many parts of the world, hawthorn species (Crataegus.azarolus) is used as a rootstock for pears (Willimas) and apples (Golden Delicious), which causes dwarfing and Early fruiting in the mentioned cultivars is pear and apple. One of the main problems of dwarf pear cultivation in Iran is the lack of dwarfing or semi- dwarfing rootstocks compatible with cultivars and conditions of calcareous and dry soils, which has caused the lack of orchards with dwarf pears. Hawthorn can be used as a suitable rootstock for pear due to its compatibility with calcareous soils and relative tolerance to drought. For dwarfing, early fruiting and prevention of chlorosis caused by iron deficiency, resistant hawthorn rootstock can be used in pear orchards.One of the ways to identify species, new breeds or genetic originality in plants is the use of molecular markers. The problems of using molecular markers, both costly and time-consuming, make the need to use other methods inevitable. The basis of new digital technologies for analyzing the shape and color in leaves and fruits is, in simple language, the extraction of digital information from the shape and color in leaves and fruits. This technology can be used to evaluate a variety of techniques used by botanists.This technology is able to evaluate the amount of phenotypic diversity between the plant mass in a particular area, if the amount of phenotypic diversity is high, that area can be investigated and emphasized more in terms of genetic reservoir, center of plant diversity, or even the origin of the plant. The analysis of the shape and color in leaves and fruits shows the diversity in a mass. With this technology, identification and comparison of the phenotypic homogeneity or heterogeneity of a plant mass is done with minimal time and minimum cost compared to other methods. This technology will be suitable and affordable for research work. In the RGB colorimetric model. There are different types of anthocyanins that can be stored in different parts of the plant such as leaves, flowers, fruits, etc. Anthocyanin is one of the types of secondary metabolites of the flavonoid category, which is a pigment soluble in water, and the plant produces this substance to withstand stress and adverse environmental conditions such as high ultraviolet radiation, high salinity, low temperature, and high dryness. Increasing the height above the sea level with increasing the intensity of sunlight and the amount of ultraviolet rays and decreasing the temperature at night during the coloring and ripening of the fruit, the total content of anthocyanin in the skin of the fruit increases and the skin of the fruit becomes more colorful. Increasing the amount of anthocyanin in the fruit also increases the resistance of the fruit against all kinds of pests and diseases. Increasing the altitude above sea level and increasing the intensity of ultraviolet rays and low temperature gradually changes the color of the anthocyanin of the fruit skin from yellow to orange and then to pale red and then to deep red. This research is based on the evaluation of phototypic diversity of hawthorn plant in Sahand protected area using the method of fruit color appearance evaluation and also the complementary evaluation of fruit color with two digital colorimetry models in hawthorn and comparing the results of these two methods. Evaluation of phenotypic diversity with digital colorimetry can be a suitable alternative in comparison with the method of molecular markers due to its low cost and time saving. The method can be used to evaluate the center of diversity, origin and genetic reserve of a plant in a region.Sahand Protected Area is one of the important habitats and genetic reserves of hawthorn in East Azerbaijan province, between Tabriz city and Maragheh city, which is located at an altitude of 1500 to 3400 meters above sea level. This area is located at 46 degrees east longitude and 37 degrees north latitude with an area of sixty thousand hectares. 156 plant species have been identified in this habitat, 26 of which are endangered. Field studies have been carried out in the range of Hawthorn in the protected area of Sahand at an altitude of 1500 to 2200 meters above sea level. Sampling of hawthorn fruit from 21/07/1399 to 21/08/1399 from a height of 1500 meters to 2200 meters above sea level located at coordinates 37 degrees North and 46 degrees East in our area between Tabriz city and Maragheh city in the region The Sahand reserve was established in East Azarbaijan province with an area of sixty thousand hectares. The high dispersion of individual hawthorn trees in Sahand protected area and the lack of expected density in hawthorn trees caused the fruits of each tree to be considered as an independent population. From each population, fifteen fully colored fruit samples without damage and without crushing, and a total of nine hundred fruit samples from sixty separate populations were collected and selected using equipment including GPS, gardening shears and equipment for packing fruit samples. In photographing hawthorn fruits, the natural color of the fruits must be completely preserved, and after several tests on evaluating the exposure system for photographing the fruits, the best result is with a special system with exposure from below and imaging from above in JPG format. In order to compare the appearance of fruit size, shape and color, three parts were photographed, including the lateral part of fruit, the blossom and the junction of the fruit tail in all nine hundred fruits from sixty different populations. The digital color analysis computer software called Image pro plus has converted the color of the selected fruit samples into numerical data using the RGB model, and the numerical data has been extracted which contains the numerical average of the colors red with the symbol (R), green with the symbol (G) ) and blue with symbol (B) were transferred to EXCEL software and then these data related to each fruit were normalized by the following formulas under EXCEL software, which in the formulas of normalized numbers, the numerical mean of red color with symbol ( r), the normalized numbers of the numerical mean of the green color were shown with the symbol (g) and the normalized numbers of the numerical mean of the blue color were shown with the symbol (b).r = R / (R + G + B)g = G / (R + G + B)b = B / (R + G + B)Then, by six formulas, the following six numerical indices of each fruit related to red, green and blue colors were calculated under EXCEL software.I1 = I GREEN = g-r / g + r The first green indicatorI2 = I RED = r-g / r + g The first red indicatorI3 = I BLUE = b-r / b + r The first blue indicatorI4 = I RED = r-b / r + b The second red indicatorI5 = I GREEN = g-b / g + b The second green indicatorI6 = I BLUE = b-g / b + g The second indicator is blueThe CMY model stands for three colors: cyan, magenta and yellow. Finally, by CMY method and with the following three formulas, three numerical indices of each fruit, which were related to yellow color index, turquoise color index and magenta color index, were calculated and extracted under EXCEL software and then statistically analyzed by SPSS statistical software.I yellow = r + g / r + g + b Yellow indicatorI Cyan = r + g / r + g + b Turquoise color indexI Magenta = r + g / r + g + b Magenta color index.This research shows that by investigating the phototypic diversity of hawthorn plant in Sahand protected area using the method of evaluating the appearance of fruit color and also the complementary evaluation of fruit color with two digital colorimetry models RGB and CMY in hawthorn and comparing the results of these two methods to the results Reliability was achieved in the field of investigating phenotypic diversity in hawthorn plant. Phenotypic diversity with digital colorimetry can be a suitable alternative in comparison with the method of molecular markers with low cost and time saving. From the indices L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, Ly, Lcy, Lmag calculated with nine formulas in the research method section and then analyzed by SPSS software in the nine tables of the results section, it can be concluded that for evaluating The center of diversity, the origin and the genetic reserve of a plant in a region, RGB and CMY digital colorimetry models can be a suitable substitute for the molecular markers method.

Today, many people travel for different purposes, these people go to different places, and therefore if their stay lasts more than 24 hours and less than a year, they are called tourists. Health tourism is a common type of tourism that aims to achieve health, both physically and mentally. In Iran, health tourism has developed a lot in the last decade and both domestic and foreign travelers have come to medical centers for this purpose and after some time have improved. This industry can drive the economic wheels of a country if many countries have invested in this industry. Iran has a good competitive advantage and that is that you offer good preferential costs for these services to tourists, which has made Iran have many tourists in this field, which has many advantages for Iran, including the import of currency. He pointed to the country and the development of job creation in various fields. The costs of treatment and treatment in our country, Iran, are less than many countries, to the extent that it is not comparable with developed countries and even more than neighboring countries. Less, according to the World's Competitiveness Report, in 2018, Iran Regarding Importance This Factor In Research As accepted, The most important Cause Among Causes Travel In Tourism Health The costs of Treatment. Medical tourism and related business affairs are recognized as one of the most lucrative sectors of hospitality in many destination countries, especially developing countries (Han, 2016; Hyung et al., 2016).Letunoska et al. (2020) in a study entitled Scientific Research in the Health Tourism Market: A Systematic Literature Review stated that the authors' attention is focused on bibliographic analysis in the field of health tourism. The main purpose of this study is to find out which countries' works are dominant in scientific circles and which nationalities have the most impact on the scientific community in terms of the number and content of their research. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting the development of health tourism in Tehran province with a futures research approach and the use of Dematel methods and fuzzy logic network analysis process.Methodology This research is applied in terms of purpose because it is a set of valid (reliable) and systematic rules and tools to investigate the facts and discover the unknowns and achieve solutions to problems. These solutions are to reduce the conflict between the pillars of the project, which can help decision makers in the field of project management to be able to better understand the causes of time delays and use the solutions to solve those causes. To. Since this study examines the current situation in the field of research, it is descriptive in that it provides a good description of the effective barriers to sustainable supply chain management and their prioritization, and since it examines the opinions and preferences of individuals. Paying through the questionnaire is a survey research. These comments are collected in the form of questionnaires related to Dematel, process analysis. To apply this method in the field under study after the library studies, a questionnaire is prepared and distributed among experts and to solve problems of theories, techniques and techniques. Basic fuzzy number research and Dematel techniques use network process analysis. ResultsFirst, a questionnaire was distributed among the experts (12 experts) and they commented on the importance of each criterion (using low, medium and high range), which are shown in Table 1.Which is obtained by averaging the comments using the fuzzy mean spectrum of the comments shown in Table 2; In other words, it is quite obvious that each person's opinion is converted to trapezoidal fuzzy numbers using Table 2, and the average opinions are obtained using the fuzzy averaging relation of trapezoidal numbers (expressed in Chapter 3). Then we distribute the second questionnaire among the experts, the results of which are shown in Table 3. By fuzzy averaging of the results, the average of experts' opinions in Questionnaire 2 is determined, which is shown in Table 4. In the next step, the disagreement about each of the first and second steps is calculated, the results of which are shown in Table 5. Determining the final weight of sub-criteria using hierarchical analysis In this step, using fuzzy hierarchical analysis method and according to the criteria and sub-criteria, the weight of each criterion and sub-criteria is determined, which is shown in Table 6. In this step, using the results obtained from the fuzzy dematel method, we form the dependency matrix of the sub-criteria using pairwise comparisons and a questionnaire, which is shown in Table 7.Determining the weight of sub-criteriaIn this step, by multiplying the matrix of the normalized table, the dependency matrix between the sub-criteria and the weights obtained from the fuzzy hierarchical analysis of the weight of each sub-criterion is determined; the final weight of each criterion is shown in Table 8.- ConclusionThe global slogan of health tourism, facilities and services in the level of first or advanced world countries and prices and costs in the level of countries in Development and the Third World. Global revenue from health tourism reached more than 75 billion in 2014, which was very small compared to our country's capacity to attract health tourism. Considering that between 2 and 5% of foreign tourists are health tourists, it is predicted that the number of this type of tourists in 2021 will reach more than 21 million people in the world, which in the current conditions and management and in the most optimistic state, the share Iran will not be more than 71,000 people. The turnover of the world tourism sector in the coming years of the 21st century is expected to exceed the turnover of the industrial sector and reach 4 trillion in a few years, which in this amount of turnover, the feet of illegal speculators and the power mafia are certainly in question. Health tourism will be opened, which due to the fact that our country is at the center of applicants for medical tourism services (citizens of Arab countries, newly independent countries and Iran's neighbors) is practically expert planning in order to avoid Threats related to the treatment process, how to enter the country, hospitalization and recovery, are necessary and will prevent the deposit of financial added value due to health tourism to the pockets of illegal and unrelated stakeholders. Considering that according to the predictions made by experts, the corona pandemic will end in the not too distant future, and before the corona pandemic, the country had a good situation in the field of health tourism, so in this study has ranked the factors affecting health tourism. Based on this, at first, the criteria are determined using the theoretical foundations and the opinion of experts. Hotel services, hotel cost and hotel quality of accommodation, quality of medical services including criteria: quality of operation, quality of periodic check-ups and quality of hospital services, quality of marketing including criteria: providing services based on tour program, providing sufficient information and availability of roads Appropriate communication to respond, the cost includes the criteria: the cost of periodic services, the cost of hotel services and the cost of operation. Treatment is also a travel and expense related service that must meet these criteria. Appropriate marketing has also been identified by experts as a cluster. Examination of Dematel results shows that clusters affect each other. Accordingly, Dematel results show that: The criterion of transportation quality affects the quality of hoteling. The quality criterion of hoteling affects the quality of transportation. The quality of medical services affects the quality of hoteling, the quality of transportation, the quality of marketing and the cost. The quality of marketing affects the quality of hoteling, the quality of transportation, the quality of medical services and the cost. Cost affects the quality of hoteling and the quality of medical services. Finally, a review of the criteria ranking shows that one criterion of the medical services quality cluster is among the 4 criteria (operation quality). Two criteria of the marketing quality cluster are among the 4 criteria (providing services based on tour program and providing sufficient information). Which shows that these criteria under the influence of Dematel results have caused a high ranking for these criteria and also in the cost cluster is a criterion among the first 4 criteria (operating costs) that the combination High priority criteria indicate that these three clusters are important.

Valuing ecosystem services requires consideration of spatial patterns. Therefore, we used new spatial statistics methods, such as Moran's spatial correlation and GIS capability, to identify and determine spatial patterns of ecosystem services after quantifying habitat ecosystem services in the Qarah Qeshlaq wetland, a 22,000 ha wetland between the eastern and western Azerbaijan provinces. Studies show that there are 13 types of land uses in the area of Qarah Gheshlagh wetland, which in the area of about 22,000 hectares shows the diversity of land use and in fact the active presence of human factors, about 46% of the area has agricultural land and about 28% of saline land. In this regard, residential centers as a threat center and access road as a threat development have been the largest share in land use change. According to the Moran index of 0.62 and the expected index of -0.000017 and the z-score of 1505869, the probability of random distribution is low and the distribution is clustered. The optimized analysis of the sensitive points in the area of Qarah Qeshlaq wetland reveals that the correlation is highest on the western side of the wetland where there is no human activity, while it is lowest on the eastern side where there is a great deal of human activity.IntroductionIn general, any type of wetland is composed of a large number of physical, biological or chemical factors, and water, soil and nutrients represent these components that, in conjunction with each other in an integrated system, form the wetland and the processes between the components, the functions of the components. Creates. Wetlands are defined based on their biological, chemical, and physical properties, regardless of their specific function, production, or process (Ganagey, 2018). In order to identify wetlands, first the type of wetlands must be determined from a hydrological point of view, and each of the different classes of wetlands provides different ecosystem services. In other words, many benefits that ecosystems provide to individuals are called ecosystem services.Methodology Introduction of the study areaThe study area of Qaraghshlagh wetland with an area of 22,000 hectares is located between East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan provinces and on the outskirts of Bonab and Miandoab cities in a geographical position of 37 degrees 13 minutes and 25 seconds north latitude and 45 degrees and 51 minutes and 38 seconds east longitude. It is located on the south shore of Lake Urmia at an altitude of 1270 meters above sea level.InVEST habitat quality model, by combining land use / vegetation patterns and biodiversity threats, leads to the production of habitat quality maps. This model is implemented using raster data or maps divided into square cells (pixels). Each pixel in the image is assigned to a type of land use / vegetation, which can be a natural cover or a man-made cover. This approach provides two basic types of information necessary for the initial assessment of conservation needs: which includes the relative extent and extent of degradation of different types of habitats in an area and its various changes over time.Understanding patterns and discovering trends in spatial data is important. Because before any analysis, it must be determined how the data are distributed in space and their spatial patterns. In this study, Moran correlation statistic was used to analyze the spatial correlation of ecosystem services. There are two types of Moran indices to determine the spatial correlation between variables whose efficiency is different from each other. Global Moran Index and Local Moran Index. One of the most basic global indicators of solidarity is the Moran index. This index gives a number (as a standard score) that can be used to measure the dispersion or concentration of phenomena or spatial data.ResultsLand use related to the current timeThere are 13 types of land uses in the area of Ghareh Gheshlagh wetland, which in the area of about 22,000 hectares shows the diversity of land use and in fact the active presence of human factors, about 46% of the area has agricultural land and about 28% is saline land. If this area was not saline, it could be added to the area of agricultural land. Of the remaining 24%, about 7% is used as a fish farm and 7% is a rangeland. In other words, 35% of the lands in this area are national lands (rangeland and saline). Only 10% of the area as an aquatic habitat belongs to Qarah Gheshlagh wetland, river, flood area and water supply canal. Qarah Gheshlagh wetland in the current situation with an area of about 140 hectares and covers less than one percent of the area (Figure 2). In evaluating ecosystem services, there is a wider range of goals, including ecological sustainability and social welfare, along with the traditional economic goal of efficiency. In fact, by determining the value of ecosystem services in socio-economic and ecological dimensions, we can understand the contribution of each of these services in achieving the above goals. Therefore, due to the heterogeneity of units of measurement in three dimensions of economic, social and ecological, it is necessary to develop criteria for measuring each and in some cases to determine the degree of importance of these criteria in the specific service of the ecosystem by qualitative weighting. On the other hand, the implementation of the development plan can have different socio-economic and ecological effects; Effects that can change the value of ecosystem services and reduce and in some cases increase the value of these services.In the present study, in order to investigate the spatial structure of ecosystem services in the area of Gharaghshlagh wetland, spatial statistics (value2 column of land use) have been evaluated. The statistics used, based on the conceptualization of the dispersion index, examine the ratio of variance to the average based on the distance of services. 0.62 does not follow a random distribution, but the p-value is zero, which indicates a high correlation and cluster distribution and is significant.According to Table 4, the Moran index is 0.62 and the expected index is negative 0.000017 and the z-score is 1505869. The probability of random distribution is low and is in the form of clusters. Examination of Map 5 Analysis of hotspots in Qarah Gheshlagh area shows the southwest side of the area which includes wetland, fish breeding place, Zarrineh river and flood spreading place in this area has the highest value and in the eastern side of the area which is agricultural use has the lowest value or points. It is hot or correlated, and there is no correlation with pale pink in the center of the range and paths of rivers and water supply canals.ConclusionQarah Gheshlagh wetland is located on the shores of Lake Urmia and at the mouth of large rivers such as Zarrineh and Simaneh rivers, as well as Mordagh Chai, Leylan Chai and Sufi Chai, and has been a habitat and water source in the region. These wetlands have provided food, drinking water, pastures and transportation routes for indigenous communities and have emerged as part of their culture. In this study, the spatial correlation pattern for habitat ecosystem service was investigated. Gharaghshlagh wetland is the first station for waterfowl in the country due to its migration route from north to south, especially birds living in Siberia, and therefore, it carries a rich source of animal diversity and serves as a link between the north and The south is home to rare species of birds. Studies show that 14 ecosystem services are affected by each other in the area of Ghareh Gheshlagh wetland and these uses are interdependent, so that without the river and canal, neither the wetland is important nor agricultural activity is possible in that area. As the studies show that the standard standardization row has been done, the distance threshold is 10813163 m and the studied data do not follow the random distribution according to Moran index of 0.62, and the p-value is zero, which indicates high correlation and clustering of the distribution. And is significant and according to z-score 150.586901454, there is less than 1% probability that this clustering pattern can be the result of a random chance that positive value values in this statistic indicate cluster data and negative value values indicate unsatisfactory data. is. However, each of the farms and ecosystem service centers of the wetland have scalable conditions and are suitable for a variety of ecosystem service traits, and on the other hand, the level and capacity of services and outgoing data in each user is easily identifiable and on the other hand sensitive to they do not prioritize ecosystem services and each has a specific application and role in the ecosystem.

Study on the groundwater quality of Bardsir using the CCME-WQI quality indexDocument Type: Research Paper Marjan Salari1*, Faezeh Ghaffari21* Assistant Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sirjan University of Technology2 Undergraduate student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sirjan University of TechnologyCorresponding author's email: salari.marjan@gmail.comAbstractThe water quality index is a crucial part of the water resource management system, and it is the Richter scale used to evaluate the water quality and categorize various water consumptions. In this study, we employed the Water Quality Index (WQI) and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water (CCME) to evaluate the groundwater quality of Bardsir for drinking and agricultural purposes following the standards of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Samples were taken from 20 wells for two water years (2017-19). This research aims to study the qualitative parameters EC, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, and pH. The groundwater samples are categorized into 5 categories (from perfect to undrinkable). The results show that the WQI average is estimated at 6/027 following WHO standards and 2/261 following FAO standards in 2017-18; in addition, the CCME average is estimated at 79/186 following FAO standards, and 64/429 following BIS standards. These results also exhibit that the WQI is 6/905 following WHO standards and 3/130 following FAO standards in 2018-19; the CCME average is 81/966 following FAO standards and 64/297 following BIS standards. The overall results show that the quality of the groundwater in all the sampling wells is categorized as perfect considering WQI and based on FAO and WHO standards; considering the CCME and based on BIS, and FAO, the groundwater quality of most wells were categorized as perfect, and only a few were categorized as undrinkable. This will be discussed thoroughly in the conclusion.IntroductionWater is one of the most vital substances on earth and the lives of all living creatures such as humans, animals, and plants depend on it. Water is known as a universal solvent because of its capacity for solubility. Water is a common substance that exists in solid, liquid, and gas forms. The most significant water resources on earth are groundwaters (wells, springs, and aqueducts), meteoric waters (rain and snow), and surface waters (rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans); some are in the form of atmospheric water vapor, and others are in the solid form found in natural glaciers. Groundwaters are used for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes in the world. Various elements exist in groundwaters in different measures which can be beneficial or harmful; therefore, the quality of these resources should be studied and categorized. The quality of groundwaters depends on various factors like precipitation, aquifer power supply resources, water table surface, and geochemical processes. The World Health Organization reported that approximately 80 percent of diseases originate from polluted water. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the quality of groundwaters and preventing any kind of pollution is vital. The quality of groundwaters is evaluated through their physical, chemical, and biological traits. The water quality index is a beneficial agent in demonstrating the water quality through significant parameters CCME, and WQI which are among the most practical tools for the evaluation and management of groundwaters. WQI and CCME were employed to study the quality of groundwaters in Bardsir. Parameters EC, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, and pH were studied following WHO -FAO -BIS standards.Methodology Bardsir is a city with a pleasant climate, located in Kerman province, southeast of Iran. There is a 65 kilometers distance from Bardsir to Kerman. The climate is temperate and alpine, which means sad the summers of Bardsir are breezy and winters are cold and snowy. It is 2044 meters above sea level. This city has four central sections called Negar, Lale-zar, and Gol-zar. The population of Bardsir is estimated at 81,983 according to the 2016 census. Selection of sampling areasThe data on the quality of groundwater used in this research was gathered from several wells during two statistical years (2017-19) by Bardsir's regional water authority (presented in table 1). A few parameters were employed for the statistical analysis of the area and they are EC, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, and pH (the measurements are presented in tables 2 and 3). Determining the qualitative parameters is the most important factor in assessing WQI. The effects of these parameters on water pollution depend on the standards presented by international and regional organizations. • WQI IndexThe water quality index for drinking or irrigation purposes expresses the overall water quality through a single number at a specific time and place based on different water quality parameters (Yogendra & Puttaiah, 2008).• CCME IndexIn the current research, the method provided by the Canadian Ministry of Environment under the title of CCME was used to determine the condition of the underground water quality of Bardsir city; In this method, for water quality rating, the following three parameters should be determined first (Al-Hamdani et al., 2021):1- Territory (A1) : This parameter indicates the number of variables that are not within the scope of water quality standards.2- Frequency (A2): This parameter represents the percentage of unit tests that do not fall within the range of standards (unsuccessful tests).3-Frequency (A3): It shows the number of rejected tests that do not fall within the scope of the standards.ConclusionIn this research, the quality of groundwater in Bardsir was evaluated based on WQI following WHO standards for parameters (HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, pH), and following FAO standards for parameters (HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, pH); additionally, based on CCME following FAO standards for parameters (HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, pH), and following BIS for parameters (EC, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, pH). The results show that the water quality of all wells is categorized as perfect based on WQI and following WHO, and FAO standards; and based on CCME and following BIS and FAO standards, the water quality of the majority of wells is perfect and only a few are categorized as undrinkable.keywords: "Groundwater Quality", "Bardsir Plain", "Water Quality", "WQI Index", "CCME Index".

‎ Environmental behavior refers to the behavior that a person shows when facing the ‎environment, and this behavior is different based on the social system, personality and culture ‎of each person. This behavior can be positive and in order to preserve the environment or it can ‎be negative and irresponsible. Positive behavior leads to conscious and responsible action. In ‎order to change the behavior, identifying the factors affecting it is the first step. This research ‎was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of spiritual health and mental norms on ‎the environmental behavior of citizens in Lahijan city. This research is practical according to its ‎purpose. In terms of nature and approach, it is a correlational research. In terms of the data ‎collection method, it is a descriptive-survey type of research, and it is of a quantitative type. ‎The statistical population of this research was all people aged 18 and over living in Lahijan ‎city. The sample size was determined based on Morgan's table of 384 people. Cluster random ‎sampling method was used to distribute the questionnaires. Structural equation modeling and ‎AMOS24 software were used to analyze the questionnaires. The analysis of the information ‎collected from the research questionnaires in this research showed at the 95% confidence level ‎that spiritual health has a positive and significant effect on the environmental behavior of ‎citizens, therefore, with the increase of spiritual health, the environmental behavior of citizens ‎increases. Religious health has a positive and significant effect on the environmental behavior ‎of citizens, therefore, with the increase of religious health, the environmental behavior of ‎citizens increases. Existential health has a positive and significant effect on the environmental ‎behavior of citizens, so with the increase of existential health, the environmental behavior of ‎citizens increases. Mental norms have a positive and significant effect on the environmental ‎behavior of citizens, so with the increase of mental norms, the environmental behavior of ‎citizens increases.‎Introduction ‎Environmental problems are produced mainly as a result of human behavior. Thus, spiritual ‎health, subjective norms, knowledge, attitude and practical intentions of people on ‎environmental issues and how to deal with them, require considerable attention in considering ‎of environmental behaviors. Rapid urbanization and lack of urban readiness for accepting ‎emerging social conditions have led to the formation of low-quality of urban environments in ‎many developing countries. This issue has directly affected the quality of life of citizens. ‎Nowadays, with the increasing environmental issues such as energy crisis, climate change, ‎waste generation and destruction of natural resources and the increase of waste materials due ‎to the development of urbanization, human impact on the environment is one of the most ‎challenging issues of the scientific community. The purpose of this study was to Investigating ‎the effect of spiritual health and subjective norms on the environmental ‎behavior. ‎Environmental behavior refers to the behavior that a person shows when facing the ‎environment, and this behavior is different based on the social system, personality and culture ‎of each person. This behavior can be positive and in order to preserve the environment or it ‎can be negative and irresponsible. Positive behavior leads to conscious and responsible action. ‎In order to change the behavior, identifying the factors affecting it is the first step. One of the ‎criteria for predicting environmental behaviors is spiritual health. Spiritual health is defined as ‎a sense of connection with others, having meaning and purpose in life, and having belief and ‎connection with a higher power. Spiritual health can lead to responsible environmental ‎behavior through connecting humans to a higher power and creating a purpose in life. When ‎people feel that their behavior is under the supervision of a supreme power that created the ‎world orderly and for the use of all generations of humans, plants and animals, they have a ‎more complete understanding of nature and its preservation, and preserving the environment ‎becomes a major goal in their lives. On the other hand, until the early 1970s, the simplest ‎model of environmental behavior was based on the assumption that by educating people ‎about environmental issues, it will automatically cause environmental behavior from them. ‎This model was later changed in such a way that environmental behavior results from the ‎effect of environmental knowledge on environmental attitude. One of the most widely used ‎behavioral models is Eisen's (1991) theory of planned behavior. According to this theory, the ‎desire or intention to perform a certain behavior is influenced by variables such as attitude, ‎mental norms and perceived behavior control. Intention to perform behavior is a very good ‎predictor of actual environmental behaviors and knowledge, environmental attitude and ‎subjective norms influence environmental behavior.‎‎ Methodology ‎This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of spiritual health and ‎mental norms on the environmental behavior of citizens in Lahijan city. This research is ‎practical according to its purpose. In terms of nature and approach, it is a correlational ‎research. In terms of the data collection method, it is a descriptive-survey type of research, ‎and it is of a quantitative type. The statistical population of this research was all people aged ‎‎18 and over living in Lahijan city. The sample size was determined based on Morgan's table ‎of 384 people. Cluster random sampling method was used to distribute the questionnaires. ‎Structural equation modeling and AMOS24 software were used to analyze the questionnaires.‎Conclusion ‎The analysis of the information collected from the research questionnaires in this research ‎showed at a confidence level of 95% that spiritual health has a positive and significant effect ‎on the environmental behavior of citizens, therefore, with the increase of spiritual health, the ‎environmental behavior of citizen’s increases. Religious health has a positive and significant ‎effect on the environmental behavior of citizens, therefore, with the increase of religious ‎health, the environmental behavior of citizens’ increases. Existential health has a positive and ‎significant effect on the environmental behavior of citizens, so with the increase of existential ‎health, the environmental behavior of citizens increases. Mental norms have a positive and ‎significant effect on the environmental behavior of citizens, so with the increase of mental ‎norms, the environmental behavior of citizens increases.‎

About 99% of the Earth's water reserves are located in oceans and glaciers that are saline or inaccessible. But rivers, despite having one of the smallest volumes of water reserves, have long been easily exploited by humans. Even the first foundations of the formation of human civilization can be found around rivers (Pahlavani et al., 2015). Therefore, paying attention to the quality of rivers is of special importance. Iran is located in the dry belt of the earth and considering that the water entering from the borders to our country is not significant, so it can be said that all Iranian water is supplied by rainfall and 70% of this rainfall is out of reach through evaporation, which is three times It is a global statistic, which doubles the importance of paying attention to the quality of fresh water in our country. River water pollution can in fact be considered as an indicator of environmental pollution due to human activities, because rivers are the only water resources that travel a long way through cities, villages and industrial and agricultural areas (Shokri Saravi et al., 2014). In this study, we tried to investigate the water quality of Maroon River using benthic invertebrates. The most important source of water for industry, agriculture, drinking and health and the creator of Shadegan wetland in the south and southeast of Khuzestan province is the Maroon-Allah-Jarahi river. (Hosseini Zare and Barati Gandomkar, 2006).

This study was conducted in 2019 during two seasons of summer and autumn in 6 designated stations in Maroon River. This catchment is located in the southern and southwestern slopes of the Middle Zagros between the eastern longitude of 50 degrees and 5 minutes and 51 degrees and 11 minutes and the northern latitude of 30 degrees and 39 minutes to 31 degrees and 21 minutes (Shafiee Motlagh et al., 2016). The location of the studied stations is specified in Table 1. In the BMWP system, the resistance of each family of benthos to contamination is the basis for scoring. So that the families that are less resistant to infection have the highest score and the most resistant family member, which is dominant in the region, has the lowest score. Finally, the scores of the households are added together in the sample to obtain the BMWP score of that station (Table 2) (Karami et al., 2017). The FBI Index was introduced in 1988 by Hilsenhoff to determine the tolerance of macrobenthos living in freshwater. In this index, the tolerance of macrobenthos organisms varies between 0 and 10, which increases with decreasing water quality. (Pahlavani et al., 2015). Guidelines for determining water quality based on this index are given in Table 3.In this study, Spss and Excel software were used for statistical calculations, data analysis and drawing tables and graphs. Normal data distribution was performed based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Data analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance. Pearson correlation coefficient with significant levels of 0.05 and 0.01 was used to show the correlation between macrobenthos groups and biomarkers. Map Source and AutoCAD software were used to map the study area and determine the location of study stations. In the study conducted in Maroon River, 4 genera, 8 families and 9 genera of macrobenthos were identified. Among these categories, Oligochaeta with 54.16% and Hirudinea with 2.11% had the highest and lowest frequency in the whole study period, respectively. Among the families identified in this sampling, Insecta and Gastropoda categories each included 3 families and Oligochaeta and Hirudinea categories each included 1 family. The frequency of macrobenthos was recorded at 3100 per square meter in autumn and 2452 per square meter in summer. During two sampling periods, a total of 2776 units per square meter of macrobenthos were collected. In total, the highest frequency of macrobenthos in the two study chapters was related to station 4 (water channel) with 2922 units per square meter and the lowest frequency of macrobenthos was related to Fajr town station with 98 units per square meter. (Table 5) and (Figure 1). Among the groups identified in autumn, summer and in the whole study period, on average, the highest frequency was related to the category of low-larvae and the lowest frequency in autumn was related to the category of insects and in summer and the whole study period was related to the category of leeches. (Figures 2, 3 and 4). In the fall, 8 species from 7 macrobenthic families were identified and counted. In this season, the highest frequency of macrobenthos belongs to the family Tubificidae and the lowest frequency belongs to the family Hydropsychidae and the family Tabanidae. In the insect category, both families identified in this study had equal frequencies. In the lower abdomen category, the highest frequency belongs to the family Physidae Physella acuta species and the lowest abundance belonged to the family Bithyniidae.In summer, 6 species from 5 macrobenthic families were identified and counted. In this season, the highest frequency of macrobenthos belongs to the family Tubificidae and the lowest frequency belongs to the family Glossiphoniidae of Placobdella sp. In the insect category, no individuals from the families Hydropsychidae and Tabanidae were observed compared to winter. In the lower abdomen category, the highest frequency was related to the family Physidae of the species Physella acuta. No members of the Bithyniidae family were observed this season. (Table 4). According to the results of Kolmogro-Smirnov test and the value (p = 0.486), the values of bi-wd index are normal and using LSD test between the values of w-w index in summer in stations 3 and 5 with other stations and in autumn in two stations. Significant differences were observed between 1 and 3 (P <0.05). According to the results of t-test, there is no significant difference between the values of bio-indices in summer and autumn (P> 0.05). The highest rate of bile duct index was recorded with a mean (5.06 81 0.81) in autumn and the lowest with a mean (4.33 24 1.24) was recorded in summer. Based on the bio-development index, the water quality of the area in both summer and autumn was recorded in a very poor quality category (Table 6) (Figure 5). According to the results of Kolmogro-Smirno test and the value of p (0.001), the values of Hilsenhoff index were abnormal and using Kruskal-Wallis test, a significant difference was observed between the values of Hilsenhof index in summer study stations (P <0.05). No significant difference was observed in autumn (P> 0.05) (Table 5). According to the results of Mann-Whitney test, there is no significant difference between the values of Hilsenhoff index in summer and autumn (P> 0.05). (7.98 06 0.064) was recorded in summer and its lowest level with average (7.70 18 0.18) was recorded in autumn. Very poorly recorded, and in the fall, the water quality of the study stations was in very poor quality (Table 7) (Figure 6).

The results of the present study showed that during 2 sampling periods in the study area, a total of 10 species from 8 families and 4 macrobenthic categories were identified and counted. The highest frequency of macrobenthos was recorded in autumn with 3100 units per square meter and the lowest frequency in summer with 2452 units per square meter. In winter, more favorable environmental conditions such as lower temperatures and water turbulence and as a result of increased dissolved oxygen as well as high self-purification power of the river, have created favorable conditions to increase the diversity and abundance of benthos. In summer, with increasing temperature, the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases and because oxygen is one of the vital needs of animals for proper nutrition and metabolism, it has a direct and indirect effect on the frequency of all macrobenthos groups. Based on the results of calculating the unpredictability index in the study area, the water quality of the area in both summer and autumn was recorded in a very poor quality category. According to the findings of the BII index, in the summer, Cham Nezami, Ab-e-Kharvar and Behbahan water treatment plants were classified in the critical damage quality category, and Chahar Asyab and Maroon dam stations were classified in the high damage category. Also in the fall, Cham Nezami stations, four mills and water canals were in the critical damage category, and the stations of Maroon Dam, Behbahan Refinery and Fajr town were in the severe damage category. In calculating the BMW WP index, the most resilient families get the lowest score. As mentioned earlier, the scoring process is such that the most vulnerable families are given a score of 10, and the lower the sensitivity of the family, the lower the score of that family until the most resilient family is given a score of 1.

Due to the space and time limitations, measuring the flow of rivers, this task will face problems that in recent years, researchers have turned to designing hydrological models to check and estimate the flow of rivers. The existence of a tool to estimate discharge can lead to the best possible management of surface water and its optimal use. In addition to these, climate change, water quality changes and ecological studies can be evaluated using runoff estimation hydrology models. Successful management of water resources requires a qualitative analysis of the effects of climate change and land use practices on water flow and quality. While expert knowledge can provide indications of such impacts, detailed analysis requires the use of mathematical models to dynamically disentangle the water balance (at the time scale at which important processes are involved). This includes separating precipitation into evapotranspiration losses, runoff to streams, recharge to groundwater systems, and changes in short-term watershed storage. Some of the processes to consider are: evapotranspiration. and feedback to Joe. vegetation dynamics; The level of underground water and its effect on waterlogging and soil salinization; Reliability of tank storage capacity; wetland dynamics; flood urban runoff; Erosion in agricultural and pasture lands as well as channel erosion and sedimentation and aquatic ecosystem functions. Arid and semi-arid regions are usually affected by heavy rainfall events with a high degree of spatial variability. This usually results in a fast response profile, and in areas without weather radar coverage, the poor density of rain gauges prevents accurate estimation of precipitation depth and spatial distribution for a particular event. Furthermore, if only daily precipitation data are available, precipitation model calibration -Runoff in a daily step means that most of the information in the hydrograph is not used (note that runoff here means total streamflow, not just surface runoff). ). Another important consideration for calibrating models for watersheds in arid and semi-arid regions is the frequency of events. Such watersheds have less flow than watersheds in wetter climates. This means that longer calibration periods are needed to reduce the uncertainty in the model parameters. Otherwise, the parameter values are more prone to errors in the data, with a significant decrease in performance in the simulation compared to the calibration.

In this research, IHCRAES model is used for rainfall-runoff simulation. Due to physical and time limitations, the measurement of river flow is facing problems, researchers have turned to designing hydrological models to investigate and estimate river flow. Due to the lack of hydrometric stations in small or upstream basins, the development of tests that can estimate the water flow on a daily time scale and in a desired location is one of the necessary things that leads to the improvement of the information needed for management purposes related to water resources. In order to evaluate the performance of the model parameters, the coefficient of determination of the model (D), the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, the average relative error of the parameter (ARPE) and the total error in the flow volume (Bias) which are calculated and used by the model itself. The higher the D value and the lower the ARPE parameter values, the more ideal the model results. Bias parameter values also indicate whether the simulated flow is more or less than the observed flow, and in other words, it specifies that the model simulates the flow more than the reality or less than the reality. After validating the IHACRES model and ensuring its effectiveness, exponential microscale results are entered into it and the runoff of the next decade is predicted and evaluated. In the figure, we can see the model of the IHACRES model and how to simulate rainfall and runoff.In general, this model is an integrated metric conceptual model for rainfall-runoff simulation, which was developed by Jackman in 1990. The IHACRES model has always been of interest due to the need for less data and high power in daily estimation. Due to physical and time limitations, the measurement of river flow is facing problems, researchers have turned to designing hydrological models to check and estimate river flow. The existence of a tool to estimate discharge can lead to the best possible management of surface water and its optimal use. In addition, climate change, water quality changes and ecological research can be evaluated using hydrological models for runoff estimation. Hydrological relationships between precipitation and runoff have always been investigated and tested by water researchers. The IHACRES model has always been of interest due to the need for low data and high power in daily estimation. This model has been used by Karenko et al. (2008) for purposes such as evaluating climate variables such as changes in precipitation, temperature, and runoff coefficient changes. Due to the lack of hydrometric stations in small or upstream basins, the development of tests that can estimate the water flow on a daily time scale and in a desired location is one of the necessary things that leads to the improvement of the information needed for management purposes related to water resources.

In the section of predicting the amount of changes in discharge and runoff in the future using IHACRES rainfall and runoff simulation software, the results show that this model has a high ability to estimate discharge for basins with low discharge and is less suitable for high discharges. The main and essential point in this study is that the main factor affecting the reduction of water resources in the coming periods is the increase in temperature and, as a result, the increase in evaporation and transpiration in the river basin and the lack of proper management of water resources

The role of culture in development issues is one of the axes of attention of experts. Development experts consider culture and life to be inseparable; Because understanding the needs of society requires attention to cultural factors (Sorkh Kamal et al., 2011: 96). Today, achieving comprehensive and sustainable development is the main concern of countries and their governments. Since man is a cultural being, the foundation of true and sustainable development is the achievement of cultural development (Vasosuqi et al., 2012: 82). No development and evolution is desirable and possible without cultural development and evolution (Salehi Amiri, 2007: 75). Cultural development leads to the self-confidence of the society, and flourishes the potential and creative abilities of humans in the cultural context (Habibi, 2015: 23), Iran as a country on the path of development, has a very high diversity of cultural, social, economic and Also, with many financial, natural and environmental opportunities, along with issues such as special and strategic geographical location, unique natural and human opportunities, etc., it demands special attention to the category of development (Bazazzadeh et al., 2014: 80). The necessity and importance of research comes from the fact that cultural spaces are one of the main pillars of cultural development. On the other hand, one of the most important goals of spatial planning, considering the limited resources, is the optimal and balanced distribution of facilities and services between different settlements (Mohammadi and Izadi, 2013: 40), hence the recognition of cultural values and The facilities of the different cities of the provinces and their level of cultural development can lead the officials and workers to adopt new policies to strengthen the cultural foundations and form cultural engineering and planning. to deal with future cultural threats (Meshkini and Ghasemi, 2012: 3-4). The main goal of the current research is the spatial analysis of cultural development in Kermanshah province, which determines the cultural development status of fourteen cities in the province in terms of cultural development indicators, so that by identifying the status of the rich and deprived cities, planning and strategies to improve the situation of the deprived cities provide according to the purpose; The research seeks to answer the question of whether there is a difference between the cities of Kermanshah province in terms of having a cultural index.

The method of this research is based on practical purpose and on the basis of descriptive-analytical nature and it tries to determine the level of prosperity of 14 cities of Kermanshah province by using multi-criteria decision making models. In order to compare and rank them, 24 variables of the cultural sector extracted from the census results of Iran Statistics Center and the statistical yearbook of Kermanshah province were used, and the weight of each criterion was determined using Shannon's entropy method and from the models SAR, ARAS and WASPAS multi-criteria decision-making and the integration of their results with the Kanderst method have been used to determine the level of enjoyment and ranking of the cities of the province. CV method was used to determine which index has the most difference and inequality. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to draw the maps.

According to the results, it was found that the biggest difference in inequality is related to the number of cinemas, the number of cinema halls, the number of cinema seats and the number of cinema spectators with (3.742) and the lowest inequality is related to the number of government printing houses with (0.000). After unscaling the variables and weighting with entropy method, three techniques (SAR, ARAS and WASPAS) have been used to categorize the cities of the province. The findings based on the SAR model show that there is no deprived city.The cities of Qasr Shirin, Paveh and Dalaho are rich, Sahne, Ravansar, Kangavar and Songhor are relatively rich and 50% of the cities (Harsin, Gilangharb, Kermanshah, Kangavar, Islamabad Gharb, Javanrood and Sarpol Zahab) are semi-rich. The stratification of the ARAS technique shows that, like the SAR model, there are no deprived cities, three cities Dalaho, Qasr-Shirin and Paveh are blessed, six cities are Salas-Babajani, Songhor, Gilangharb, Sahne. , Harsin and Ravansar are relatively prosperous and five cities, Sarpol-Zahab, Kangavar, Kermanshah, Islamabad-Gharb and Javanrood are semi-prosperous. In the WASPAS technique, there are no relatively prosperous cities, four cities, Dalaho, Qasr-Shirin, Paveh and Salas-Babajani, respectively, are ranked one to four and semi-efficient, and the rest of the cities are Songor, Sahneh, Gilangharb, Harsin, Ravansar, Sarpol-Zahab, Islamabad-Gharb, Kermanshah, Kangavar and Javanrood are among the deprived cities of the province, although the development coefficient of the cities of the province is not much different. Finally, based on the contrast technique that integrates the results of three models (SAR, ARAS, WASPAS) and provides a single result, According to the results of the Kandrst model, 21.43% of the cities are privileged, 21.43% of the cities are relatively well-off, 28.57%. The percentage of the cities is semi-provided and 28.57 percent of the cities are deprived, which shows that there is inequality in the distribution of cultural indicators at the province level. Kermanshah city, as the capital of the province, ranks first to second and is among the cities with the most benefits, but according to the results obtained from the Kandrst method, it is ranked 10th and in the group of semi-sufficient cities.One of the reasons for this is the high population of this city and the low per capita of each of the mentioned variables in Kermanshah city. Although the facilities and the amount of cultural variables in this city may be more than other cities, but the population of this city is much more than other cities and when it is per capita, it is less per capita than other cities. A city may have a smaller population, but when it is made per capita, it causes more per capita than the cities with a larger population, and when it is leveled and ranked, except for the cities with the status and Better rank.

Understanding the conditions for the onset and end of glaciers is essential because of their importance in agriculture, transportation, and environmental issues to reduce damage. Meshginshahr country due to geographical location, topography and location in the path of migratory air masses, often witnesses the occurrence of frost and damage caused by these climatic elements.The severe dependence of the economy of the people of this region on agriculture necessitates a careful study of the beginning and end dates of this devastating phenomemenon. In this research, by considering the temperature of zero and below zero Celsius degrees, the start and end dates of glaciation in Meshginshahr city during the statistical period 2000-2019 have been extracted and classified. In order to better understand the contents, these dates have been adapted into the Julian calendar. The return period of each of the mentioned glaciers by SMADA software with a probability of 2, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 percent was calculated and the most appropriate statistical distribution was selected to survey the freezing. Finally, by extracting the synoptic maps related to the days of frost occurrence on the earth's surface, iso-altitude of 500 hPa, wind vector and temperature of the middle layers of the atmosphere, thickness of the atmosphere and level of 500 hPa, it was determined that the occurrence of frost on the earth's surface is related to the expansion of the high-pressure tongue of the migrant of Northern Europe and The central one is the high pressures of the North Caspian barrier and the expansion of the Siberian transect tongue. The level height of 500 hectopascals is also due to the placement in front and back of the western winds, and the maps of Tawai show the descent of the air mass most of the time. The results of this research indicate that in Meshginshahr city, the trend of autumn frosts is relatively stable and with a gentle slope towards the cold months of the year and spring frosts is moving towards the warm months of the year. IntroductionAccording to the time of occurrence, frost can be divided into two types: early and late. In the autumn season, the frost earlier than the usual time is called early frost, and in the spring season, the occurrence of frost later than the usual time is called late frost. These types of frosts affect the phenological stages of crops more than anything else, and every year they cause a lot of damage to farmers and gardeners due to frost damage to their crops (Hejazizadeh and Moghimi, 1386: 88). Therefore, the study of this period of the year, which is called the glacial period, in terms of its beginning and end, can be of great help to the officials of economic, civil, or even agricultural affairs and its planners, in such a way that some of their activities that are affected by this period Adjust it so that they don't get into trouble and crisis. On the other hand, the results of this research can help executive officials in planning for the sustainable development of the country and province. For this purpose, many foreign and domestic studies have been conducted in this field, including Idalo Gualuz et al. (2017), by investigating the causes of climate change in Spain, they investigated the effect of late spring frosts on the flowering phenology of trees. The results of the investigations show an increase in the minimum temperature in all weather stations compared to the base period. Meshkinshahr city, due to its location in the path of high-pressure migrants and cold fronts, mostly faces the phenomenon of frost in the spring and autumn seasons, and enough time is needed to harvest garden crops in the autumn season, and in the spring season, due to the regrowth of plants and Blooming of fruits should be provided in such a way that no damages are caused to the products. On the other hand, the transport sector of the studied area is the road connecting the province center to the cities of Garmi, Beile Sawar and Dasht Moghan, and the study of early and late frosts in the region is necessary to avoid damage to the economic sector of the province Methodology After obtaining the required minimum daily temperature statistics for the mentioned years from Meshkinshahr meteorological station, it is necessary to determine the date of the first and last frost for the study and statistical analysis of each year. The method of obtaining these dates is that from the first of October of the solar year, the temperature was checked at least daily, and the temperature that reached the threshold of zero and below zero degrees Celsius was considered as the date of the first early autumn frost. Also, to determine the date of the last spring frost, from the end of spring, the minimum daily control temperature and the last day when the temperature was equal to zero or below zero were considered as the date of the last spring frost. Statistical information and data were calculated and analyzed using EXCEL (SPSS) software. In the following, the linear regression method (simple linear and polynomial) was used to analyze the change process of the mentioned glaciers. ) by drawing the polynomial trend on the ice time series, the increasing or decreasing periods of the ice can be studied during the time. SMADA software was used to calculate the return period of the mentioned frosts, and the return period of frosts is 50, 66.7, 80, 90, 96, 98, 99, and 99.5 percent with the return period of 2, 3, 5, 10, 25 percent. 50, 100, 200 years were determined. Then the type of ice, both radiation and advection, was determined. Finally, for the purpose of synoptic analysis of the start and end dates of the autumn and spring frosts of the region under study, the maps of the earth's surface, the iso-elevation of the 500 hpa level, the wind vector (in a combined form), the surface temperature of 500 hpa and the thickness of the atmosphere (difference between the surface height of 500 and 1000 hPa) combined form) and finally the 500 hectopascal level maps were extracted from Grads software and analyzed.