نشریه تغییرات اجتماعی - فرهنگی
سال هجدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 71، زمستان 1400)

Social tolerance is one of the vital concepts in the humanities and a factor in strengthening and facilitating interaction between individuals at different levels in society.  The present article seeks to identify and develop a sociological model of social tolerance for spectators of the Iranian Football Premier League by using the theoretical foundations of social tolerance in the field of sociology and by a combined research method.  The present research has been done in two stages, in the qualitative stage the grounded theory method (Strauss and Corbin) and in the quantitative stage the survey method has been used.  The statistical population of the spectators of the Iranian Football Premier League was 17 quality qualitative samples and 399 quantitative samples were selected.  The sampling method was snowball in the qualitative stage and quota in the quantitative stage.  Coding method was used to analyze the data in the qualitative part and multivariate regression was used in the quantitative part.  After combining the results of qualitative and quantitative research, a combined model of spectator social tolerance was presented, which will have consequences such as empathetic interaction and well-being of football spectators.

Emerging cohabitation or cohabitation is a way of life without marriage and formal marriage, and in recent years in Iran and scattered research has been done about it. The aim of this study was to investigate the semantic approach of young people towards companionship and  is done with a qualitative method of thematic analysis. Data collection tools are semi-structured interviews with individuals and focus groups. The analysis of textual data was performed by the technique of coding qualitative methods and the validity of the research was examined in accordance with the agreement of the coders and based on the Berlakat research procedure. The two main approaches, positive and negative, are the result of this analysis, both of which are based on a kind of Weberian rationality. In other words, people with a negative approach to this phenomenon due to religious, cultural, legal, normative and ultimately irrational contradictions, based on value-oriented rationality, choose the rejection and action of values. The second group, however, considers it a rational choice for reasons such as role-playing and avoiding the problems of marriage and possibly the bitter experience of divorce. It is the culmination of a formal and gender-oriented rationality. But the strategy of this intelligent group and action depends on the cultural reproduction of the phenomenon and its culture in society.

In principle, a sanction in international law means methods in which actions are taken by an injured party or subjects in international law against a government in breach of its obligations until the latter function ceases to continue its violations or adopts a policy that is in line with the policies of the provocative function. The most important type of sanctions in terms of their effectiveness and scope of application in international relations is economic sanctions. Monetary and banking sanctions are also considered part of economic sanctions in international law. But the imposition of sanctions in general and the imposition of monetary and banking sanctions in particular have consequences, including their negative impact on the realization of human rights. The fundamental question, then, is what effect do monetary and banking sanctions have on the enjoyment of the human rights of the citizens of the target country? This research has been done by documentary and library study method. The results show that the use of monetary and banking sanctions against some countries for specific purposes, although it can lead to a change in the behavior of some target states, but due to the restrictions imposed on individuals and subjects of that state and The fundamental violation of some human rights has been followed by the negative reaction of governments, governmental and non-governmental institutions and organizations, and of course the general public and free nations of the world, and has reduced the acceptance of these sanctions.

The aim of this study is to examine ideological power in the Qajar era as part of Michael Mann's quadruple social power approach. Michael Mann distinguishes four sources of power: political, ideological, military and economic. The art of the research is Historical and its method are documentary which is carried out with Michael Mann's analytical method and measuring the sources of social power with four indicators of power. The four sources of power and consequently the social impact of these sources of power, namely the court, the clergy, the chiefs of the tribes and nomads and the merchants, were in close and constant contact with one another.The results of the research show that clergy, as the representative of ideological power, came into conflict and overlapped with other sources of social power, such as the court and merchants, both in order to control and regulate the sphere of activity and implementation of religious rites and common interests. Confrontation and overlap between the court and the clergy, in financial, political and security support from the court and the legitimacy of part of the clergy and the clergy and the merchants was in the social support of the merchants by the clergy and the financial support of the merchants. The end result of the overlap, followed by the cooperation of the social agents of the two sources of economic and ideological power, the merchants and the clergy, in opposition to political power, led to the Constitutional Revolution and the tobacco movement.

This study was conducted to investigate the social factors affecting the tendency of Kharazmi University students to use virtual networks. This study method Survey. The population of University students in Tehran Unit Award 6 thousand people using a sample of 350 people Was chosen as an example. Data collected by questionnaire Was developed by the researchers. To analyze the relationship between variables and Its significance and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used. Results Indicates that the variable component of social commitment than other factors A community of a higher rank in the medium to high tendency of students to network Virtual implications. The results also showed that factors Students tend to virtual social networks has had an impact. The social component, of commitment, investment and social action in the Students tend to use virtual networks have a significant impact. Therefore it is recommended for optimal use of virtual networks and harness Consequences of its penetration into the social life, the culture of efficient use They should be considered.

A mutual relationship between male and female gender is common in all communities, but its representation in every culture is specific with various exposure, or treatment. From its emergence to present, this phenomenon has burdened so many qualitative and quantitative changes and reprodsced in various forms; also it will couse changes in family institution in the fature.  Research methodology is based on qualitative technique. Main data gathering tools is a questionnaire. Samples were selected objectively by means of the oretical saturation criterion,  Data analysis resulted in finding some implications in regard to girls’ inclination toward opposite gender. In comprehensive objective- based typology, main reasons of girls’ inclination toward this relationship are including: opposite gender recognition, marriage, diversityism, pleasure. Research results showed that in personal context, emotional and sexual needs, pleasure, entertainment and marriage, and in social context, peer pressure, media consumption, the quality of child- parent relationship, in cultural context, transvaluation, obliteration of abomirable act are among main factor effective on relationship to opposite gender.

The purpose of this study is to study and analyze socio-cultural themes based on the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah during the last fifteen years (from 2001 to 2016). In this research, the author seeks to ask how much the authors pay attention to socio-cultural themes and which concepts in the socio-cultural field they pay more attention to. The articles written in this regard were identified, retrieved and classified based on the list of Persian articles and the bibliography of Nahj al-Balaghah. Then, using a qualitative method of content analysis, the concepts and social teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah were extracted from the articles and after statistical inference of the concepts, analytical findings were presented.Findings indicate that among the extracted concepts, the concepts of justice, governance, democracy and tolerance, rightism, social criticism and glory of the people, as the most important socio-cultural themes of Nahj al-Balagheh have been considered by the authors in this period when quantitative and qualitative reasons. Attention to this concept has been provided.

The present article investigated the ethnicity, religion and participation forms among Shia and Sunni Kurdish followers of Kermanshah city in 2017. Through survey research method and according to the statistical rules for determining the sample group, 384 Shia and Sunni Kurdish religious people were chosen in stratified ratio sampling way as the sample case of study. The data was collected through researcher-made questionnaire consisting of items with 5 Likert scales which had 0.95 approval reliability and accepted contents validity. The Lerner, Eisen and Fieshbine-Homans and also Moseni Tabrizi teories were applied to codify research`s theoretical framework for the variables. The obtained results revealed that the status of participation forms among Kurdish people in Kermanshah was 5.62 percent. The results of independent t-test also proved that Shia Kurdish followers had higher levels of psychological, cultural and political participation. But, Sunni religious followers, in contrast to Shia followers, had upper level of economical and social participation.

Currently, financial dissatisfaction is one of the most important and influential factors in the stock market, which has led to the outflow of large investments from the stock market and requires careful study and identification of factors affecting it. Therefore, the present study provides a conceptual model of factors affecting the financial dissatisfaction of managers in helpless companies. This research is a descriptive method in terms of combined data and modeling. In the first stage for collecting conceptual data, writing theoretical foundations and variables, research by library method and in the second stage of interview (Delphi method) through a non-random sample targeted and available from 30 senior managers (CEO) of the company. Sample studies to identify the factors affecting financial dissatisfaction will continue until the researcher's theoretical enrichment. Altman Z criterion was used to identify financially helpless companies. Finally, 50 financially helpless companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange were identified in the period 2009-20018. Finally, a conceptual model of factors affecting the dissatisfaction of financial managers with 7 components and 54 indicators are provided.