نشریه زن در توسعه و سیاست
سال بیستم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

The presence of female managers at management board s has a remarkable and positive effect on the functions and an increase on company's values.Not only because of their special methods on making decisions but also their highly consideration about their responsibilities. So that female managers boost the supervision aspects of boards and help to lower opportunistic behaviour and improve the function and performance of boards as well. So the main goal of this research is investigating the effect of female managers ' performance at boards on comanys' social responsibilities. In order to measuring companies 'social responsibilities content analysis method has been used. sample of 129 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange was tested during the period 2013-2021.The independent variable is the number women at board combination and the dependent variable is company 's social responsibilities. The conclusions reveal that the presence of female managers at management boards has a meaningful and direct relationship on companies' domestic and international responsibilities.

It is necessary to study the   grounds of public sports in order to prevent physiological injuries, especially poor mobility and psychological problems and social harm among the female students. Following data collection, this study was conducted with a qualitative approach to explain the effective social conditions and contexts of the female students of Payam Noor University in Kerman participating in public sports in 2019. The participants in the research were 31 female students studying in this university, who were targeted  using a convenience sampling method. Semi-structured interviews have been used as  a data collection tool. To achieve the criterion of reliability, three methods have been used: control or validation by members, analytical comparisons, and the use of audit techniques. The collected data have been analyzed consistent with grounded theory, in three stages of open, selective and selective (pivotal) coding. After analyzing the research findings, the categories of economic crisis, social support and social capital as the most important indicators were found. Causal conditions, personal management of the body / cultural expectations / sports infrastructure as intervening conditions, and healthy lifestyle as the most important background were recognized. Building infrastructure / environmental security / motivation of officials as action-interactions and control of violence in society have been identified as the most important consequences of participation in public sports. The result indicates that women's participation in sports and public sports activities is formed under the influence of the cultural and social context in society and would increase by the raise of society’s awareness of its benefits.

Gender is recognized as an important factor in protecting the environment. Nevertheless, gender mainstreaming is still considered a secondary option and waste of funds. This study evaluates the impact of the gender gap on the environmental performance of selected countries in the world using the World Economic Forum data and the clustering k-mean and ordinary least squares regression methods in the framework of demographic metabolism theory during 2014-2020. The results of spatial clustering showed that countries of South and Central Africa and South Asia are in cluster 1 with the lowest values of economic participation and opportunity, health and survival, educational attainment, and political empowerment. Therefore, they must first consider the dimensions of educational attainment and health and survival. Cluster 2 with moderate values ​​in South America, East Asia, Middle East, and Eastern Europe in order to achieve membership in Cluster 3 as well as Cluster 3 itself in Western Europe, North America, and Australia need to further protect the environment and hence, must emphasize the economic participation-opportunity and political empowerment of women. In addition, the results of multivariate ordinary least squares regression showed that the dimensions of the gender gap explain 41% of the fluctuations in environmental performance. Thus, it can be said that the instability of environmental performance in Asian, African and South American countries is due to the gender gap. In addition, the two dimensions of women's educational attainment and political empowerment are the most important components influencing environmental performance.

In Iran, the development and promotion of entrepreneurship is one of the serious needs of society and family structure, traditional attitudes and gender stereotypes that describe the social structures of countries have a strong impact on the process of women entrepreneurship development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the successful entrepreneurial behaviors of women in Yazd. In this qualitative study, the focused  population are women entrepreneurs in Yazd. Selected by purposive and theoretical sampling, the sample of this study included 15 women entrepreneurs, who were different in terms of age, education, type of profession and marital status. The content analysis technique was used to analyze the interviews. From the results of the analysis, three main themes were obtained. The main theme of constructive interaction with mental and social barriers includes 21 concepts and 5 sub-themes (domination of patriarchal gender ideology, lack of structural support, stereotype of disbelief in women's ability, economic view of women's work, social short-sightedness). The theme of self-improvement was obtained from 21 concepts and 4 sub-themes (aligning with social norms, proving individual abilities, overcoming self-limitation, observing gender norms). The main themes of reflection positivity were extracted from 9 concepts and 2 sub-themes, positive self-affirmation and action self-belief.

The development thinkers have always agreed on human excellence in all aspects, yet in many countries the issue of gender has become a basis for socio-cultural, economic, political, etc. In inequalities, and this   leads to a serious challenge and dilemma in achieving sustainable development. Rural areas, because of the  dominant sexism, women and their empowerment in various fields, are ignored whereas their participation as well as men’s can facilitate the process of achieving development. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate gender approaches to sustainable development in villages around the metropolis of Karaj. The research method in the present study is descriptive-analytical and its type is applied in terms of purpose. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect data. Statistically, it covers the population of 10 villages located in the central part of Karaj city and out of a total of 3987 households living in rural suburb settlements. According to the Cochran's formula, the sample size of 228 households was estimated, and these individuals were selected by random sampling method. To test the conceptual model of the research and to investigate the effect of research dimensions on sustainable development, the partial least squares technique and Smart PLS software were used. According to the results, the coefficients of t between the main variables of the study are above 2.58, and there is a significant and direct relationship. Thus, economic, social, environmental and institutional dimensions have a positive and significant effect on sustainable development. The value of R2 shows that 96.7% of sustainable development is explained by achieving four dimensions, and the economic dimension with a coefficient of 0.88 has a greater effect on other dimensions in a sustainable rural development. Also, the results of t-test with two independent nodes showed that in the study area, gender type was not effective only in economic and sustainable development indicators, but rather was in three indicators of social, environmental and institutional. Therefore, all of these dimensions, in terms of importance and necessity, require well-planned planning and action to improve, neglecting of which can improve the process of improving sustainable rural development and could challenge the positive role of gender approach in it.

Finding and maintaining a job position is influenced by several factors, including gender. Women, especially women who are heads of households, face many concerns in finding and maintaining a job position. This study has focused on participants who are female heads of households and seek help from the Relief Committee and tries to provide a perceptual image of the job search process and the lived experience of this group of women by using the grounded theory method. Findings show that the job opportunities of the women studied in most cases are so eroding and shaky that they can be considered less illuminating for the future of the client. In these women's lives, the challenges that arise in this process outweigh the potential strengths. They suffer from physical and mental exhaustion due to occupational activity beyond the typical retirement ages, and their physical condition will be threatened in the future. In addition, these women face challenges in the workplace that are related to their gender, which makes the workplace unsafe for them. This insecurity makes them reluctant to accept a job position. As a result, the emphasis on sustainable training is one of the effective strategies to improve their situation.

Despite dramatic increases of women in higher education, a significant gap remains in women's socio-economic activities, a manifestation of success in life today. This study aims to investigate the barriers and facilitators of success for women. We used a grounded theory approach and semi-structured interviews to conduct a qualitative study with women between 30 and 40 years. Using theoretical and purposive sampling, we continued the interviews until achieving theoretical saturation, and finally, 25 people were interviewed. After transposing data into MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software, they were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory coding methods. The findings emerged in eight categories: (1) one-dimensional socialization and external limitations, (2) restrictions on career prospects, (3) lack of financial and family support, (4) lack of skill-based training, (5) role pressure of housekeeping (6) access to university education (7) focus on personal empowerment and (8) cyberspace opportunities. “Constraints and role duality” was considered the core category. The findings suggest that the intersectional socio-cultural systems that shape individuals' identities involve women in a cycle of learning about systemic influences so that participants develop the semantic structures needed to filter out discriminatory effects. It should be noted that the social system has been able to provide new opportunities for women; however, the weight of gender social components is still high, and these opportunities have not been realized