Antimicrobial peptides, or AMPs, have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, as well as other effects such as anti-cancer, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory properties. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant microbes is one of the major challenges facing humanity, which can make the treatment of many common diseases very difficult. AMPs, found in all six genera of living organisms, can help overcome many of these problems. However, it is very difficult to obtain these peptides from natural sources, which makes the use of alternative methods unavoidable. One of the most important methods for efficient production of these peptides is their expression in biological reactors. Plants are one of the most important systems for the expression of recombinant peptides due to their numerous benefits, especially low production costs. In this review article, AMPs are introduced first and then the production of recombinant antimicrobial peptides and different expression systems with emphasis on the plant system is discussed. Finally, important applications of AMP production in plants are mentioned.

Brucellosis is one of the most important diseases of zoonosis and is very important in many countries, including Iran, from a health and economic point of view. In this study, the Genotyping of Brucella bacteria isolated from samples of patients suspected of brucellosis was evaluated by PCR RFLP in Tehran.

Out of 453 Blood samples suspected of brucellosis of patients who had referred to laboratories in Tehran were inoculated in Castanida culture media and stored at 37 ° C for 21 days. DNA was extracted from colonies that had grown on the surface. Brucella omp2a gene was amplified by PCR using a specific primer. PCR products were analyzed with Pst1 restriction enzyme, digestion and RFLP patterns.

Out of the total samples, it grew in 10 colonies and was confirmed by Brucella by PCR method. In RFLP test, in 8 specimens, Brucella melitensis and in 2 specimens, Brucella abortus were detected.

There is brucellosis in our country,infections are also observed in some villages,and among these cases, Brucella melitensis is more common than other species and with the help of molecular methods, in the shortest possible time, high accuracy and sensitivity and with less risk, the presence of different diseases and species of Brucella can be detected.

Fungi are important sources of commercial and applied enzymes in various industries. The aim of this study is to introduce an optional salt-loving strain that produces cellulase, lipase and pectinase enzymes and optimize enzyme production using Taguchi method.

In this study, more than 350 fungal samples were isolated from the soil and climate of Tehran Forest parks and identified. After qualitative and quantitative analysis, 19 strains that had the highest production of lipase, pectinase and cellulase were identified by molecular technique. Then, based on the amount of enzyme production, optimization and design of Taguchi statistical method were performed by 8 factors at three levels to produce two cellulase and lipase enzymes for the best strain.

About 280 isolates were identified, including the genera Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Rizhopus sp. They secreted most of the enzyme’s pectinase, lipase, protease, amylase and cellulase. Among the isolated samples, Penicillium halotolerans had the highest enzyme production, which was selected for optimization. The production of cellulase and lipase enzymes of this fungus increased before 0.0744 and 0.0233053 U / ml before optimization and after optimization, increased to 0.63872 and 0.192105 U / ml. The most effective factor in the production of both enzymes was temperature and nitrogen source. The production of pectinase enzyme in the initial absorption of 540 nm was 0.71 (U / ml) which was not included in the optimization.

Optional salt-loving fungi can be introduced as a commercial and industrial strain due to their stability in fermentation conditions, availability, cheapness and locality.

glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), astrocytoma grade IV which makes up 53% of all gliomas. It is the most common and deadly primary malignant brain tumor in adults. The mortality rate in glioblastoma multiforme is very high. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of SLC1A2 gene in tumor tissues and margins Healthy subjects with glioblastoma multiform were designed and performed.

In this study, 50 tissue samples including 25 tissue samples with glioblastoma multiform disease and 25 healthy tissue samples around the GBM tumor before treatment were collected as control samples. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed in all samples. SLC1A2 gene expression was investigated using Real-time PCR method. ACTB gene was used as internal control. Statistical analysis of data was done using GraphPad Prism version 8 software. Roc curve was used to check the biomarker value of SLC1A2 gene.

Decreased SLC1A2 gene expression was observed in glioblastoma multiforme samples and its expression was compared with the age, gender and tumor size of the patients. The expression of SLC1A2 gene with the age of the patients was statistically investigated and a significant relationship was observed among people over 50 years old and under 50 years old (P-value˂ 0.05), while this significant relationship was not observed in gender and tumor size (P-value>0.05).

The SLC1A2 gene was less expressed in the tumor tissue of patients with glioblastoma multiforme than in the healthy tissue around the tumor. By examining the ROC curve, it is possible that the SLC1A2 gene can be proposed as a biomarker.

Phytorefining is a sustainable, natural, eco-friendly and widely applicable method for refining heavy metals in soil. Heavy metals are dangerous environmental pollutants that enter the food chain and cause harm to humans, plants, and other organisms. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of zinc on the physiological stress process of spinach plants. Research

In order to investigate the effect of zinc element on the physiological stress process of spinach plant, a pot experiment was carried out in a factorial form and in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications.

The results showed that increasing the concentration of chlorophyll b did not have a significant effect on chlorophyll b values, but caused significant changes in root and aerial parts, chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and leaf surface.

According to the findings of the research, this plant can be used in soils contaminated with zinc metal or lands under the wastes of industrial factories to refine this metal.

Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most important therapeutic mushroom known in Iran and the world. In this study, due to the lack of standard and specific instructions for quality control of mushroom supplements, a molecular method based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) for detection of mushroom species in supplements has been presented.

Eight samples of two commercial brands of Ganoderma lucidium mushroom supplements were prepared from pharmacies. PCR test was performed using DNA extracted from capsules. Then, sequencing was performed from PCR product and the results of sequencing were compared with Genbank and their phylogenetic tree was plotted with all known sequences from Iran in Genebank.

DNA extraction from the capsules for PCR were optimized and PCR products were observed on agarose gel coordinated to the expected sizes. Blast analysis and phylogenetic tree of the sequences showed that the mushroom in one of the commercial samples was in full accordance with its label which was Ganoderma lucidum and the other did not show this conformity and was Ganoderma resinaceum instead of Ganodema lucidum.

Due to the large differences in the quantity and quality of effective compounds in the various mushroom supplements available in the market, if the ingredients cannot be morphologically or biochemically confirmed, the best successful and cast effective method would be molecular method based on mushroom DNA and phylogenetic analysis to specify it species.

Extra-intestinal strains of the pathogenic Escherichia coli APEC are one of the most serious threats to the poultry industry in the world and in Iran, with extensive economic losses due to the high mortality rate in broiler herds. Molecular studies and determination of the frequency of virulence factors of APEC strains provide very useful information for designing and manufacturing vaccines against diseases caused by these strains. The aim of this study was to molecular detection of virulence genes iss and fimC in Escherichia coli Isolates from Poultry with Colibacillosis in Ilam City.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on one hundred and fifty APEC isolates collected from general cases of poultry Colibacillosis in the year 1399. First, isolates were identified using selective and ‎differential culture media and standard biochemical tests. PCR test was used to determine the ‎presence of virulence genes iss and fimC among Escherichia coli isolates using a specific primer.

Results of PCR test on one hundred and fifty APEC isolates obtained from Colibacillosis cases ‎using specific primers to detect the genes encoding fimbriae type 1 fimC and the gene ‎Increased serum survival ‎iss showed that 139 isolates (92.66%) had fimC gene. Also, the results ‎showed that among the total isolates, 126 isolates (84%) have the increased serum survival iss gene.‎

The results of this study indicate the high presence of virulence genes iss and fimC in Escherichia coli isolates isolated from avian Colibacillosis in the study area. Detection of these genes can be used as diagnostic markers of pathogenic Escherichia coli in poultry.

Adsorption of protein on inorganic surfaces leads to structural and functional changes that depend on the nature of the adsorbed protein and the physicochemical properties of inorganic surfaces. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with biocompatible coatings are the only FDA-approved nanostructured materials with various applications in medical sciences and unique properties have become a high potential material. Study of the bioimmunity of MNPs requires detailed knowledge of the interaction of MNPs with biological molecules, especially proteins. The present study, Comparison of the effects of functionalized MNPs by mesoporous silica and L-lysine (NH2-Si@Fe3O4) on structural changes of egg white lysozyme protein (HEWL).

Structural properties and physicochemical characteristics of functionalized MNPs by FTIR, XRD, TEM, FESEM, VSM and DLS analyzes and Protein-nanoparticle interaction was performed using intrinsic fluorescence techniques, ANS test, thioflavin T (ThT) and ATR-FTIR and protein thermal aggregation. Structure change of HEWL on interaction with MNPs was studied.

Investigation of the interaction of HEWL and MNPs with the help of intrinsic fluorescence showed that the binding of proteins to MNPs is influenced by the type of ligand attached to MNPs. Screening thermal aggregation of HEWL in the presence of MNPs revealed the effective role of NH2-Si@Fe3O4 in inhibiting thermal aggregation of HEWL.

Comparison of nanoparticle performance with functional group and without functional group showed that functionalized nanoparticles had better performance; therefore, it is important to consider the environmental, health and safety aspects in the early stages of nanoparticle use. This report provides an integrated picture of protein-MNPs interaction and the change in protein structure after binding to MNPs.