فصلنامه دولت پژوهی
پیاپی 29 (بهار 1401)

In addition to government and official institutions such as the police, the gendarmerie, and the National Organization for Security and Intelligence (SAVAK), the second Pahlavi government used militias to suppress its opponents. This use of armed non-state actors continued throughout this period (1942-1979). In fact, force and violence which should have been the monopoly of the state were also entrusted to non-state actors. Previous academic studies have ignored and underestimated the role of such informal/semi-official forces in the politics and militarism of the government. Moreover, these studies have paid little attention to their persistence. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to explain why pro-government militias continued to exist in the second Pahlavi period. To explain this issue, the views of experts in the field of militias were used as the research hypotheses. The research method was functional-historical explanation and library, documentary, and field methods were used for data collection. The present study examined the performance of militias during the events and political developments of this period. The research showed that during the various political and security crises that the Pahlavi government was involved in from the beginning to the end, gradually, some of the advantages of the militias over the official and government military were realized. These advantages included the low cost of managing and training them, local and specialized knowledge, strengthening the legitimacy of the government, and their deniability. Therefore, the government insisted on strengthening and developing the militias.

In the constitutional law of any country, constitutional reform is one of the ways out of legal barriers, as a result, there may be changes in the power of senior officials. In Iran, in 1989, constitutional amendments were made the result has been a shift in some of the powers of senior government officials and it is worthwhile to address it from the point of view of constitutional law. Among the institutions that were reviewed in the mentioned reforms; it was the "presidency." The present article seeks to answer this question: What are the most important legal reasons for deprivation of the dignity of the Presidency of the "President" in the structure of the 1989 amended constitution? In answer to this question, using the research method descriptive-analytical, the research results indicate that first; The dignity of the "presidency" was lost as a result of these reforms. Secondly; Due to the persistence of the institution of "presidency" in the constitutional logic, it is erroneously assumed that in these amendments, the institution of the "Prime Minister" was removed and his powers were transferred to the President However, what actually happened was the removal of the "presidency" institution and in this sense, the wording of the constitution needs to be amended.

War and peace are the reality of all ages of human societies, including multicultural societies centered on the institution of state. Whether peace is the product of state action or whether peace is a political reality and something that can be made or something that is unconscious and assumed, all these questions try to examine the role of states in this context as the largest official political institution in peace. On each side of these questions, theorists and experts have been placed and have used various data and documents to base their assumptions. Some, perceiving peace as the absence of war, have considered states as the main agents of peace building in any society, and others have reduced the role of states in this regard by basing peace on the subconscious expansion of a particular culture. The role and responsibility of social forces, civic institutions and elites are emphasized.This article seeks to answer the question of what is the role of states in peacebuilding and reconciliation, especially in societies with cultural diversity? And what are the characteristics of these states? The article, in terms of nature and method, is descriptive-analytical research and the data collection tool is using the library method and the analysis of the findings in the framework of the qualitative analysis method is on the agenda. It emphasizes that addressing the issue of peace is not separate from addressing social-institutional responsibility and the continuation of the political fabric of states, and that despite the unique nature of any conflict, conciliatory states have a number of characteristics. Common such as; They have appropriate institutional capacities, inclusiveness, democracy and media, party and identity diversity, and a balanced economy.

One of the essential problems in institutional policies in developing countries is the existence of abstractive institutions such as incompetent rents, the culture of kinship and the lack of transparency of administrative processes. This article focuses on the concept of clientelism as institution within the framework of the new institutionalism theory, seeking to disclose the indicators and significance of this institution in the Pahlavi II government. Clientelism assumed as an abstractive institution which leads to the development of the cycle of vicious. The main hypothesis (idea) of this article is that the clientelism is the main reason for losing social trust of sovereignty and the reduction of social capital in the second Pahlavi state, finally, the main reason of its collapse. In the other words, social distrust as a result of the institution of Clientelism bring the second Pahlavi into a social catastrophe, its outcome was the collapse of the political system. Social trap means choice of advantageous policies by social networks and political system, which evidently to be profitable initially, but ultimately leads to social harm and harm. But ultimately it leads to social collapse and political fall down; the Islamic Revolution (1979) was the result of these extensions.

The experiences of the new industrialized countries such as south Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia in the process of industrialization , have highlighted the role of government in industrialization. But something that has been remained as a question and would be the subject for many researches is how to play that role for government.Confirming that there are many confusions about the role of government in development and industrialization in Iran ; the aim of  this article is to compare the role of government in Auto-industry in Iran and South Korea base on institutionalism approach and Evans’ pattern of developmental state (autonomy embedded in society) , and it uses the comparative method in order to find an answer for this core question : despite this fact that Iran and South Korea has established their Auto-industry almost in the same time , but why Korea has been much more succeeded than Iran in the world stand. Findings in the article has supported this hypothesis that the main reason for inefficient and backwardness of Auto-industry in Iran is unbalanced and heterogeneous roles of the government in Iran which are played in this sector of industry , in comparison to well-played developmental roles by south Korea’s government.

From ancient times to the present, one of the great ideals of humanity, has been the ideal of peace and how to achieve it. For this purpose, have been used important tools such as rationalism, ethics and human communication. In the midst, prophets and religious missionaries have played a great role in drawing the idea of peace and directly or indirectly, or they themselves have pursued peace and altruism in the form of religious states or by linking religion and politics, they have led political rulers to avoid war and violence. Due to this issue, this study seeks to investigate this fundamental issue that Mani, who was one of the prophets of ancient Iran, how in his field of thought and action, emphasized the issue of peace and altruism in ancient Iran and in the structure of ancient states. Research findings that have been collected in a descriptive / analytical method, shows that Mani by promoting his religious beliefs, seeks to create a kind of state or religious rule that provides the metaphor of peace and altruism for human beings In order to achieve this goal, Mani uses various strategies such as interacting with other religions or drawing the beauty of peace and altruism with painting and music and he even believes that the ultimate struggle between good and evil is altruism and virtuous peace.

Article 87 of the 1358 Constitution made the prime minister responsible for forming the Council of Ministers and obtaining a vote of confidence from parliament. After the approval of Article 1 of “the law on adding articles to the code of procedure of the parliament about requesting the vote of confidence and the manner of holding it” in 1363/ 5/9, the prime minister was obliged to request a vote of confidence from the parliament both at the beginning of each term of the parliament and in the conditions stipulated in Article 87, after the formation and introduction of the Council of Ministers. In addition, the Council of Ministers was formed based on political will of parliamentary majority. This indicates that the vote of confidence to the ministers follows the parliamentary logic of the political system. After 1368 revision of the Constitution, president made responsible to obtain a vote of confidence for the Council of Ministers after being formed. By stating that “with the change of the parliament new vote of confidence will not be necessary” in Article 133 and removing the post of prime minister, the political system approaches the presidential system. The practical procedure of vote of confidence, after the revision of the Constitution, also confirms the adherence to the logic of the presidential system.