فصلنامه رسانه
سال سی و سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 127، تابستان 1401)

A government that has secured the political trust of its citizens is a government that enjoys public legitimacy. With respect to the role and influence that the media outlets, especially the Broadcasting Organization, have on the different aspect of people's lives and also on the political structure in terms of creating unity, solidarity and legitimacy, scientific investigation and research studies are needed to understand how the media can play the greatest role in promoting political trust of the people. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate how the Islamic Republic of Iran broadcasting (IRIB- State Radio and Television Organization) plays a role in improving political trust among its audience. The research method employed for this study is qualitative, and the data was collected through in-depth interviews with 12 experts in the fields of media, sociology, and political science, and the gathered data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The findings of the research show that the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting Organization should make efforts in the fields of media literacy promotion, employee empowerment, appropriate reflection of different voices in the society, and the use of social media potentials and attractive and diverse, new and hopeful formats, and elaborate on a bright future outlook.

Investigative journalism/ Reporting is one of the most influential journalistic methods in the world, but according to journalists and media experts, this style, with all its charms and importance, is still not well known in Iran. Accordingly, the main question of this article was that considering the role of national media in the country's media space, what are the obstacles and challenges of investigative journalism in IRIB? To answer this question, after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature of the research, as well as in-semi structured interviews with experts have been conducted. The statistical population includes experts and experts in media management, managers of TV networks, senior managers of IRIB and all who have been experts in the field of media and investigative journalism. Sampling was purposeful and 30 respondents were selected from among university professors, senior news executives, editors and journalists with more than 10 years of professional experience. The criterion for the adequacy of the interviews was to achieve theoretical saturation. Using maxqda software, in the next step, the priority of the effectiveness of each of these factors was determined using hierarchical analysis using the opinions of 10 judges in AHP software. The results of this study show that five factors: closed political space, lack of job security of journalists in the current structure in IRIB and government-affiliated journalism, growth of celebrity journalist space and decline in journalism education and literacy are the main obstacles to the formation of investigative journalism in the Broadcasting Organization.

National and transnational television networks, especially in third world countries, try to be attractive to their audiences and change the public opinion by convincing people to follow their line of thinking. Developed countries use the media as a tool to manipulate people’s way of thinking, and try to accompany them by their programs. This is also true in Islamic Republic of Iran. In recent years, foreign networks have rushed to penetrate Iranian society and find an appropriate place for themselves among Iranian people. But such influence and transformation mindset of public opinion, can be effective when the audience has a correct understanding of effective messaging methods.The present article, with the aim of providing a model, determines the key concepts in the theoretical literature of the media field, as background knowledge, and also analyzes the coverage of Iranian news on BBC World and CNN International television channels as an indicator of media activities in the West. This research was conducted using the documentary method and its time frame is from June to December 2018 and it is focused on the theories of framing, highlighting, gatekeeper model and center-periphery model and by using a combination of these theories, the subcategories within their content were extracted and then the core codes were selected. Finally, while examining the theoretical literature of media and news, based on five key principles, each of which includes a wide range of concepts (codes), a suitable model was drawn for covering Iranian news on the Press TV network.

Considering the rule of religion in the Islamic Republic of Iran and the emphasis of the country’s Constitution, in Article 175, to comply with Islamic norms in reflection of opinions by the National Media, production and publication of issues related to criminal phenomena must also be within the framework of the rules set in religion. An issue that, due to the nature of media work and the close relationship between the information dissemination and the rights of the accused and the culprit, and the committed mission of the National Media to guide and lead people towards Islamic values, requires the provision of a normative model with a religious approach. This research has provided a model in this field by answering the question of what are the ethical norms of the news coverage of the National Media in the face of crime, before and after the crime takes place. In this research work, by using a qualitative and library-documentary method and examining and analyzing the normative theory of the religious media, has come across with a conceptual model of the moral norms of the national media in facing the criminal phenomenon, before and after the crime takes place.

The emerging concept of citizen-reporter is one of the new potentials in the production of radio and television programs and the way using it, can increase the attractiveness of radio program production. The current research is aimed at finding out the potentials of citizen reporting, in radio programming and based on Brecht's theory of participatory radio and Manuel Castells' mass-self communication, raises the question of how and in what topics and formats this potential can be used in interactive production. The research method is qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach, and four radio stations, BBC English, BBC Persian, Deutsche Welle Persian and Radio Iran, have been selected as the statistical population. The sample size was selected and studied from among the programs produced using the potentials of citizen reporting. The stages of program production using citizen reporting are explained in three phases: pre-production, production and post-production, and it indicates that citizen reporting is used in the production of all kinds of radio formats and for all kinds of topics. They contain more information approach and social and political topics, more report format, vox pop, witness voice collage and features. Citizen reporting is rarely used in the radio program of national and provincial radio of Iran, but considering the importance of audience participation and its attractiveness, this kind of reporting should be included in the production of the radio program

Nowadays, famous persons of media world, can give their picture, video footage and name to goods and services providers for advertising and receive financial reward in return and by doing so, they use their media reputation as a valuable commodity. In the legal systems of different countries, the right to use famousness by individuals, is recognized as a "right", although, there is no consensus about its legality. Some, considers this right as a mere financial right and acknowledges the commodification of fame in today's society, and others considers it as one of the rights related to personality and do not look at it from financial perspective. In this case, the question is, in which of the dichotomy of property - personal rights, should this right be placed? The hypothesis of this paper is based on the fact that one can’t raise any doubts on the dependence of fame on a person's personality and identity, nor deny its financial function in today's society.
Therefore, the financial components of the right, should be adjusted with regard to both components, taking into account the requirements related to personality rights.

Iran's local press is in danger of being shut down due to the lack of content quality management strategy and declining circulation. The purpose of this study is to present content quality management strategies in local Iranian newspapers. Based on the purpose and nature, this research work is a qualitative in terms of method. The research method is data based, and the statistical community, includes experts in the field of media, journalism and content quality management. The sample size, consists of 12 people and up to the data saturation. After collecting the data, three-stages of open, axial and selective coding were carried out and the data was analyzed by MAXQDA software. The results showed that background conditions (government supportive policies), causal conditions (graphics and layout), central factor (preferring well documented and printed newspapers), intervening conditions (commercials, as income source) to strategies and actions such as training courses, financial support and paying attention to local issues are needed to lead to results such as content production and audience attraction. Attracting the audience can help local publications earn money, although government financial support is also important in this strategy. In this strategy, taking into account the intervening and contextual factors, attention has been paid to local issues in content production.

The purpose of this research work is to analyze the semiotics of popular Iranian users' pages on Instagram, as a network with more than one billion active users per month, covering the consumption showcasing topics. A large number of users spend most of their time on Instagram, browsing the pages of influencers and therefore, the answer to the question of what can be obtained by semiotically examining their pages, will help to find out the prevailing taste of Instagram users. In this study, Kress and Van Lyon's semiotics method was used to analyze the images and the focus of this research was on the images that Instagram has made them viral. Based on this criteria, 900 images from pages with a large audience, with different identity representation, were analyzed from the targeted sampling and with theoretical saturation criteria. The findings of this research show that two main types can be identified in this representation of identity. In both types, there are characteristics of consumerism. These two types can be divided into direct consumerist and thoughtful consumerist identity.

Despite numerous research works, about the consequences of approval and endorsement of sports figures, not much study has been done on the background of such endorsement. This study was carried out with the aim of providing a structural model of the factors affecting the effectiveness of endorsement of sports figures. This research work, in terms of its purpose, is applied and in terms of its nature and form of implementation, a descriptive-survey. The statistical population of this research are all the audience of Iranian National Radio and Television organization (IRIB) in northern Iranian Golestan Province (unlimited population), from which a sample of 384 people were selected. In this study, in order to collect information for testing the hypotheses, a questionnaire with four dimensions and 20 questions was used, which was developed based on a five-point Likert Scale. Skewness- kurtosis tests showed that the data follows a normal distribution. The structural equation modeling technique has been used to test the hypotheses. The results of the main hypotheses test, showed that the three factors of appropriateness between the endorser and the product, the gender of the athlete, and the extent of his /her activity in social networks, have a significant and positive effect on the effectiveness of the endorsement of athletes. At the end, based on the findings of the study, some existing shortcomings related to the current actions taken for endorsement of famous athletes within the country, have been elaborated.