مجله پژوهش های کاربردی روانشناختی
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on cognitive emotion regulation and social self-efficacy in adolescents with epilepsy. This applied research was a quasi-experimental with pretest/posttest design and a control group. The study population consists of 8,000 children and adolescents with epilepsy in Guilan Province, and the research sample consisted of 30 boys with epilepsy aged between 15 and 18 years who were referred to Rasht medical centers in 2021, selected by purposive and available methods considering entry and baseline conditions, and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 subjects in each group). The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-P) and the Social Self-Efficacy Scale (SSES) were used for data collection before and after treatment. The 8 sessions of ACT were conducted for the experimental group. Data were analyzed using SPSS24 software and analysis of covariance. The results of the analysis of covariance showed that ACT improved cognitive emotion regulation and social self-efficacy in adolescents with epilepsy (P<0.001). Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the acceptance and engagement-based intervention can be used as one of the treatment strategies to improve the mental health indicators of people with epilepsy.

The purpose of this study was to present a series of group schema therapy techniques. A research method was used and data collection was done with a qualitative approach through a review method. The official website of SID, IranDoc, Iran Medex, Ensani Portal, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed were used to search for resources. After searching keywords, the statistical population of this study included 94 articles and 7 books published between 2012 and 2021. A total of 13 articles and 5 books met the criteria to be included in the analysis. The results show 21 techniques from articles and 54 techniques from books. While cognitive techniques were the most common in the articles, the most common techniques in the books were of the experimental type. A review of the internal papers in this study revealed that less attention was paid to experimental techniques. Since experimental techniques play a constructive role in achieving therapeutic goals, the use of experimental techniques can be an effective step in treatment. Therefore, it is recommended that more attention be paid to experimental techniques in group schema therapy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of computerized cognitive training on the performance of response inhibition and sustained attention of students with mathematical problems. The research method in terms of goal was practical and semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all students with mathematical disorders in Tehran who were studying in the academic year 2018-2019. The sample of this study included 24 elementary school students with mathematics problems who were randomly selected and divided into a control group (12 subjects) and an experimental group (12 subjects). Their intelligence and mathematical abilities were assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the Iran Key Math Diagnostic Test. The experimental group participated in 25 sessions of 50 to 60 minutes duration in the intervention program. For the development of response inhibition and maintenance of attention, the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and the Stroop test, a subscale of the CNS Vital Sign (CNSVS) battery, were used. Data were analyzed with SPSS22 software and using analysis of covariance tests. The results of ANCOVA indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in terms of the concussion error of the Stroop test (p<0.05). Continuing with the power test, the difference between the experimental group and the control group was significant (p< 0.05) after omitting the pretest effect in the omission and concussion error. Overall, the results show that computer-based cognitive training had a significant effect on response inhibition and attention maintenance of students with math problems

The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate a model for predicting drug use among University students in Tehran. The current study was applied by purpose and correlational by method. The statistical population included all students of Tehran University (47,605 individuals) studying in the academic year 2018-2019. In this project, 200 students (male= 119 & female= 81) were selected by stratified-proportional random sampling and answered the National Scale of Students Life Profile (NSSLP). Data were analyzed using frequency, mean, standard deviation, analysis of variance, logistic regression analysis, and path analysis by SPSS23 and AMOS23. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that frequency of brushing teeth, daily fruit consumption, number of study hours per day, religious attitude, worrying about not achieving wishes, depression, anger and irritation, using a car whose driver used drugs and alcohol, risky sex, and suicide attempts significantly predicted drug use. The results of the path analysis method showed that religious attitude directly and negatively predicted drug use (standard coefficient - 0.26), and the effect of religious attitude and worry about not achieving wishes on drug use was mediated by depression and anger and irritation (standard coefficient 0.18). The results of this study suggest that low religious belief and worry about not fulfilling wishes play an important role in drug use through the development of depression and anger. It is recommended that the university identify students at risk and develop a prevention plan for them according to the identified risk factors..

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of errorless and errorful practice on children’s learning of motor skills: The Role of Reinvestment. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all the male elementary school students in the age range of 7-10 in Mashhad in the academic year of 2017-2018. For this purpose, 48 male students in the city of Mashhad, , were selected through an available sample and randomly based on the levels of reinvestment. This study is an applied research and the type of practice protocol in four groups: errorless with high reinvestment tendency, errorful with low reinvestment tendency, errorful with high reinvestment tendency. Retention, transfer, and dual-task tests were conducted after the acquisition phase at 24-hour intervals. To analyze the data in the acquisition, retention, transfer, and dual-task phases, a mixed model variance analysis (ANOVA) 2 (reinvestment levels: high and low) × 2 (practice protocol: errorless and errorful) and LSD post-hoc test were used, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software. The results of the acquisition test showed that all groups had made progress, but two groups, the errorful with high reinvestment tendency and the errorless with low reinvestment tendency, performed significantly better than the other groups on the retention and transfer tests. The two groups of the defectless with low reinvestment tendency and the defectless with high reinvestment tendency performed significantly better than the other groups under pressure conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that physical educators pay special attention to these psychological variables (reinvestment) when designing exercises and training programs for children’s motor skills.

The purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic value of eye tracking technology in measuring adult attachment style. This investigation of diagnostic accuracy was cross-sectional and was one of the primary observational and quantitative analysis studies. The population of interest for this study included all healthy adults aged 20-45 years with higher education living in Tehran in 2021. For this purpose, 44 adults aged 20 to 45 years who met the criteria of the project were selected by random sampling. Of these 44 individuals, 36 were women and 8 were men. This study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a researcher-made questionnaire along with the revised Adult Attachment Scale (R-AAS) as a reference test was created in the Google Form environment, and individuals who met the inclusion criteria were selected and included in the study. In the second phase, participants were presented with one minute and 39 seconds of Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP) images as an activator of attachment, and their eye movements were simultaneously recorded with an eye-tracking device. For statistical analysis, the random forest test, logical regression, and ROC curves were calculated in RStudio 4.1.1. The variable “time to first fixation” in the child’s AOI in the ambulatory image predicted secure and insecure attachment (B = -1.95, sig. 0.01, p≤ 0.05). The correct percentage for classifying securely and insecurely attached adults was estimated to be 54.2% and 75%, respectively. Since the variables “duration of first fixation” and “number of fixations” were important according to the results of the random forest test, it is suggested that they be further investigated in future studies.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the efficacy of neurofeedback on executive functions in people with opioid use disorder. It was an applied and quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of the study included subjects who had gone to Shafa addiction treatment clinic in Bushehr city in 2020. The number of 29 male subjects with opioid use disorder was divided into two experimental groups (number = 14; mean age = 43.79; standard deviation = 9.8) and a control group (number = 15; averageage= 44.60; standard deviation = 8.6), which were left to chance. Prior to the application of training, the pretest was administered using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) or the Tower of London Test (TOL) to measure decision-making and planning ability. After the application of the neurofeedback training, a posttest was administered to the participants. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS-26 software showed that neurofeedback training had a significant effect on decision-making ability, leading to better preference in participants’ decisions with an effect size of 0.783. In contrast, the aforementioned method showed no significant difference in planning ability. The results of the present study indicate that neurofeedback training can have an effect on decision-making ability and that this method can be used to reduce risk-taking in people with opioid use disorder.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of group counseling based on acceptance and commitment therapy on marital stress and psychological resilience in mothers of children with severe and multiple disabilities. This applied research was part of a semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design and a follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all mothers of children with severe and multiple disabilities who were present in the association for resuscitation in 2020-2021 and comprised 50 subjects. Using the method of available and voluntary samples, 24 people were selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 12 sessions of group counseling, whereas the control group was placed on the waiting list for ethical reasons. The Stockholm Marital Stress Scale (SMSS) and the Long and Goulet Psychological Hardiness (LGHS) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance with repeated measures using SPSS-25 statistical software. The results showed that group counseling based on acceptance and commitment therapy led to a significant decrease in marital stress and a significant increase in psychological hardiness in the experimental group. These results remained stable during the one-month follow-up period. Thus, it can be said that this intervention improves marital stress and psychological resilience in mothers of severely and multiply disabled children. Based on the results of this study, group counseling based on acceptance and commitment therapy can be used to improve marital stress and psychological resilience of mothers of children with severe and multiple disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to predict the psychological well-being of mothers of mentally retarded children based on perceived social support, defense styles, and self-compassion. The research design was a descriptive-correlational study and the methodology is basic in purpose. The statistical population included mothers of mentally retarded elementary school students in exceptional schools in the northern cities of Khuzestan province (Shoush, Andimeshk and Dezful) in the school year 2020-2021, among whom 120 mothers were selected through purposive sampling. The instruments were: Psychological Well-Being (RSPWB), Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS), Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ), and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis with the method of simultaneous entry in SPSS-24 software. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between psychological well-being and perceived social support, mature defense styles, and self-compassion, and a negative and significant relationship with neurotic and immature defense styles. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that 81% of the changes in psychological well-being were predicted by perceived social support, defense styles, and self-compassion. Based on the knowledge of the main factors affecting psychological well-being, planning and intervention measures can be taken to increase it and reduce problems.

The aim of the present study was to examine the mediating role of perceived social support and psychological resilience in the relationship between gratitude and depression symptoms. The research method was basic in objective and correlational and structural equation analysis in data collection. A total of 219 individuals (82 males and 137 females) were selected from the statistical population of nurses working in Tehran in the second half of 2020 using the convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the Connor-Davidson Resiliency Scale (CDRS), Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceives Social Support (MSPSS). Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling were performed to analyze the data using SPSS-23 and AMOS-21. The results showed that the direct effect of gratitude (β = -0.19, P<0.001), the direct effect of perceived social support (β= -0.32, P<0.001), and the direct effect of psychological resilience (β = -0.41, p < 0.001) on depression symptoms were significantly negative. In addition, the results showed that perceived social support (β = -0.11, P < 0.01) and psychological resilience (β = -0.16, P < 0.01) had a significant mediating role in the relationship between gratitude and depression symptoms. The results of the current study suggest that gratitude may increase perceived social support and resilience and protect nurses from depression, which has applications for clinical interventions for nurses during the coronavirus pandemic.

This study was conducted with the aim of locating and confirming the validity and reliability of the locus of control questionnaire in road traffic. The statistical population of this applied study consisted of motorists with valid certificates in Mashhad. The questionnaire was randomly filled in the summer of 2019 through on-site and face-to-face interviews with drivers in the city, followed by sending the questionnaire link through social media. The sample included 405 drivers (289 males and 197 females) who completed the new extension questionnaire of the Traffic Locus of Control Based on the Romanian Version (TLOC-RO). The construct validity of the questionnaire was assessed using two methods, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the instrument was further investigated by calculating Cronbach’s alpha (α) and the composite reliability (CR) index using LISREL8/8 and SPSS.22 software. Factor analysis confirmed the existence of 5 identified components in the main questionnaire that explained 54.8% of the total variance. Also, the Cronbach’s alpha for the internal locus of control was found to be 0.80, whereas the corresponding values for the external locus of control, including the factors of fate/randomness, other drivers, environment and vehicle, and religion, were calculated to be 0.79, 0.79, 0.76, and 0.92, respectively. The results show that the Farsi version of the locus of control belief is sufficiently valid and reliable, which makes it a powerful instrument for future studies to determine the locus of control beliefs of Iranian drivers.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between language and executive functions skills in cochlear implanted students with hearing impairment.The statistical population of the research consists of all students with cochlear implanted hearing impairment studying in regular and exceptional schools in Tehran, with an age range of 7 to 11 years. 58 subjects (30 girls and 28 boys) were selected and evaluated by available sampling method among students with cochlear implanted hearing impairment studying in regular schools (29 people) and exceptional schools (29 people) in the academic year 2018-2019. Executive functions and language skills were assessed with the BRIEF Questionnaire (BRIEF) and Test Of Language Development-Primary:3 (TOLD-P3) in respect. Data analysis using Pearson's correlation test shows a significant positive relationship at P ≥ 0.01 level between language skills with planning components (r=0.646), working memory (r=0.676), inhibition (r=0.617) and total executive functions (r=0.699) of students with cochlear implanted hearing impairment were analyzed with SPSS software version 26.Based on the investigations carried out in this research, it can be reported that language skills have a significant correlation with the components of executive functions. Considering the role of language and executive functions in behavior management, it is necessary to emphasize on an early intervention program to improve these skills in children with hearing impairment.

The present study was conducted to codify the psychological empowerment package for parents and evaluate its effectiveness on the psychological distress of students with ineffective parent-child interaction. The research method is practical and the study was analyzed thematically by a comparative method in the qualitative part and quasi-experimentally with pretest, posttest, control group design and two-month follow-up period in the quantitative part. The statistical population included the students with ineffective parent-child interaction in Tehran city in 2019-2020, who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group (each group consisted of 20 individuals). Parents of students in the experimental group received ten sessions of the psychological empowerment package. 4 individuals in the experimental group and 3 in the control group terminated their participation in the study. The questionnaires used in this study included the Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire (PCRQ) and the Psychological Distress Questionnaire (PDQ). The data of the study were analyzed using the mixed ANOVA method. The results showed that the psychological empowerment package had adequate content validity from the experts’ viewpoint. Moreover, this package had an impact on the psychological distress of students with ineffective parent-child interaction (F=39.22; Eta=0.54; P<0001). According to the results of the present study, the psychological empowerment package can be used as an effective method to reduce students’ psychological distress by training mental flexibility, normal parenting style, and emotional involvement with the child. In a practical proposal, it is suggested that the psychological empowerment package is used in psychological clinics.

The aim of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of positive psychology intervention on happiness and positive thinking among chronically mentally ill people in Mehrana Boarding Center in Zahedan. The research method was applied in terms of objective and data collection method as semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population includes all female chronically mentally ill patients of Mehrana boarding center in Zahedan city in 2020-2021, of which 30 subjects (15 subjects in the experimental group and 15 subjects in the group waiting for treatment) were selected according to the available sampling method. Instruments used in the study included the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHI) and the Positive Thinking Scale (PT). The positive psychology intervention was delivered in 8 sessions (1.5 hours) over 3 weeks for the experimental group. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate covariate analysis) were used to analyze the data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-21 software. The results of the study showed that the intervention of positive psychology increased the feeling of happiness and positive thinking in chronically mentally ill patients in the experimental group compared to the control group with a significance level of 0.001. Therefore, paying attention to the importance of positive psychology intervention on happiness and positive thinking in chronically mentally ill is considered as one of the necessities of research and it is possible to use positive psychology intervention as a part of empowerment programs for chronically mentally ill and hold a course in this field is recommended.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a forgiveness training program on the academic hope of students who have been victims of bullying. This study was an applied and semi-experimental study with pretest/posttest and a control group with one-month follow-up. A sample of 32 male students who were victims of bullying was selected from the high school students of Tabriz in the academic year 2019-2020 using the one-stage cluster sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of 16. The experimental group received ten sessions of the forgiveness training. After the training, the posttest results were obtained and analyzed using multivariate covariance. Research instruments included the Bullying Victims Scale (BVS), Academic Hope Scale (AHS), and the Forgiveness Training Package. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS20 software. The results showed that forgiveness training has a positive and significant effect on the components of academic hope in students who are victims of bullying, P <0.01. Based on the results, it can be said that forgiveness training can be a useful coping strategy for bullying victims so that they can use forgiveness to overcome the trauma of past experiences or traumatic events and improve their hope by creating positive emotions. In practice, forgiveness training can be used by educators as a potentially effective approach to improve school hope and prevent victimization.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of academic emotions (positive and negative) and psychological well-being in the relationship between perfectionism and academic stress in undergraduate students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The present study was conducted purposively and the method of data collection was descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the study included all students of Mohaghegh Ardabili College who were studying in the academic year 2019-2020. 370 subjects were selected as sample size by multistage clustering method. Academic Stress Questionnaire (ASQ), Perfectionism Questionnaire (PANPS), Academic Emotions Questionnaire (AEQ) and Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (RPWBQ) were used. The results showed that positive perfectionism has a negative relationship with academic stress and negative perfectionism was positively related to academic stress, positive academic emotions were negatively related to academic stress, and negative academic emotions were positively related to academic stress. There was a negative relationship between psychological well-being and academic stress. Due to the indirect statistical theorem (T-subel) and VAF index, the mediation of negative and positive academic emotions and psychological well-being was found between positive and negative perfectionism variables with significant academic stress. According to the results, it is suggested that due to the important and significant role of academic emotions as a mediating variable, the positive and negative academic emotions of students should be identified, and by strengthening positive emotions and reducing negative emotions and improving well-being, the foundation for reducing academic stress in students should be established.

The aim of this study was to develop an attachment-based mindfulness therapy and evaluate its effectiveness on the quality of love and empathy in women experiencing marital infidelity. The research method of the present study was a comparative analysis using the Breddy method in the qualitative part and a quasi-experiment with pretest, posttest and control group with two-month follow-up in the quantitative part. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included the women with marital experience who turned to counseling centers in the city of Tehran in the autumn 2020. For the study, 25 women with marital experience were selected through purposive sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received eight sessions of attachment-based mindfulness therapy over two months. The questionnaires used in this study included Sternberg’s Triangular Love Scale (STLS) and the Marital Empathy Scale (MES). Data from the study were analyzed using the variance method with repeated measures and SPSS23 statistical software. The results showed that attachment-based mindfulness therapy has acceptable content validity. Moreover, this therapy has an impact on the quality of love (P<0.001, Eta=0.54, F=32.94) and empathy (P<0001, Eta=0.66, F=46.45) in the women with marital infidelity. According to the results of the study, attachment-oriented mindfulness therapy can be used as an efficient method to improve the quality of love and empathy in women with marital infidelity by using theoretical concepts of mindfulness therapy and attachment.

In this applied research conducted with the method of meta-analysis, the numerical combination of the results of the researches conducted in Iran in the field of effectiveness of educational-therapeutic interventions based on choice theory in controlling individual behavior was discussed. The statistical population of the meta-analysis, the available studies related to the effectiveness of educational-therapeutic interventions based on the choice theory to control individual behavior, on the number of 416 studies from the scientific databases of SID, Comprehensive Portal of Humanities, Research Institute of Information Science and Technology of Iran, Database of Noor Specialized Magazines, Information bank of the country's publications and Civilica, which were published in Iran between 2000 and 2020. Based on the established criteria for inclusion and exclusion of baseline studies and sensitivity analysis, 72 effect sizes from 33 baseline studies were finally examined and the quantitative results of the selected studies were analyzed using CMA2. The results showed that educational-therapeutic interventions based on choice theory have a significant effect on the management of individual behavior, and according to Cohen’s criterion, the size of their combined effect is rated as large for the random effects model (ES =1.09). In conclusion, training based on choice theory can have a positive and significant effect on controlling individual behavior and improve relationships. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the educational-therapeutic principles of choice theory be used individually and in groups in the counseling centers of various organizations.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the we-concept in the relationship between supportive dyadic coping and marital relationship quality in married people. It was a practical study whose method was correlation using structural equation modeling. The research population was all married people in Shiraz in 1400, of which 205 married people (56 males and 149 females) were selected by the method of random sampling and participated in the study by filling out the Dyadic Coping Questionnaire (DCQ), the We-Ness Questionnaire (WQ) and the Revision of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS).In addition, the data were analyzed using the Amos-24 and SPSS-24 software. The results showed that perceived supportive dyadic coping had a direct impact on marital quality, while the direct path of supportive dyadic coping was not significant for marital quality. Moreover, supportive dyadic coping by self and supportive dyadic coping by partner are indirectly related to marital quality by creating a sense of we among couples. Based on the findings, it can be said that people who use supportive dyadic coping in stressful life situations feel more united and closer to each other and eventually report higher marital quality. In this context, it is suggested that these findings be used to inform couples about the importance of couple confrontation during crises.

The aim of the current research is to investigate the structural relationships of mental health based on virtual network dependence mediated by parental supervision style in high school students. According to the purpose, application and method of this research, the correlation is of structural equation modeling type. The statistical population of the research included the secondary school students in the city of Langrood in the academic year 2020-2021. The number of samples was assigned based on Klein’s rule of 220 people using the available sampling method. After data collection, 173 questionnaires, including 79 girls and 94 boys, were analyzed. The research instruments included Mental Health Questionnaires (GHQ), Addiction to Social Networks (SNA), and parents’ Supervisory Style (SKSS). The structural equation modeling method and Smart pls3 software were used for data analysis. The results showed that social network dependency was negatively and significantly related to mental health and parents’ supervision style. The research results indicate a positive significant relationship between parents’ supervision style and mental health. Moreover, parents’ supervision style may play a mediating role in the relationship between virtual network addiction and mental health. Therefore, social network addiction may increase the risk of depression and anxiety in teenagers. This problem has implications for teen mental health. Lack of adequate parental control leads to problems such as isolation, moral decline, aggression, and anxiety in teenagers.

The Aim Of This Study Was To Determine The Relationship Between Psychological Entitlement And External Orientation Of Religion According To The Mediating Role Of Emotional Health And Internal Orientation Of Religion With Students' Life Satisfaction. The Analysing Procedure Used In This Study Is Based On The Descriptive-Correlational Method And The Statistical Analysis Was Path Analysis. The Study Population Consisted Of Male And Female Students Of Different Levels And Fields Of Study Of Rahman Ramsar Institute Of Higher Education In The 98-99 Academic Year With A Population Of Approximately 750 People, From Whom 264 Students Are Selected For Conducting This Research. The Sampling Method Was Cluster Random. Research Instruments: Scott Haubner's Multidimensional Student Satisfaction Scale (2001), The Campbell Et's Psychological Entitlement Scale (2004), The Tenet Et's Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (2007) And The Allport And Ross's The Religious Orientation Scale (1967). The Results Showed That The Role Of Psychological Entitlement In Relation To Life Satisfaction Is Positive, Direct, And Meaningless (R = 0.05), But Psychological Entitlement Through Emotional Health Mediation Showed A Positive, Indirect And Significant Relationship With Life Satisfaction. Emotional Health Has A Positive, Direct, And Significant Relationship With Life Satisfaction (R = 0.34). The External Orientation Of Religion

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based cognitive intervention and a metacognitive intervention on anxiety symptoms and rumination in patients with multiple sclerosis. The method of this study was based on the purpose and research design and was quasi-experimental and pretest-posttest with a control group. For this purpose, among all women with MS under the auspices of MS Association of Mazandaran Province year 2019, residing in Sari, 45 individuals were selected through purposive sampling and randomly divided into three groups (2 intervention groups and one control group). Members of the intervention groups were trained in 8 one-hour sessions. Participants answered the Self Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) once before the intervention and once after the intervention. Data were then analyzed using SPSS version 26. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the difference between the two groups of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and metacognitive therapy on anxiety and rumination was significant (p <0.05) and that mindfulness therapy had a greater effect on metacognitive therapy than reducing anxiety and rumination. Considering the importance that the mental health of patients with multiple sclerosis has in controlling the disease and its consequences, the use of the above treatments seems to be useful and fruitful. Therefore, therapists are recommended to use these two interventions, especially mindfulness-based interventions, to promote the mental health of these patients.

The aim of the present study was to compare primary maladaptive schemas and historical memory in people with depressive, anxiety, and normal disorders. The study was practical and causal-comparative. The research population included all people with anxiety and depression disorders who presented to psychological clinics in the 5th district of Tehran in 2019-2020. Therefore, 90 people were selected for this research with three variables (30 people with depressive disorders, 30 people with anxiety disorders, and 30 normal people, 51 females, 39 males). The research instruments included the Autobiographical Memory Questionnaire (AMI) and Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF). Data analysis was done through Student's t-test and analysis of variance in SPSS26 software. The results showed that the average difference of all five domains of primary maladaptive schemas in depressed and anxious participants compared with normal participants was significant at the 0.01 level, and these two groups had higher mean scores in all five domains of primary maladaptive schemas compared with normal people. they got The difference in the mean score of event memory in the two groups of normal and anxious participants is significant at the 0.01 level, and normal people scored higher average scores in this component compared with anxious participants.