نشریه فیزیولوژی ورزش و فعالیت بدنی
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1401)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined exercise on resting levels of pentraxin3 (PTX3) and serum amyloid A (SAA) in the plasma of men with type-2 diabetes.

Twenty oen-athlete men with type-2 diabetes were randomly divided into control and training groups. Combined training was performed for six weeks. Training including 25-35 minutes of aerobic exercise with an intensity of 55-75% of maximum heart rate and five resistance movements involving large muscles in the upper and lower body Includes five movements: chest press, army press, squat, dead lift, dumbbell rowing with an intensity of 55-75% of a maximum repetition with a frequency of three times a week with the periorizing of resistance training on aerobic training . The intensity of aerobic exercise was measured with heart rate monitor and the intensity of resistance training was measured every two weeks with a maximum repetition test. For data analysis, dependent and independent t-test was used at the significant level of P ≤ 0.05.

Examining the results of the study, it was found that the training contract reduced the SAA index (16.7%) and significantly changed it in the training group compared to the control group (P = 0.047 . However, there was no effect on resting SAA in the control group and a 2.2% increase in PTX3 in the training group was not significant (P = 0.474).

According to the results of the study and a significant decrease in inflammatory factor SAA and increase in PTX3, it can be concluded that six weeks of combined training affects the levels of these factors in men with type-2 diabetes and can probably reduce inflammation in these patients.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common liver disease that is progressing and affects more than a quarter of the world's population. In this regard, researchers believe that exercise and herbal medicines with anti-lipid and antioxidant properties can be beneficial as supplementary therapy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of eight weeks aerobic training and artichoke distillate consumption on liver fat and serum levels of liver enzymes in women with non-alcoholic fatty liver.

For this purpose, 24 obese or overweight volunteer women with non-alcoholic fatty liver with the mean age of 39.9±3.8 years, and mean weight of 75.4±12.1 kg, were randomly assigned into three groups of eight subjects: artichoke, aerobic, and control. Subjects in the aerobic group performed three sessions of aerobic exercises per week for eight weeks. The aerobic training program included 30 minutes of running with an intensity of 11 on the Borg scale rating of perceived exertion during the first week. Training duration increased to 45 minutes and the intensity increased to 13 from the fifth week of the aerobic training program, according to the principle of progressive overload. Subjects in the artichoke group received 180 cc of the artichoke distillate per day (60cc after each meal). The control group performed no intervention during the study period. Blood sample and ultrasound sonography of the liver were performed 48 hours before and after the intervention to measure serum levels of Alanine Aminotransferase, Aspartate Aminotransferase, lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein), and liver fat.

Results showed that liver fat levels were significantly decreased within the aerobic (P = 0.034) and the artichoke (P = 0.011) groups. However, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the aerobic training and artichoke distillate consumption (P = 0.393). Serum levels of Alanine Aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase had significant decrement within the aerobic group (P = 0.016 and P = 0.028, respectively). The levels of these enzymes had non-significant decrement within the artichoke group (P = 0.080 and P = 0.172, respectively), and significant increments within the control group (P = 0.024 and P = 0.008, respectively). There were no significant changes in the lipid profile within the groups.

Performing three sessions of aerobic training with moderate intensity per week for eight weeks or consumption of 60cc artichoke distillate after each meal could reduce the levels of liver fat in obese or overweight women with non-alcoholic fatty liver. In addition, these patients can use aerobic training to reduce the liver enzymes and the artichoke distillate to prevent the increase of these enzymes. However, artichoke distillate consumption or moderate-intensity aerobic training could not lead to improvement of the liver fat levels in two months, without following a healthy diet regimen or other medical treatments.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular complications of diabetes and since physical activity in diabetic patients can affect the structure and function of the myocardium, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of HIIT training on the content of NF-kB and Wnt proteins in the heart muscle tissue of Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes.

In the present study, 20 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (each group including five rats) Control+Healthy, Exercise+Healthy, Control+Diabetes, and Exercise+Diabetes. After a period of high-fat diet and then after induction of diabetes, animals in Exercise+Diabetes and Exercise+Healthy groups performed the training protocol for eight weeks and five sessions per week. 48 hours after the last training session, cardiac tissue was extracted and the expression levels of NF-kB and Wnt proteins were assessed using Western blotting. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at a significance level of less than 0.05. Also, mixed ANOVA test was used to evaluate changes in weight and glucose levels of rats in different stages and weeks of training.

The results showed that the relative Levels of NF-kB and Wnt proteins in Control+Diabetes and Exercise+Eiabetes groups is significantly more than healthy groups (P = 0.001). Also, the Levels of Wnt protein in the Exercise+Diabetes group was significantly less than the Control+Diabetes group (P = 0.001), While the Levels of NF-κB protein in the Exercise+Diabetes group did not show a significant difference compared to the Control+Diabetes group. The results of mixed ANOVA test on mean weight changes show that the weight of rats in Control+Diabetes and Exercise+Diabetes groups was significantly higher (P = 0.001) than the beginning of training and use of high-fat diet to the stage before STZ injection and in the last week. In addition, at the end of the training protocol was significantly became less (P = 0.001). Also, blood glucose levels of Control+Diabetes and Exercise+Diabetes groups was significantly higher (P = 0.001 and 0.003, respectively) at one week after STZ injection and was significantly lower in the Exercise+Diabetes group at the end of the training protocol (P=0.001).

Finally, it should be noted that high-intensity intermittent exercise could potentially affect myocardial structure and function and be promising as a non-pharmacological solution.

Aerobic fitness is one of the factors influencing the success of rowers in rowing, which requires the use of efficient training methods. Polarized training model based on the intensity distribution of the training would be a suitable strategy in this field. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of polarized training on aerobic fitness and performance of professional rowers.

20 athletes (10 females and 10 males) who had more than two years of professional rowing experience were divided into two groups of polarized training intensity distribution (75-80% of training volume equivalent to 18 training sessions in zone one with 55-75% of maximum heart rate, 5-10% of the training volume is equivalent to eight training sessions in zone two with 81-87% maximum heart rate and 15-20% of the training volume is equivalent to four training sessions with 88-100% maximum heart rate) and traditional training intensity distribution (20% of training volume in zone one, equivalent to seven sessions per month, 50% in zone two, including 12 sessions per month, and 30% in zone three, including five sessions) were divided and their exercises were performed over four weeks, with six sessions per week (three sessions of rowing + One session of ergometer + two sessions of running) was followed. Before and after the training period, maximal oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, blood lactate, time of 2000 and 1000 meters were evaluated. Repeated analysis of variance with intergroup factor was used to examine the research data (P ≤ 0.05).

According to the results of the present study, the performance of 2000 meters in both groups improved significantly (P < 0.0001). This improvement was 5.56% more reduction in 2000 meters’ record, which shows the greater effectiveness of this training method. However, the performance of 1000 m after four weeks of polarized and traditional training was similar (P = 0.37). There was no significant difference between the two groups for Maximum oxygen consumption (P = 0.14) and respiratory exchange ratio (P = 0.21). Fat percentage in both groups decreased significantly (P = 0.001).

Despite the lack of differences in some physiological parameters, four weeks of traditional and polarized training are associated with improved performance and physiological parameters of rowers, which is greater in the performance of 2000 meters that is the main competition of these athletes with polarized training (about 6%). It seems that the polarization intensity distribution pattern can be a more effective method than traditional exercises in developing the aerobic performance characteristics of rowing athletes.

Exercise and obesity alter angiogenesis in adipose tissue, resulting in large changes in metabolic processes. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of resistance training and high-intensity intermittent aerobic training (HIIAT) on the expression of microRNAs associated with adipose tissue angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis in rats fed a high-fat diet.

In the experimental study, 60 six-week-old male wistar rats (mean body weight = 192.40 ± 11.35) were obtained from Pasteur Institute of Iran. The animals were randomly divided into six equal groups after transfer to the laboratory environment and one week of exposure to the new environment: 1. Normal diet (CO), 2. Normal diet + Resistance training (NRT), 3. Normal diet + HIIAT (NHT), 4. High-fat diet (HF), 5. High-fat diet + Resistance training (HFRT), 6. High-fat diet + HIIAT (HFHT) (n = 10 per group). The training groups performed their training protocol for eight weeks and five sessions per week. Resistance training included climbing a 1-meter ladder with a 90-degree slope and 46 steps. Initially, the weight attached to the rats' tails was 30% of their body weight and gradually reached about 180% of their body weight in the final week. The exercises were performed in five sets of four repetitions. High-intensity intermittent aerobic training was started on the treadmill at an initial speed of 15 meters per minute, and in each session, one to two meters per minute was added to the treadmill speed, depending on the ability of the rats. During the Pabani week, the exercise reached six stages of three minutes of running at a speed of 40 meters per minute with a slope of 15 degrees. To evaluate the effect of resistance training and high-intensity intermittent aerobic training and high-fat diet (58% of calories in the form of fat) on miR-221, miR-222, miR-329 and VEGF variables, subjects in each group were killed 48 hours after the last training session. Sampling of mesenteric adipose tissue was performed immediately after killing the animals. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test, one-way and two-way ANOVA at the significant level (P ≥ 0.05). Scheffe post hoc test was used to compare the pairwise .

The miR-221, miR-222 and VEGF in the Normal diet + Resistance training, Normal diet + HIIT and High-fat diet + Resistance training groups a significant increase was observed compared to the control group (P ≥ 0.01). However, miR-329 was significantly higher only in the high-fat diet group than in the normal diet + HIIAT group (P = 0.022).

The results showed that resistance training and HIIAT by increasing miR-221, miR-222, and decreasing miR329 led to the activation of pathways that increased VEGF protein and ultimately increased angiogenesis in rats with a high-fat and normal diets. Therefore, these exercises are an important factor in angiogenesis and mechanism in adipose tissue, which may be able to cause significant changes in adipose tissue during this process. However, in order to confirm this point and generalize it to humans, more research is needed, especially on human specimens. Also, since the effect of resistance training on miRNAs was greater than HIIAT, these exercises can be a good alternative to HIIAT.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with decreases in neurons in several important areas for memory and learning in the brain, especially in the hippocampus. AD is a progressive brain disorder that causes gradual loss of memory, impaired learning ability, and connection problems with other people. Researchers have found that people with diabetes are 1.5 times more likely to develop AD. And suggests that Alzheimer's disease may indicate a specific type of diabetes in brain. Although this issue needs more research. Astrocytes are one of the most abundant types of glial cells that change and become hypertrophy in response to any damage to the central nervous system (CNS). An important feature of the glial reaction is the increased synthesis of GFAP protein, which is a protein that mediates cytoskeletal fibers and is the main determinant of the reactivation of astrocytes and cell damage. This phenomenon is known as the astrogliosis reaction and is one of the most common injuries in type 3 diabetes and AD. White matter changes in the hippocampus are one of the best biomarkers for recognizing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.

Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups: 1-type 3 diabetes group (DM III), 2-healthy control group (Control), 3-type 3 diabetes and involuntary training (DM III + HIIT), 4-type 3 diabetes and voluntary activities in an enriched environment group (DM III + RE), and 5-the sham group (Sham). The activity method of the rats in the involuntary training group was performed as high intensity interval training and in accordance with the test of maximum training capacity by Wang et al. The rats of the voluntary training group were placed in the enriched environment for five days a week for two hours a day and simultaneously with the activity of the involuntary training group. GFAP was measured by DAB immunohistochemical method. Morris water maze test was used to evaluate spatial learning and memory of animals. Shapero-Wilk test was used to measure the normal distribution of data. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test with a significance level of 5% was used to analyze the data. Statistical calculations were performed by GraphPad Prism software version 8, SPSS version 21, and Microsoft Excel software version 2010.

The present study results showed that the type-3 diabetes control group had the highest amount of GFAP expression. This difference with all the research groups was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). The voluntary exercise group in the enriched environment and the involuntary exercise group had significantly lower GFAP than the type-3 diabetes control group. The voluntary exercise group had a lower GFAP expression percentage (23.67%) than the involuntary training group (26.01%). However, the difference between these two training groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The Morris water maze test showed that the healthy control and sham groups spent more significant time in the target area and this difference was statistically significant only with the type-3 diabetes group (P ≤ 0.05). Both exercise groups spent more time in the target area than the type-3 diabetic group, but this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The voluntary exercise group spent more time in the target area and this group performed better in remembering information and spatial memory than the involuntary exercise group. Still, this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

Voluntary group activities in an enriched environment may have greater effects in reducing GFAP in the hippocampus white tissue of the diabetic type 3 rats. However, involuntary high-intensity interval training was also able to reduce the astrogliosis reaction compared to the diabetic type 3 control group. The voluntary exercise group in the enriched environment performed better in the Morris water maze test than the involuntary exercise group so the time spent in the target area quadrant by them was higher than the involuntary high-intensity exercise group.

Considering that exercise and consumption of medicinal plants with antioxidant properties have a significant effect on the redox status of people with type-2 diabetes, it seems necessary to study the interactive effect of high-intensity interval training and curcumin consumption in people with type-2 diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of high-intensity intermittent exercise and curcumin consumption on oxidative indices in obese men with type-2 diabetes.

In this quasi-experimental double-blind study performed with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group, 60 men with type-2 diabetes mellitus (mean age 38.76 ± 2.05 years, height 169.53 ± 2.81 cm, BMI 31.09 ± 1.56 kg/m2) randomly divided into four groups: HIIT, HIIT-curcumin, curcumin, and control.Exercise intervention three sessions per week (including 10 stages of training, each stage includes 30 seconds with an intensity of 80 to 85% HRR and 90 seconds of active rest with an intensity of 50 to 55% HRR) and taking 2100 mg of curcumin three times a day performed for 12 weeks. Sampling was performed in two stages, pre-test and post-test to measure the plasma concentrations of paraoxonase-1, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde. Data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk, one-way analysis of variance and two-way covariance method. The significance level was set at P < 0.05.

The results showed that the interactive effect of exercise and curcumin consumption significantly increased paraoxonase-1(P=0.014), superoxide dismutase (P=0.0001), glutathione peroxidase (P=0.023) and significantly reduced malondialdehyde (P=0.0001). Also, the effect of exercise alone significantly increased serum levels of paraoxonase-1 (P= 0.010), superoxide dismutase (P=0.002), glutathione peroxidase (P= 0.015) and malondialdehyde (P=0.0001) decreased. However, the effect of curcumin alone did not cause significant changes in serum levels of paraoxonase-1 (P= 0.053), superoxide dismutase (P=0.092), glutathione peroxidase (P= 0.055) and malondialdehyde (P=0.079). The highest significant increase from pretest to posttest in paraoxonase-1 (19.26%, P=0.0001), superoxide dismutase (18.37%, P=0.011), glutathione peroxidase (17.20%, P=0.0001) and the most significant decrease in malondialdehyde (24.47%, P=0.014) was observed in the exercise alone with curcumin group. The greatest effect on paraoxonase-1 (86%), superoxide dismutase (92%), glutathione peroxidase (81%) and malondialdehyde (88%) was the interactive effect of exercise and curcumin.

The results of the present study showed that the effect of exercise alone is associated with significant changes in serum levels of antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde index. However, the effect of curcumin was not associated with significant changes. Finally, the main finding of the present study indicates that the interactive effect of exercise and curcumin, compared to the effect of each alone, is more suitable for improving the antioxidant and peroxidant activity of obese men with type-2 diabetes with hyperlipidemia.

microRNA (miRNA) are a new class of biomarkers that are involved in many biological processes and gene expression. Also, High-intensity exercise training (HIIT) has long been demonstrated to help improve cardiorespiratory fitness and corresponding physiological variables in healthy individuals. The training involves repeated short to long bouts of relatively high-intensity exercise alternating with recovery periods of low-intensity activity or passive rest. Thus, the present study examined the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the expression of miRNA-21 and miRNA-21 in male rats.

In this experimental study, twenty adult Wistar male rats were selected and randomly divided into two groups: control and HIIT (T) protocols. Accordingly, the rats underwent the HIIT program on smart electronic tape recorders for eight weeks, five days a week. HIIT training was performed with an intensity of 85-90% of maximum speed in 6-12 times for two minutes and with 3-minute active rest intervals with an intensity of 30% VO2max. At the end of the study contract, all mice were anesthetized and operated 48 hours after the last intervention without painless method to determine changes in miR-1 and miR-21 gene expression by real-time PCR in left ventricular tissue. To investigate the normality of data distribution, Shapiro-Wilk test and to test the hypotheses, two-way analysis of variance was performed at a significance level of P > 0.05 with SPPS26 statistical software.

miRNA-21 expression were significantly higher after eight weeks HIIT than control groups (P < 0.05). However, miRNA-1 expression were significantly lower after eight weeks HIIT than control groups (P < 0.05).

It seems that changes in the tissue level of miRNA-21 and miRNA-1 expression are related to the signaling pathways of adaptations related to exercise training.

Many environmental factors, including dietary interventions, can moderate inflammation. Previous studies have confirmed that high-fat diets increase the activation of inflammatory markers such as IL-6 in the post-consumption phase. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with pistachio green skin extract on the expression of IL-6, IL-1 and TNF-α in the heart tissue of fat-fed rats.

In this study, 12-week-old female rats weighing between 180 and 220 g were used. Rats were randomly divided into five groups; Positive control (healthy), negative control (obese), exercise, extract, exercise and extract (interaction of exercise and extract). In order to create an obesity model, all rats received 0.5 ml per 100 g of body weight orally by gavage for five weeks, five days a week. The training protocol was performed as moderate intensity training (MET) in the range of 50-60% Vo2max, which includes five training sessions per week (treadmill) with five minutes of warm-up, 20 minutes of activity and five minutes of cooling. On the first day of training, the speed started from 16 m / s and increased 2.5 m/s according to the protocol every week and reached 26 m / s until the last day after four weeks. The extract used in this research was pistachio peel extract at a dose of 60 mg per kilogram. The extract was prepared in liquid and pure form and dissolved with distilled water. Then it was applied by gavage method for four weeks and five times per week.

There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of IL-1, TNF-α and IL-6 expression (P = 0.001). Post hoc test showed that there was a significant difference in terms of IL1 and IL-6 expression between obese and healthy groups (P = 0.001). There was a significant difference between the extract group (P = 0.001), the exercise group (P = 0.001) and the exercise + extract group (P = 0.001) with the obese group. There was a significant difference between obese and healthy groups in terms of TNF-α expression (P = 0.002). There was no significant difference in terms of variables between the exercise, extract and exercise + extract groups (P ≥ 0.05).

The findings of this study showed that consumption of fatty foods increases the expression of IL-6, IL-1 and TNF-α in the heart tissue of rats. But aerobic exercise and consumption of pistachio skin extract reduced the expression of IL-1 and TNF-α. However, the combination of their combined effects further reduced the expression of IL-1 and TNF-α.

Pathogenic cardiac hypertrophy is a type of heart disorder that is associated with changes in the structure of the heart, apoptosis and fibrosis of the heart muscle cells, which leads to a decrease in the pumping ability of the heart and may eventually lead to heart failure and sudden death. It has been shown that the signaling pathway of transcription factors NF-κB and NFAT play an important role in the process of pathogenic hypertrophy of the heart, and considering that few studies have investigated the effect of exercise on these factors in the process of pathogenic hypertrophy,the aim of the present study was to identify the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise before isoproterenol induction on the expression of NF-κB and NFAT genes in the left ventricular tissue of male Wistar rats.

18 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups of endurance training and control. Endurance training was performed for eight weeks, one hour a day and six days a week on a treadmill with a slope of 15 degrees. After eight weeks of training, pathological hypertrophy was induced by subcutaneous injection of three mg / kg isoprenaline for seven days. 24 hours after the last injection session, rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg ketamine and 10 mg xylazine. The rats were then dissected and cardiac tissue was extracted and transferred to -70 ° C. Also, in the present study, Real Time PCR was used to evaluate the expression of NF-κB and NFAT genes. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24 and independent t-test at a significance level of P ≥ 0.05

The results of the present study showed that the indices of heart weight, heart weight to body weight ratio (H / W) and left ventricular weight to body weight ratio (V / W) were significantly (P = 0.01) and (P = 0.03): Respectively, increased in the exercise group compared to the control group. Also, the relative expression of NF-κB gene was significantly (P = 0.03) decreased in the exercise group compared to the control group, while the relative expression of NFAT gene was not significantly changed in the study groups (P = 0.40).

Eight weeks of aerobic endurance training may play an important role in the prevention of pathological cardiac hypertrophy by reducing the relative expression of the NF-κB gene.