فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی
پیاپی 52 (تابستان 1401)

In the Qajar era, the province of Gilan was impacted by modernity due to its location on the commercial and cultural path of Iran and Europe. As a result, in the Pahlavi period, according to the foundations created, in addition to the educational growth of men, women also took the lead in the trend toward modern education.  Many reforms were made in the educational province of Gilan, but the main reforms were in women's affairs. These reforms have created and expanded female employees, students, and social activists.  Based on the documents of Gilan’s Education and Endowments Department, this research aims to investigate the mechanism of girls' schools, women's education, and the place of Gilani women in the educational system, based on 600 archive documents. Accordingly, this question might arise "What changes did women's education undergo in the era of Reza Shah compared to the Qajar period, and what was its quality?" The research shows that despite the leadership of women in cultural and educational affairs in Gilan, the women's education in this area from 1298 to 1303, the number of schools and health was not favorable and the education for many Girls in small towns and villages were not available, however, in 1305-15, the cultural and educational status of women made significant progress and Gilan became one of the three leading provinces of the country in the field of women's education.

In the contemporary period, Jews and Christians have been the link between Iran and the Western world through business, education, and diplomacy. They were the pioneers of modern education in hiring Austrian teachers of Dar al-Funun, as well as in establishing Alliance schools. During the Pahlavi period, Jewish people had a great role in the development of Iran's technical knowledge by establishing professional technical centers under the supervision of the World Institute of 0rt.  0rt Technical Vocational Institute of Iran was one of the institutions established by the Iranian Jewish people, which was the pioneer in the education of some technical fields in Iran from 1329 to 1357  in Tehran, Shiraz, and Isfahan.  This article studies the role of the 0rt Institute in advancing Iran's technical and professional knowledge. The essay introduces the achievements of this educational institution with a descriptive-analytical method. It also examines the importance of technical education in the industrialization of contemporary Iran. This research shows that the technical institute, without racial and religious discrimination, played a significant role in the development of Iran's technical knowledge by using modern knowledge and employing experienced scientists. This institute is still active today in Tehran, with a boys' school named "Palestine Freedom State School" and a girls' school named "Shahid Shamsipour Technical College".

The Safavid era (907-1142 AH) is important in many aspects of the cultural history of Iran, including the official recognition of Shiism and the court's support for Shiite cultural productions, which led to the redefinition of national identity. The current research aims to study the relationship between translation and Shi'ism as an ideology. The article focuses on Van Dijk's theory (1998) and a neo-Marxist definition of ideology and examines the social, cognitive, and discursive components of Shi'ism and translation. First, the article descriptively, and analytically, examines the socio-political conditions of the Safavid period and the work of the translators, and then investigates ten translations during Shah Ismail’ (905-930 AH), Shah Tahmasab (930-984 AH) ) and Shah Sultan Hossein (1125-1106 AH) to show the influence of ideology in the translators' manuscripts. This study argues that these translators participated in the Shiite discourse by favoring the ideology of Shiism and the specification of the Imamate of Hazrat Ali and the necessity of obeying the Imams. Also, the translators by using positive words and citing the Quranic verses in describing the family of the Holy Prophet and by using negative words in describing their opponents legitimized the Safavid kings and  Twelver Shiism. 

Khosrovani ways or Taruq-ul-Malukiyeh is a music system of the Sassanid period, which Barbad and Nakisa composed it. In the early Islamic centuries, this music system was discussed in four sources. Two authors used different names for this system of music in their works, which is related to the aforementioned four sources. This issue has not been paid enough attention by scholars. Some researchers have studied the meaning and origin of these names. This research studies the nature and relationship between Nowruz and Mehregan in their cultural contexts. The most important question of the research is what are the ways of Khosravani and its connection with Nowruz customs and changing of its name in the Islamic era. The author argues that the goals of the Nowruz ritual were to strengthen the position of the king by receiving taxes and gifts and wishing for a prosperous life, and Khosravani's ways were implemented for this purpose. It seems that each of the rituals belonged to the seven days of Nowruz and prayer for rain.

Yakub Polak served in Iran from 1851 to 1860 as a private doctor of Naser al-Din Shah. Polak's extensive services in the field of medicine have made him a pioneer of modern Iranian medicine. But, in addition to medicine, he contributed a great deal to developing Iranian art and culture.  The main topic of the current research is Polak's services in Iranian culture and art. After the end of his mission and return to Austria, an extensive cultural and economic development was made in this country. According to Polak's great knowledge of Iranian culture and society and his scientific and political position in the Austrian imperial court, he was not merely an external observer of the cultural and economic developments of Austria, but he had a great role in strengthening the capabilities of Iranian art and culture.  In this study, a range of historical documents and analytical sources are reviewed. The findings show that Polak played an important role in sharing cultural and economic developments of Austria with the Iranian art and culture during the years of cultural and economic developments in Europe, including the preparations for Iran's participation in the international exhibition in 1873 AD,  inviting Naser al-Din Shah to Europe, writing Iran's catalog in the Vienna World Exhibition, facilitating Iran's participation in the World Exhibition of Oriental Carpets in 1891 AD, and writing an article in the catalog. This exhibition is considered one of the main activities of Polak's work for Iran.

During Reza Shah's reign, the discourse of authoritarian nationalism was formed and used in different fields. In 1317 A.H., an institution called the Organization of Cultivating Thoughts was established to promote and expand the ruling discourse in various arenas. Teachers were one of the groups that were trained by this organization. Using the discourse analysis theory of Laclau and Mouffe, this research aims to investigate the articulation, concepts and identification process of the discourse of authoritarian nationalism in the historical speeches of the Organization. The analysis of the speeches by the Organization of that period shows that the articulation of the concepts and components of the discourse of authoritarian nationalism in these speeches were made around the central sign of the Shah and that justify the foundations of Pahlavi rule.