فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 178 (تابستان 1401)

Cultural, social, economic changes and coercion of government institutions in order to create a new way of life and improve the living conditions of the villagers, has created changes in rural housing, so that the yard, which is an integral part of the rural house and part of its area, undergoes fundamental changes. Has been in its body and function. The present study, considering the role of the yard in rural life and with the aim of achieving the factors affecting its physical and functional changes, studies rural areas of Garmsar city. The type of applied research and study method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection was done through field observations, impressions, documents and library resources. Villages were selected in a purposeful and non-random manner and the sample size was 5% of the statistical population and randomly. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software and Factor Analysis to classify the physical and functional factors of the yard. Then, one-way analysis of variance (One-Way Anova) describes and analyzes the information. The results show that among the 4 factors identified in the physical changes of the yard, 2 factors related to diversity and flexibility and the other pure yard, has a significant relationship between traditional and contemporary buildings and is most effective at home. Have traditional and renovated. In other words, there is a hierarchy in the construction of the yard in rural housing, which in the new rural housing, the diversity and connection with the interior space (net yard) in the rural house is also reduced. In this research, the open space is a part of the yard that includes the essentials of rural life and does not include only unbuilt spaces.The results of functional changes also show that among the three identified components, only the factor related to biological function has a significant relationship And the function of spaces such as: toilets, equipment warehouses, kitchens, entrances and terraces in the courtyards of old houses and reconstruction have a more effective role than the courtyards of contemporary homes.

The House as a social- cultural unit is the product of the interaction between housing patterns and patterns of human habitation, is expressed in the form of behavioral patterns and physical spatial patterns. The present study seeks to explore how these patterns are embedded in the structure of vernacular houses. Therefore, 15 middle class houses in Ardabil who were left from the late Qajar and early Pahlavi era were selected as case studies. Then, by referring to them and interviewing their residents, the cases were investigated. The purpose of the study is to present a model for introducing the effective factors in shaping the structure of vernacular houses and explaining the dimensions and relationships between the concepts and components involved in the structure of these houses. The research process was carried out in three stages: First, theoretical studies were collected and the theoretical framework of research was extracted. In the second step, to test the theoretical framework, data analysis was performed based on the analysis of spatial and physical patterns as well as patterns of current behavior at three macro, mid and micro levels and then, the process of formation of the structure of the houses was drawn based on the theoretical framework and the underlying factors were extracted. In the third step, the final model of the research was drawn based on the obtained data. According to the results of the research, culture, society, climate, and economy are the four factors that influence the formation of the structure of vernacular houses. Also, the factor of choice has produced contextual meanings related to housing and housing. From the interaction of meanings, the basic spatial-physical components of Ardebil vernacular houses structure, namely “physical and functional flexibility”, “climatic considerations in the houses”, “structural similarity of the houses” and “non-differentiation of the houses” are revealed.

the purpose of this study was to model the factors affecting the implementation of iran crisis management policy with interpretive structural approach . the research method was descriptive - survey and applied in terms of purpose . the data were collected using a mixed method ( qualitative and quantitative ) . the statistical population in the qualitative part consisted of 114 experts who were selected as non - random purposive and quantitative part , including managers and experts of the crisis management organization and the provincial and provincial managers of the organizations and governmental and provincial managers of the organization and member of the supreme council of crisis management , 13 persons were selected . the research tool was a researcher - made questionnaire comprising five factors that affect the implementation of crisis management policy . ~~~ its content validity was confirmed by professors of university administration and its reliability was confirmed by cronbach 's alpha test ( α = 0.92 ) . interpretive structural modeling technique was used to classify the main categories . the results showed that factor analysis in the form of two factors affects the successful implementation of crisis management policies . the results also showed that the components were in five levels . the empowerment factors of human resources and the skills of executives , financial resources and equipment and organizational and organizational factors at the infrastructure level of the model and integrated management and the unification of procedure have been at the top of the model . policy implementation will be facilitated if it is clear that the missions and institutions of the organization , central plan , pre - nose and supply of financial resources and equipment and empowerment of human resources in decision making priorities and action of the managers of the disaster management organization .

Considering that housing, as the ossification of the rural body, plays an essential role in shaping the physical structure and identity of rural architecture, Its physical properties and structures play an important role in the level of spatial vulnerability of rural settlements because Iran is located in the main axis of the world earthquake belt and the consequences of a possible earthquake are extensive and pervasive according to the countrychr('39')s housing conditions. And in the destruction of rural housing in Iran in the face of natural disasters, earthquakes and floods in terms of extent, dispersion and density per unit time have a more effective role and Mallard city in Tehran province is one of the cities vulnerable to earthquakes in 1396 earthquake in this The city happened and some villages suffered material damage. Considering the above, the existence of housing poverty in rural areas of developing countries, including the country, today, improving and renovating these houses to give villagers access to better health and well-being, has become one of the most important improvement policies. One of the most important programs implemented in the field of housing improvement and modernization in developing countries is the approach to granting credit. The present study was conducted to investigate the status of rural housing improvement credits in Mallard County. The present research is descriptive-analytical and in terms of method is survey research. In the present article, by studying and reviewing the research literature, indicators and indicators that explain the subject were extracted and were compiled in the form of a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale. The statistical population studied in this study includes families living in the villages of Mallard County, officials of institutions and institutions related to the subject of the study. It is worth mentioning. In Mallard County, there are 62 inhabited villages and 1428 households benefiting from housing improvement credits, of which 302 households have been selected as a sample and a survey has been conducted with the heads of these households. In a part of the present study, a sample population of experts, professors and doctoral students in the field of geography and rural planning (20 people) was used to conduct a survey to determine the effective components on achieving a sustainable policy model of housing improvement credits. In the data analysis stage, two softwares, SPSS 1, Expert Choice and EXCEL, were used. The models used in the research are t-test, network analysis and Goler matrix. According to the field studies conducted in Mallard County, it was determined by the studied samples that despite the positive results of these credits, but in this regard, there are obstacles and problems that prevent the realization of a sustainable model in relation to housing improvement credits in the county. And has become nationally large. The results of the studies showed that most of the studied variables are far from the ideal state, And most of the villagers are determined from the administrative processes and especially the issue of providing a guarantor for obtaining a loan, time consuming to obtain a loan, disproportionate bank interest on loans with the income of villagers, insufficiency of loans received with the price of materials and construction in villages and ... Dissatisfied and there is not enough motivation to continue the project of rehabilitation and improvement of housing in the villages, Despite the positive effects of the project and the allocation of funds in recent years, the incompleteness of this project in many rural houses in the city indicates the existence of these obstacles and requires a review of the rules and processes set for obtaining loans by the authorities.

Iran faces water shortage crisis whilst construction industry consumes huge amount of water. There are not precise data about construction industry water consumption. Accordingly, lack of comparison as well as prioritization between prevalent structural systems and alternatives which probably use less water create problems in planning for less consumption. There are two questions which arise, aiming to decrease water consumption through selecting suitable structural systems for usual buildings (up to 3 stories): first, how much water is used in the usual structural phase in Iran? Next, to achieve  less water consumption in a structural system, the main essay question is stated: What is the ratio of the water used in earthen architecture to the amount used in usual construction system (concrete and steel)? Results show that earthen structures consume 7 to 15 percent less water than the same structure made by concrete and steel; in other words,  employing the earthen structure instead of concrete and steel reduces water consumption at least 2500 liters per each square meter of construction.

In Iran, development measures are carried out in villages with the priority of physical-spatial development based on the rural leadership plan. Hadi plan or in other words comprehensive rural development plan, with the goals of creating the development and development of the village according to the cultural, economic and social conditions; provision of social, productive and welfare facilities; guiding the physical condition of the village; The creation of facilities to improve villagers' housing and environmental and public services has been prepared and implemented. Considering that this plan from the second development plan has received the attention of the policy and planning system and considering the importance of Hadi plan at the village level of Iran, it is necessary to evaluate the implementation performance of this plan as well as to know its achievements by identifying the strengths. And the weakness of this plan is to use its results to modify the conceptual framework of the plan or make a fundamental change in its framework. In this regard, the present study, which is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of method (based on the contextual theory approach), has conducted a consequential evaluation of the master plan in rural settlements of Iran. The required data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 25 experts and were coded (open, axial and selective) using Maxiquida software. The results of this study showed that the process of preparing and implementing a master plan in rural settlements of the country has positive consequences (such as improving the mobility system, improving the structural housing, emergence of new economic activities, spatial equality in infrastructure and welfare services, regularity in physical expansion and promotion Environmental quality) and negative (such as poor attention to rural ownership, weakening of cultural elements, laying the groundwork for commodification of the village, increasing the size of villages around the metropolis, destruction of natural-ecological resources, weakening the cohesion and visual diversity of physical texture). Also, the results of this study emphasize that the negative consequences of this plan are affected by trends such as government-centered, weak organizational interactions, weak professional capacity of project consultants, weak local community empowerment, weak attention to local community participation and the dominance of modernist approach to project preparation.