مجله آموزش محیط زیست و توسعه پایدار
سال دهم شماره 4 (Summer 2022)

Environmental education (EE) raises awareness of issues impacting the environment upon which we all depend, as well as actions we can take to improve and sustain it. This study investigated the degree of consistency among the environmental components of the intended and implemented curricula belonged to the fifth grade Experimental Science textbook. The methodology in the first part was content analysis, while in the second part was a survey. The statistical population consisted of the fifth grade Experimental Science textbook and 120 fifth grade teachers of primary schools in Sari. The intended curriculum has been examined through the analysis of the objectives and the content of the Experimental Science textbook, and the implemented curriculum has been examined via a researcher-made questionnaire. Chi-square and one-sample t-test were run in data analysis process. The results indicated that with respect to the objectives, there was not any significant difference among the components of the environmental education. However, regarding the content, there was a significant difference among the components of the environmental education. However, there was a significant difference among the contents of the environmental components of the fifth grade Experimental Science course. Moreover, regarding the environmental components and the teachers’ opinions, there was a significant difference between the intended and implemented curricula, and hence not any consistency between the two. Therefore, due to the existing inconsistency, it is necessary for the Editing Council of the Experimental Science Book, as well as the school principals and teachers to put more efforts into reducing such inconsistency.

The aim of this research is to verify the effect of environmental regulations on environmental and economic performance through the establishment of a green supply chain with the mediating role of government support and private sector participation with a green innovation approach. The research is practical and descriptive in terms of objective and data selection. The statistical population of the study is experts and pundits available in the field of the supply chain in the industrial park of greater Tehran. 136 people were selected by the non-probabilistic sampling method. Research data are collected according to a standard questionnaire. All extracted data are analyzed using SmartPls statistical software with a variance-based structural equation approach. Statistical indicators such as Cronbach's alpha Composite Reliability, criterion validity and convergence validity of mean-variance, and Fornell and Larker divergence validity have been used to explain the validity of the published questionnaire. The results of the study show that environmental regulations affected the establishment of a green supply chain with the mediating role of government support and private and public partnerships 0.228 and 0.627, respectively, affecting environmental performance. The direct effect of establishing a green supply chain on economic performance in short-term and medium-long term performance were 0.769 and 0.653 respectively. The result of the study can be deployed in green supply chain management (GSCM) at manufacturing companies, especially are located in Tehran. Through the approach of environmental regulations, government support, and the participation of companies in the profitability of themselves, the growth rate can be observed in the economic performance of the country.

Environmental culture can reduce environmental issues by increasing environmental awareness and lead to responsible behavior towards environment and protection of water resources. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between rural environmental culture and water consum-ption pattern. It is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this study includes rural households in the south of Lake Urmia catchment located in the cultivation project "Cooperation in the revitalization of Lake Urmia through the participation of local communities in the establishment of sustainable agriculture." Using multi-stage cluster sampling method 372 households were selected as a sample. The analysis and observation unit of this research is the head of rural households who used a questionnaire tool and technique to collect data. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between environmental attitudes and beliefs, environmental knowledge and awareness, social trust and environmental Concern with water consumption pattern and 35% of the variance of water consumption pattern is explained by environmental culture components. In terms of impact among environmental culture variables, people's trust in responsible institutions with a beta of 50% has the most impact, so based on the results of the research can be said that the most important component to improve water consumption pattern, reform water governance and efforts to build and Restoring the social trust of the villagers to the environmental authorities and the local water governancy.

The state of the world's environment reveals the fact that in recent decades, due to human activities and increasing consumerism, Earth has suffered irreparable damage and the world is witnessing unprecedented growth in environmental degradation, just as consumers activities can lead to deteriorating environmental conditions. The environmentally conscious behaviors such as green purchase behavior, can be agents of change, motivation and attention to the environment. The purpose of this research is to develop   a model for implementing green purchase behavior that recognizes the dimensions of this behavior to determine the effective factors, operational strategies, and consequences of its implementation.The overall approach is qualitative and Grounded Theory has been done. Using purpose foul and snowball sampling methods, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 experts from the field of business researchers and environmental activists.The results of data coding led to the identification of 448 initial codes which finally cited the approach Systematic in the given data theory, paradigm model show that causal categories (environmental belief, health concern, green attitude, mental norm), causal categories (green purchase behavior), background categories (economic indicators, government support for capital Eco-friendly investments, the country's environmental policies, the impact of green consumption culture), interventionist category (distribution of green products, financial and economic constraints of households and promotion, encouragement to green purchase), strategies (Indian market strategies, prices, innovation), and the consequence (at the macro-level including increasing the level of health in society, development, and growth of organizational performance and promoting green lifestyle and at the micro-level including preference to buy environmentally friendly products and increase the repetition of purchases behavior) Impact on the implementation of green purchases behavior.

One of the concerns regarding the environment is the pollution caused by the extraction and transportation of oil products. In this regard, paying attention to international oil contracts is crucial. The observance of the principles of environmental law in oil contracts affects reduction of oil pollution, and the role of these contracts in adjusting the behaviors of the parties must be monitored. Insertion of responsibility for compliance with environmental principles in oil contracts means recognition or the possible aggrieved party, determining the pollutant, facilitating the legal process in favor of the aggrieved party, and protecting their rights in regards of receiving compensation or restoration. Determining the guarantee of proper execution for oil pollution in oil contracts, will obligate the parties to use standards that will reduce oil pollution. These standards are the governing principles over the environmental regulations such as the principle of prevention, the principle of public action, the principle of joint responsibility, the principle of transparency, the principle of compensation by the polluter, and the principle of precautionary approach which will be imperative in the document text; their implementation will reduce oil pollution and gradually eradicate it. In this article, using the Descriptive-analytical method, the implementation of oil contracts in the light of environmental standards in US and Iranian law is examined and environmental challenges and solutions to upstream oil contracts are presented.

To gain sustainable development, balanced development with maintaining environmental values, should be think about the evolution of the biological culture of societies so that people adapt to the sustainability. The purpose of this research was to study Geography students' awareness, attitudes, and behaviors toward sustainable development at Urmia University. This study is survey research, and the statistical population is Geography students at Urmia University. Among them, 149 students were selected using random sampling method, and the required information was collected by a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on the evaluation of experts, and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha (environmental awareness= 0.71, environmental attitude= 0.78, and environmental behavior= 0.75).The findings indicated that 25.5% of the students had a high level, 41.5% had a medium level, and 33% had a low level of awareness, and 28.2% of students had a strong, 33.5% had a moderate, and 38.3% had a weak attitude toward sustainable development. Also, 42% of students had good behavior, 32.2% had moderate, and 35.8% had poor behavior in sustainable development. The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was a significant and positive relationship between these sets: awareness and attitude, awareness and behavior, and attitude and behavior toward sustainable development. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that attitude and Grade Average predict 19% of the variation inGeography students' behavior toward sustainable development. Therefore, it can be said that environmental education and changing students' attitude toward the environment are prerequisites for achieving sustainable development.

Ecocriticism as a field of study into the state of both human and non-human entities in an act of colonization. As such three of its most important concepts, Agency, Development and Displacement, are discussed to facilitate the understanding of this approach for the readers. Non-human agency advocates against a human-centric agency and for a dynamic relationship between human and non-human agency instead. As often witnessed in the aftermath of natural disasters such as an earthquake, natural events are unpredictable and not all in control of human beings. Then it can be stated that humans are not the only active agents in the environment but that instead we need to study the dynamic relationship between human and non-human agencies. The second concept, Development, is a bridge between colonialism and non-human agency, which entails the process of changing an environment in course of monopolizing certain products in a colonized country. Such changes usually have negative effects on the natives’ lives, such as losing their jobs, homes and impoverishment. This then leads to their displacement, seeking a new area where they can find new resources to survive and build their lives around. This is then a chained set of events as explained in the article, from the promise of a development that is in truth monopolizing one or more products, to the displacement of the natives from their homes and their struggle to survive.

Today, fashion as the most dominant consumption phenomenon, has led to consumerism lifestyle, which is considered as the most harmful lifestyle regarding environmental destruction. Now, the most important question in the future is how can lifestyles be directed to survival and continuity? Sustainable development with the slow-fashion movement in the clothing industry seeks to change the social attitude towards consumption. Hence, the present study has focused on the capabilities and challenges of shared clothing as one of the strategies of sustainable development in the field of clothing for the consumption, under the cultural conditions of our country, using the survey-field method. The statistical population of this study included 300 women aged 18-40 years in Tehran, who were selected by random sampling method. The tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire questions were designed in two parts of the audience's preferences regarding sharing and shareability in the form of 14 open and closed questions. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 22. The results revealed that 55% of the respondents were willing to share clothing with others and 45% were not. Respondents who agreed with sharing were also asked about the criteria for sharing, where 67% of sharing was in the form of donation and charity, followed by an average of 59% of helping protect the environment. Also, at 95% confidence level, a significant relationship was found between degree of education and environmental protection.

Advertising is considered as one of the most important components of a business unit's sustainability, which plays a decisive role in promoting green product awareness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of acceptance of green perception of customers based on the visual themes of green advertising on social media. This study is a developmental research in terms of purpose, because due to the lack of a basis for assessing the level of acceptance of green perception of customers based on visual themes of green advertising in previous research, based on meta-synthesis in the first step tried to identify components as analytical basis. And use propositions as reference variables. In order to explain the identified components, Intuitive Fuzzy Sets analysis (IFSs) was used to determine the most effective basis for evaluating the level of green perception of customers based on the visual themes of green advertising. In this study, the target population consisted of two parts: qualitative. In the qualitative part, with the help of 16 marketing experts at the university level, an attempt was made to identify the research components, components in the form of scoring forms. In the small section, 50 managers at different levels of knowledge-based companies participated. The results showed that the proposition of brand identity is considered as the most effective visual theme of green advertising in the companies under study, which strengthens the perception based on social convergence as a component of accepting the green perception of customers. This result shows that the content of green brand identity in the form of a comprehensive norm will form the perception of social convergence in customers, because this perception is considered as an external stimulus due to the existence of environmental values, which causes customers to realize the importance.

Nowadays, due to the growing process of global warming, increase of greenhouse gases and reduction of natural resources, environmental crises are more than ever before, therefore one of the topics that has attracted a lot of attention in educational systems is to present new attitudes of conservation. Environment is in education, which is considered one of the important tasks of the educational system and is applied in educational books. Considering the importance of the environment, the purpose of this research is to analyze the content of fourth grade textbooks based on the level of attention paid to green management components. The research method is descriptive and qualitative and quantitative content analysis, which analyzed the data using Shannon's entropy technique. The statistical population of the research includes social studies, Farsi and experimental science books of the fourth grade of elementary school, which due to the nature of the subject, sampling was not done and all the statistical population was examined. and the research tool in this research is a checklist and based on the report of the technical and research office of the "Green Management Steering Center", the indicators of green management in several main areas including energy management, water and wastewater management, benefit from renewable energy, waste management, pollution control Sound, transportation and the spread of culture and strengthening of social responsibilities in the field of environment, the selected books were studied according to these components. The obtained results showed that the highest coefficient of indicators related to green management for the fourth grade social studies course was for the index of energy management and use of renewable energy, respectively. For the Persian course, water and sewage management had an importance coefficient of 0.26, and for the experimental science course, water and sewage management, use of renewable energy, noise pollution control and transportation, energy management and promotion of culture and environment had an importance coefficient of was 0.17.