مجله تحقیقات منابع آب ایران
سال هجدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 61، تابستان 1401)

Land subsidence is nowadays a usual phenomenon in the world. It can cause significant damages to transportation networks, facilities and structures. This study aims to monitor land subsidence in Sarab plain and its relation with groundwater level variations. Sarab Plain is one of the plains in East Azerbaijan province with high vulnerability to land subsidence. However, no study has been reported in the plain on investigating the relationship between groundwater level variations and land subsidence based on velocity maps. In this paper, in order to increase the accuracy of determining land subsidence, Persistent Scatterer time series analysis is applied using 36 Sentinel-1A datasets from 2017 to 2020. The maximum subsidence rate of about -45 mm/year in the vertical direction was obtained and the areas with the prevalence of subsidence were determined. Using the time series data of pizometric wells in the period of 2004 to 2020, it was determined that in areas with high land subsidence, there was a decline of several meters in groundwater level, while in areas without land subsidence, changes of groundwater level was in sinusoidal form. Also, with the preparation of water table equilibrium map in the three-year period, the correlation between groundwater level (independent variable) and ground surface displacement (dependent variables) was studied. According to the regression line equation, the statistical relationship was significant and direct relationship between the variables was confirmed. Therefore, regular monitoring of ground water storage and exploitation needs to be on the agenda for an effective mitigation of

The entropy of an event is a characteristic of the probability distribution that shows the average uniformity of the occurrence of that event. This theory is used in meteorological studies. In this study, the uniformity of precipitation deficiency is investigated by referring to the concept of Shannon entropy and as a dynamic 12-month in Karkheh basin in southwestern Iran. Precipitation entropy number is introduced as a drought index and the existence of drought is determined according to the average precipitation entropy in the years 1950-2018. This method is evaluated in comparison with standard precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) for Karkheh basin in spatio-temporal patterns. The results of spatiotemporal evaluation indicated the similarity of the Entropy indicator at the basin on a long-term time scale SPEI. In areas with higher average precipitation, the entropy was sensitive to precipitation uniformity, and with decreasing precipitation uniformity, which is one of the causes of drought, the entropy decreased. In areas with lower average precipitation, the entropy sensitivity was to the volume of precipitation and with decreasing precipitation, the entropy decreased. The long-term mean entropy of the lack of precipitation perfectly indicated the threshold of the drought.

Location theories were originally based on the optimal profitability of agricultural activities aimed at the predominance of economics in agriculture. But as the role of industry became more prominent and industrial production expanded, there was a change in the approach to location theories and human beings place their activities in a way that they bear lower costs, make more profit and have easier access to resources. Although these three logical principles seems simply achievable, experts have inevitably resorted to the use of scientific and modern method as the factors influencing location become more complex. Various theories and models have been proposed in this regard. Most of these theories emphasize the quantification of factors affecting the location process. In research and models related to location theories, the limitations of an area such as water resources and factors affecting water consumption have not been considered. Given that Iran is experiencing serious problems with water shortages and also many regional vulnerabilities are due overlooking the resources, especially water resources, it is better to involve these limitations on Location theories. Therefore in this research it is tried to examine the role of water in these theories using a systematic interpretation. Given that the role of water in nature is the outcome of interaction between humans and the environment, location theories are plotted and analyzed using a system loop. This research can be a roadmap for the future in areas where the development is based on these location theories so that to address the limitations in the area, especially water resources’s.

The present study aims to identify and prioritize agricultural water protection Solutions in Kermanshah province with a Delphi-fuzzy. As a paradigm the research was qualitative and exploratory approach. The research was done approach in two rounds to reach a group agreement between 25 experts. The results showed that water conservation Solutions can be classified into four categories: "managerial", "technical", "cultural", "infrastructure" and "policy-making". In two rounds DE fuzzy variance was less than 0.25, so all identified strategies were valid.The results also showed that the most important strategies in each of the strategies are the strategies of changing the cultivation pattern, equipping farms with a new irrigation system, creating a culture by the media and reviewing the rules and regulations of the water sector. Agricultural production is significantly affected by the state of water resources as well as the policies of the responsible inputs. Agricultural production is significantly affected by the state of water resources as well as the policies of the responsible institutions. If the water crisis is not dealt with, in addition to a significant reduction in agricultural production and economic decline in the province due to the centrality of agriculture, it will lead to a reduction in rural incomes. Agricultural production is significantly affected by the state of water resources as well as the policies of the responsible inputs. Agricultural production is significantly affected by the state of water resources as well as the policies of the responsible institutions.

With the devaluation of the national currency, the economic justification of the supply of agricultural products to foreign markets increases more than ever. Pistachio product is one of the most important agricultural goods in Iran, which the amount and value of its export increase with the devaluation of the national currency. At the same time, the devaluation of the national currency and the increase in pistachio exports from Iran will lead to a decrease in demand and consumption of this product and increase in virtual water export in the country. In this study, with emphasis on the concept of virtual water export, the welfare analysis of the effects of the devaluation of the national currency in the pistachio product market in Iran was conducted. For this purpose, the components of the Iranian pistachio market were simulated in the design of a partial equilibrium model. The results showed that on average, with every 1% increase in the exchange rate, gross social welfare increases by about 1.6%. However, considering the economic value of pistachio virtual water wasted, the total social welfare rate is reduced by about 12%. Finally, the planning and formulation of policies to support pistachio consumers in the country and the need to pay more attention to the internalization of the external effects of agricultural exports, especially in the context of the devaluation of the national currency was reviewed and proposed.

Adaptation to climate change in official organizations of countries requires a set of process reforms, and it includes water sector as well. Emphasizing the need to improve the country's water governance, competence of the official water organization and prioritizing no-regret measures as well as using a bottom-up approach; the present article attempted to identify the processes required for adaptation of this sector to climate change. The most important findings are: 1) in the development of macro-level documents, there is not any defined process in which water sector controls new loads on water resources, 2) climate change should be recognized in the law of Ministry of Energy and it should be modified with new concepts such as: "sustainable exploitation" and "carrying capacity", 3) providing the ground to promote "organizational learning" and "organizational flexibility", 4) There is a need to define "water governance" in accordance with respect to the country’s features and provide its legal and institutional frameworks, 5) risk and uncertainty are inevitable parts of climate change. It is essential to create the necessary processes for management and decision-making under these conditions like robust decision making, 6) before any structural change in this organization, theoretical bases of some of the related key concepts like "integrated water resources management", “management of the hydrological cycle at farm and basin scales” are required to be customized and 7) finally, such an adaptation requires new literature in the country's official water organization and the formation of a new type of weltanschauung at the policy-making processes.

Municipal solid waste landfill sites contaminate the surrounding groundwater by releasing pollutants due to leachate infiltration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the groundwater quality around the Borujerd municipal landfill. To measure water quality variables, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), Flame Photometer, pH, and EC meter were used. The results of this study showed that the mean concentrations of lead, iron, nickel, zinc, copper, sodium, potassium, nitrate in the downstream region were 1.36, 7.42, ND (Non-detectable), 2.87, 0.035, 136.84, 88.19, 17.55 mg/l and the mean pH=7 and the mean EC=0.013 ds/cm were obtained and in the upstream region were 1.39, 4.39, ND, 1.43, 0.01, 32.8, 2.36, 5.86 mg/l and the mean pH was 7.33 and the mean EC was 0.008 ds/cm. Comparison of heavy metal concentrations and groundwater parameters around the landfill and control area showed that except for lead, concentrations around the landfill were higher than control. Comparison of heavy metal concentrations and groundwater parameters around landfill and control area with WHO standard showed the values of lead and iron (in groundwater around landfill and control area) and potassium (in groundwater around landfill) was significantly higher than the WHO standard. But zinc, copper, sodium and nitrate were lower than this standard. The results of the HEI and HPI indices showed that the groundwater in the area is contaminated with heavy metals. The results of this study indicated that groundwater contamination around landfills was due to landfill leachate.

Estimation of rainfall runoff is an important step in water resources management, especially in watersheds without hydrometric stations. Therefore, research on models that can simulate river flow in these basins with the least error is necessary and inevitable.Nowadays, due to the issues and problems in the field of water resources, the estimation of the volume of runoff from rainfall is becoming more important day by day in terms of water supply and water resources management. In this study, HBV conceptual model and random forest artificial intelligence (RF) model have been used to simulate the runoff process of Chamanjir watershed in Lorestan province for the statistical period 2006-2015. For this purpose, first the statistics and information needed by the models, including temperature, precipitation, discharge, and evaporation and transpiration were collected. Then the simulation was carried out in the desired period of time and To evaluate the performance of the models, Nash-Sutcliffe criteria and coefficient of determination were used. The results of evaluation criteria for HBV model were Nash coefficient of 0.67 and determination coefficient of 0.68, respectively, and for RF Nash coefficient of 0.82 and determination coefficient of 0.86, respectively, which indicates better performance of RF model in simulating daily flow in the study area. It will be used in the future as a new option to simulate the daily flow of the Chamanjir basin.

Inspired by the conceptual framework of carrying capacity, this study tends to answer the challenge of equilibrium of population, water, and food security in Iran. In this regard, the trends of size and age-sex structure of Iran’s population and accordingly the Iranian food requirement changes in the last seventy years have been evaluated. To do so, the amount of blue water used for the real agricultural production and meeting the needed food pattern has been calculated and compared using the concept of water footprint. The results show that the trends of some products such as sugar, fruits, and cereals are beyond the needs of the population, while the trends of other products (such as oilseeds and proteins such as red meat, eggs, and dairy products) have not met the population's nutritional needs in the country. Furthermore, the estimation shows that food production has exceeded the water resources carrying capacity in Iran since 2006. Nevertheless, if the optimal pattern of food production in the country and solutions such as reducing waste and losses in the agricultural sector had been used, the programmable water of the country would have still met the food needs of the country's population.