نشریه تحقیقات دامپزشکی و فرآورده های بیولوژیک
سال سی و پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 136، پاییز 1401)

Chicken is one of the most important sources of meat in human societies. One of the important goals of broiler breeding is to reduce the accumulation of fat in broilers. The pathways of peroxisome proliferative activating receptors (PPARs signal pathway) play an important role in fat accumulation. This pathway includes a group of nuclear receptor proteins that play a key role in proliferation, cell differentiation, and metabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins). Therefore, it is important to identify the genes involved in this pathway. This study was performed to predict the microRNAs affecting the peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPARs) with the aim of reducing fat accumulation in broilers. Analysis of the chicken genome reference file in the KEGG database led to the identification of 68 genes involved in the signaling pathway (PPAR). Then, the gene network is drawn by using a STRING network. In addition, protein interaction network analysis was performed using Cytoscape software. Eight genes ACOX1, PPARA, LPL, FABP3, CPT1A, EHHADH, SCD, and PPARGC1 were selected as the most influential genes of the PPAR signaling pathway based on centrality indices (including degree centrality, betweenness centrality, closeness centrality) provided by Cytoscape software. Also, the microRNAs corresponding to these genes was identified using databases: MIRdb and Targetscan. Finally, the MirNet network was utilized for the prediction of target genes and drawing a protein-microRNA interaction network. The results showed that gga-mir-1759-3p affects three genes CPT1A, LPL, and PPARGC1A. Perhaps using this micro-RNA can reduce the accumulation of fat in broiler.

Vaccination is an important tool in controlling many diseases in the poultry industry. Today, a variety of vaccines, including live attenuated, killed and recombinant, etc. are produced against poultry pathogens. Despite the introduction of new generation vaccines, classical vaccines, including live attenuated vaccines, still retain their status and importance and are widely used. Vaccines containing the attenuated virus are prepared from mutant viruses whose antigenic properties are similar to those of the wild-type virus but are not able to cause all stages of pathogenicity in the host, including the problems and harms of such vaccines. The reversion to virulence in the vaccine may probably occur during viral replication in host. In this study, a reversion to virulence and safety tests was performed on Fowlpox vaccine seeds produced by Razi Institute. In order to perform the test vaccine seeds provided by the research and production of poultry vaccines, at least 5 consecutive passages of the virus were performed in SPF chickens and then the safety test of the vaccine was performed. The results of the tests showed that the vaccine virus produced by Razi Institute comply with BP and OIE specifications.

Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is one of the most common pathogens that produce an array of toxins that are secreted in the body which cause economic losses in the livestock industry. C. perfringens has four major toxins: alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota. A total of 84 isolates of C. perfringens from various types that originated from sheep and goats' isolates that were identified as C. perfringens by microbiological, biochemical, and toxin typed by PCR method were evaluated for production of alpha, beta, and epsilon toxin by ELISA method. Results showed that out of 84, 64 isolates showed the presence of at least one toxin in ELISA test, 31, and six isolates were positive for only alpha and only epsilon toxin, respectively, 17, six isolates show the presence of both alpha and epsilon and both alpha and beta toxins, respectively furthermore four isolates positive for the presence of all three toxins, meanwhile, 20 C. perfringens isolates didn’t show any of the toxins. The results were compared with the results of toxinotyping by PCR method. The frequency and distribution of toxins in different strains were evaluated, so type C isolates showed the most positive cases of alpha and beta toxin and type B isolates showed the most positive cases of epsilon toxin, which could be related to the pathogenicity of these types in the isolates studied

The aim of the present study was the pheno- and genotypic investigation of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) isolates of commercial poultry in different areas of Iran based on conventional bacterial method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. For this purpose, 25 bacterial samples were selected from the microbial bank of the Avian Diseases Research and Diagnosis Department of Razi Institute. The cultural and biochemical investigations were identified all of the samples as ORT isolates. The isolates were also confirmed by PCR based on a 784-bp amplified fragment related to the estimated length. According to the results of determination of the haemagglutination pattern of the isolates by rapid haemagglutination test (RHAT), four (25.00%), one (6.25%), one (6.25%) and one (6.25%) of 16 studied isolates showed hemagglutination activity with rat, hamster, guinea pig and human red blood cells (RBCs), respectively, but none of them could react with mice, rabbits, sheep, goats and chickens RBCs. Based on the fingerprinting of the isolates by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR, all isolates (100%), without being affected by the type and breed of bird as well as the year and geographical area of separation, showed approximately 19 bands between 120 and 2500 bp and were typed into one genetic pattern (A). Our findings show that all of ORT isolates from commercial poultry in different areas of Iran are very similar in molecular profile, depend on a specific genotype, and are highly similar to genotype A mentioned in research by other scientists.

Eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) is one of the largest owls in Iran, which lives in most of the mountainous and forested areas of Iran. In order to identify blood parasites in wild birds native to East Azerbaijan province, a blood sample was collected from the wing (brachial) vein of an apparently healthy Eurasian Bubo bubo kept at the East Azarbaijan Environment Organization. Several blood smears were taken from the blood sample and transferred to the parasitology laboratory. The blood smears were stained with Giemsa 5% and then examined under a light microscope at 1000x magnification. The bird erythrocytes infected with Haemoproteus sp. as well as Leucocytozoon sp. Studies of blood parasites in birds of prey, such as the Eurasian owl, are of great importance due to the endangered status of this species, the potential pathogenicity of these parasites, and the lack of enough information about these parasites available in Iran. It is the first report of a haemosporidian blood parasite infection in an eagle owl in northwest Iran.

This study aims to determine the incidence of Sarcocystis sp. Infection in slaughtered Cattle in the abattoir of Khoy, Iran by digestive method. From March to September 2017, 204 slaughtered Cattle were investigated for the presence of Macroscopic Sarcocystis by direct observation. Each investigated cattle were classified into groups of age, sex and infected muscle tissue. All tissue samples were sectioned into 2-3 mm slices and carefully observed for probable macroscopic cysts. The sections were then examined using the peptic digestion method. Our study showed that the digestion method is useful to identify infected samples. According to the results, 11 out of the 204 cattles (5.39%) were diagnosed as being infested with macroscopic cysts. Microscopic sarcocystis infection in cattle slaughtered in the area was seen. About 94 cattle (46.08%) were diagnosed as positive infasted Sarcocystis species by the digestion method. The data analysis indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between age groups, and the infection rate increased with age (P<0.05). The infection rate was independent of sex, and the difference between males and females was not significant (P>0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between prevalence of Sarcocystis infection in different examined muscles(P<0.05) and most microcysts were diagnosed in skeletal (96.81%) and esophageal muscles (88.30%) in cattle and for buffaloes, microcysts were diagnosed in all infected skeletal muscles and esophageal muscles with 92.31%, was the second tissue with high prevalence.

An experiment was performed to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of saffron petals on performance indices, egg quality and cancer cells in laying hens. , Five replicates and 10 chicken pieces per replicate were used. Experimental treatments included: treatment: control (basic diet), Timardo: basic diet + 40 ppm saffron petal extract, treatment: basic diet + 60 ppm saffron petal extract, treatment four: basic diet + 80 ppm saffron petal extract. The results of this study showed that feed consumption, conversion ratio, egg weight and egg mass were not affected by the treatments during the whole experimental period (P <0.05). The percentage of egg production was affected by experimental treatments and increased significantly (P <0.05).Yolk weight, shell weight, units, shell thickness and yolk color were significantly affected by experimental treatments (P <0.05). As in the three treatments, the highest yolk height, yolk weight, shell weight and shell thickness were observed. Also, the highest amount of units was observed in treatments one and four and the highest yolk color was observed in treatments three and four. Experimental treatments had a significant effect on growth inhibition of MCF-7 and PC3 cancer cells at different concentrations in concentration-dependent form (P <0.05). The results of this experiment showed that the addition of saffron petal extract improves egg quality and inhibitory effect on cancer cells and the best doses of saffron petal used were observed in treatments three and four.

Bovine neosporosis is caused by Neosporacaninum, A parasite that causes abortion is often the only observed sign of disease.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Neospora caninum in some Alborz and Qazvin farms.

in this reaserch 105 samples from bovine abortions were sent to the laboratory, from January 2018 to May 2019. Samples were screened for N. caninum in the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, spleen, and placenta, using HistoPatology, ELISA, conventional, PCR and Real Time PCR.. Elisa was used as an initial screen for indication of infectious abortion and the second was histopathology and PCR 

A mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate was predominant in the heart, kidney, liver, lung, brain, and placenta. N. caninum causes mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate in various organs and focal necrosis with mononuclear infiltrate in the brain, Non-suppurative lesions were also present in the lung, liver, kidney, and placenta, indicating that N. caninum infection is systemic. The rate of fetal infection with N. caninum, represented separately by each of the diagnostic techniques, was 8/6% with Elisa, 20/9% with Real Time PCR and 6/7% with conventional -PCR. 

The diagnosis of abortion due to N. caninum requires detection of the parasite through techniques that are specific, such as Histopathology, or PCR that are both specific and more sensitive, preferably associated with identification of histopathological lesions placenta and, importantly, fetal brain, should be encouraged to increase the success of the definitive diagnosis of neosporosis by tests of conventionalPCR and Real Time PCR.

The aim of this study was to estimate the (Co) variance components and genetic correlations of reproductive traits in Holstein cows in Mazandaran province. For this purpose, records related to the age at first calving(AFC), calving interval (CI), dry period (DP), open days (OD) and number of days between calving and first insemination (DFS) were collected. Pedigree data were edited using CFC software and variance-covariance components and genetic parameters of reproductive traits were estimated in the form of univariate animal model with restricted maximum likelihood method using wombat software. Heritabilities of reproductive trait were calculated in this study as 0.18, 0.17, 0.16, 0.08 and 0.12 for AFC, CI, OD, DFS and DP, respectively. Phenotypic and genotypic correlations were estimated positive between all reproductive traits. Genetic correlation between reproductive traits ranged from 0.62 (calving to first insemination length - dry period) to 0.94 (open days - calving interval).The low heritability of these traits indicates that phenotypic selection will not lead to an optimal response to selection and the use of breeding values and genetic evaluation using pedigree information is recommended for animal genetic evaluation.

According to the increasing importance of communication with loyal and responsible suppliers in the supply chain of companies, this study conducted with the aim of identifying supplier selection criteria in order to better evaluate suppliers of the biological products industry, which in terms of strategic dimension for the company and the country are very important and deliver better service to customers. Therefore, in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature, it has a descriptive and survey aspect and implemented cross-sectionally in 1398 in Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, which is active in the biological products industry. The method of the present research includes referring to the relevant researches and documents and extracting general and important indicators to evaluate the suppliers as well as reviewing the criteria by 24 managers and experts in the biological product industry. ‌ And by fuzzy Delphi method, 16 criteria were selected which include: product purchase demand, competition with others, product price, revenue, profit, product quality, reliability, fulfillment of commitments, product supply cost, cost reduction ability, innovation, experience Registered trades are risk perception and acceptance, documentation, product line diversity, trade constraints. The results of the fuzzy Vicor method led to the ranking of current suppliers of raw materials for biological products of Razi Institute, which used for future decisions of managers.

This experiment was performed to investigate the effect of egg yolk powder on the performance and biology plates of the bee clinic in an apiary for 60-90 days. The statistical format of the design is completely random and four experimental groups include control treatment (pollen cake without adding egg yolk powder), feeding treatment with sugar syrup without adding pollen cake, pollen replacement cake treatment with 50 grams of egg yolk powder Chicken per kilogram of pollen cake and cake substitute treatment with pollen with 100 grams of egg yolk powder per kilogram of pollen cake. The measured traits included queen spawning rate, population measurement, carcass weight determination, carcass crude fat size, hive honey content and pollen content. The results showed that the effect of food treatments on pollen content (P ≤ 0.01), carcass fresh weight (P ≤ 0.01), carcass dry weight (P ≤ 0.01), Population measurement (P ≤ 0.01), body's fat content (P ≤ 0.01) and honey production rate (P ≤ 0.01) is effective. But in queen egg laying rate and terms of number of larvae and pupae, no significant effect was observed. According to the results of this study, the treatment of pollen replacement cake with 50 grams of egg yolk powder per kilogram of pollen cake is reported to be useful and can be recommended to beekeepers.

One of the most important environmental problems of Miankaleh Wetland in recent years was the  high death rate of migratory wild birds in 2020. Accordingly, a comprehensive monitoring  program was designed  and carried out to investigate the causes of this mortality by the authors of this manuscript , in coordination with responsible organizations and the results were published by the Journal of Veterinary Research And Biological Products in  article, entitled "comprehensive monitoring of the high mortality rate of wild waterbirds of Miankaleh Wetland in 2020"  (called the Monitoring article for short), and in issue 140 of this journal, a critical article was published in the critique of the original article (called the critical article for short), which casts some doubt on the authors.  In this article were monitored  the methodology and results of the Monitoring article. The authors of Monitoring article, while thanking the authors of the Critical article for their attention, prepare present article in response to the Critical article authers.