Journal of Injury and Violence Research
Volume:14 Issue: 3, Jul 2022

 Various factors are involved in the occurrence of Road Traffic Crashes (RTCs), one of the most important of these are human factors that can be greatly influenced by the specific sociocultural bases of the drivers. So far, there has not been a scale for measuring Sociocultural Factors (SCFs) predicting the occurrence of RTCs in Iranian drivers. Therefore, the present study was conducted to design and to do psychometric evaluation of a scale for measuring SCFs predicting the occurrence of RTCs in drivers.

 This exploratory sequential mixed method was carried out in three phases. In phases 1 and 2, an initial items pool was created based on systematic literature review (phase1), and semi structured interviews (phase 2). In phase 3, the initial scales were validated using face and content validities. Then, principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed to assess the construct validity. Finally, the reliability of the scale was evaluated by examining internal consistency and stability.

 The scale content validity index was 0.92. Principal component analysis showed seven factors with 27 items, which explain 55.56% of the total variance. In confirmatory factor analysis, model fit indices were satisfactory. Discriminant analysis was also able to distinguish between two groups of accident-involved drivers and accident-free drivers (P less than 0.0001). The reliability of the scale by Cronbach's alpha, Theta, Omega and intra-class correlation coefficients was 0.82, 0.96, 3.07, and 0.80, respectively.

 This scale can be used as a valid and reliable scale to evaluate the SCFs predicting the occurrence of RTCs in drivers. Furthermore, the findings of this study will be useful in identifying and planning to reduce RTCs, especially in accident-prone drivers.

 Daily more than 3,000 children are injured or killed on the road, often along the school route. Road traffic crashes and resulting injuries are preventable. More can be done to reduce injuries and save lives. Traffic Conflict Techniques (TCTs) are simple methods of collecting observational data to evaluate the effectiveness of road safety interventions through counting and analyzing traffic conflicts. A TCT Toolkit was developed and piloted to analyze pedestrian-vehicle traffic conflicts in school zones in low- and middle-income countries.

 Three non-governmental organizations in Ghana, Vietnam, and Mexico applied three TCTs from the TCT Toolkit to collect traffic conflict data before (pre-intervention) and after (post-intervention) road safety intervention implementation. As the number of traffic conflicts was often less than 100, confidence intervals (CIs) based on gamma distributions were calculated for the traffic conflict rate. Using the calculated traffic conflict rate, the difference between pre- and post-intervention rates was assessed by determining overlap of the CIs. When CIs did not overlap, the difference was said to be statistically significant at the 0.05 level.

 For each method, results indicated a decrease in traffic conflicts between pre- and post-intervention data collection periods. Pre- and post-intervention traffic conflict rates with non-overlapping CIs demonstrated the results were statistically significant, providing evidence that the road safety interventions were effective.

 TCTs are relatively low-cost and simple techniques that provide an opportunity to base road safety improvement decisions on real-world data. TCTs are effective in objectively evaluating road safety interventions and can help decision-makers evaluate strategies for improving road safety, preventing injuries and saving lives.

 The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence rate of domestic violence against women and examine the socio-demographic status of the victims of domestic violence in India. The study also examined the differences in the prevalence of emotional, physical, and sexual violence against ever-married women over ten years (2005 - 2015) in all member states in India.

 The study used secondary data from NFHS-3 (2005-06) and NFHS-4 (2015-16). Cross-tabulation and multivariate analyses were performed. IBM SPSS V25 was used for data analysis. 

 The prevalence of domestic violence against married women in India in 2015 was as follows: emotional violence, 13%; physical violence, 28%; and sexual violence, 7%. Rajasthan achieved the highest decline in the prevalence of domestic violence against women over the last ten years since 2005. In addition, younger age, urban residence, lower level of education and lower socioeconomic status were essential predictors of domestic violence. 

 There should be an improvement in female education, awareness generation regarding their rights, and better social support to reduce the prevalence of violence against women. In addition, engaging men in the fight against domestic violence could bring positive results.

 Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common type of domestic violence often used by men against their wives. Due to the destructive and widespread social and health consequences of IPV, the present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and related factors of IPV among married women in Garmsar, Iran.

 Using multi-stage clusters sampling method, this cross-sectional study included 400 married women in Garmsar, Iran. The data collection process was conducted during October and December 2019 using a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) indicators (0.85 and 0.88, respectively). Also, the reliability was confirmed by examining the internal consistency and obtaining a score of 0.93 for Cronbach's alpha. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed using t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey’s post-hoc test.

 Most participants were in the age range of 20-40 years (mean age: 34.9 years). The overall exposure of women to IPV was 56.11%. In addition, the most prevalent types of IPV included legal (24%), social (24%), financial (22%), verbal (16%), physical (13%), emotional (12%), and sexual (11%). The effective factors on the prevalence of IPV included number of children, education level, occupation, and age (P less than 0.05).

 We witnessed that women living in Garmsar faced different types of IPV and their overall exposure to this phenomenon was higher than the national and global average. To resolve the problem, the following measurements are recommended: a careful investigation of the reasons for the spread of IPV, implementing interventions based on reliable evidence, and serious cooperation of the experts and relevant governmental and non-governmental institutions, particularly citizens.

The purpose of the study is to identify the risk factors of mortality early in patients who have history of using of anticoagulants or coagulopathy and sustained a ground level fall (GLF).

The American College of SurgeonsTrauma Quality Improvement Program (ACS-TQIP) dataset of the calendar year 2013 through 2016 was accessed for the study. All elderly patients ≥ 65 years old, who were taking an anticoagulant and suffered from a GLF, were included in the study. Other patient characteristics included: sex, race, initial systolic blood pressure (SBP), hypotension (SBP less than110 mmHg), Injury Severity Score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Score, comorbidities such as hypertension (HTN), congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic renal failure (CRF), chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD) andcirrhosis. Multivariable analysis was performed to develop the risk model.

A total of 10,368 patients qualified for the study. Of this total, 788 (7.6%) patients died. Themedian [IQR] ageof the patients was 80 [75-85] years. More than 90% of the patients were white. Fifty-four percent of the patients were female. Approximately 8% of the patients presented with hypotension at the time of hospital arrival. Multivariable analysis showed advanced age, malegender, high ISS, low GCS, presence of hypotension, CHF, CRF, COPD and cirrhosis were highly significant for odds of mortality.

Approximately 8% of the patients, who took an anticoagulant or had a history of coagulopathy and sustained a GLF, died. Certain demographics, higher injury severity and a few comorbidities were highly associatedwith in-hospital mortality.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a general and socioeconomic complication and is one of the important causes of mortality and disability among young people in the world. Falling and violence and sports injuries are the other cause. It causes for about ten million new patients, accounting for 9% of all deaths. This interventional study aims to investigate the effects of early administration of cryoprecipitate to prevent expansion of intracranial hemorrhage.

This randomized clinical trial recruited 54 non-pregnant patients. 27 patients in the control group and 27patients in the interventional group. For all patients, common and accepted procedures in scientific centers, including anticonvulsant drugs, normal saline and the other routine management was done and only for patients in the intervention group, 4 units of cryoprecipitate were added to their routine treatments; computed tomography scan (CT) scan was performed 48 hours later in both groups and finally the contusion size was compared in both groups.

It was observed in the intervention group that by adding 4 units of cryoprecipitate to their treatments; they had no increased size of the brain parenchymal contusion according to the criteria defined in the study compared to the control group (OR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.0102_0.6303)

According to a clinical trial, it seems that cryoprecipitate can prevent of cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage expansion in traumatic patients.

 Many accidents caused by vehicles are the result of improper driving behavior. Use the vehicle in an antisocial form has led to a phenomenon called driving violence. Antisocial behavior while driving has a potential risk to other road users. This study aims to explain the conceptual framework of the formation of unsafe antisocial behaviors in the road traffic field.

 This qualitative grounded theory study was conducted with exploratory methods. 31 participants were included in this study. Purposeful and theoretical sampling was used in this study. The data collection process was semi-structured interviews. Codes, subcategories, and categories were extracted by the inductive process and analyzed by Corbin and Strauss approach. Trustworthiness criteria were used to assure the quality of the results. The data analysis process continued until there were no new concepts.

 A conceptual model was developed to explain the different relationships between the main categories extracted from the study. 10 main categories with 44 subcategories were extracted. Categories include cultural factors, educational factors, rules, economic factors, psychological factors, infrastructure weakness, poor socialization of individuals, violent driving, reduced social welfare and reduced traffic safety.

 The people's socialization weakness in society was considered as the core concept in the process of formation of these behaviors.  The conceptual model obtained from this study can be used in developing prevention programs and identifying the required interventions Considering the negative consequences caused by this type of behavior, its prevention should be the focus of road traffic policy makers.

Road traffic crashes are among the leading causes of death and disability in the world, particularly in low and middle-income countries. This study aimed at to conduct a social marketing formative research to inform the development of a campaign to manage driving speed on the intercity roads of Iran.

To carry out the social marketing formative research, a qualitative and quantitative study were conducted. Also, a literature review of the speed management strategies was carried out and an analysis of traffic accident data and speeding violations was performed in selected provinces during 2019 and 2020.

Based on the findings of the qualitative study, perceived sense of lack of speed control, poor monitoring system, and law enforcement are the main reasons drivers exceed the speed limit. They mostly suggest using punitive levers and more stringent law enforcement practices for speed management. Literature reviews also confirm that to successfully develop an effective speed management plan a set of measures should be implemented together, including road safety engineering, raising awareness, social marketing strategies, and finally strict law enforcement. The overriding findings of the formative research revealed that to persuade Iranian drivers to respect the speed limit, the messages of the campaign should focus on strict law enforcement in the selected corridors.

In the minds of the Iranian audience, strict law enforcement is of paramount importance for a speed management strategy to work; hence it should be taken into consideration when tailoring the campaign messages. From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that to manage speed on intercity routes in Iran, a social marketing campaign is needed to encourage compliance with speed limits.

Teen dating violence (TDV) refers to the physical, sexual and/or psychological violence that takes place within a romantic relationship amongst teenagers. TDV has devastating consequences for the victims, particularly for young women, who also experience increased risk of relationship violence in their adulthood. In view of this, the implementation of effective TDV prevention programs has the potential to tackle both TDV and contribute to eradicate gender-based violence. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review examining the effectiveness of the TDV programs published during the last decade (2011-2021).

From the 1143 studies identified through the database searches, 28 met the inclusion criteria: 10-18 years old; experimental, or quasi-experimental with control group; examining knowledge, attitudes and/or TDV behavior indicators; 2011-2021.

Although there were still many programs focused on changing knowledge and attitudes only, we found an increase in the number of studies examining TDV behavioral indicators. A modest improvement in the quality of the programs in terms of their ability to modify the desired TDV behaviors was detected, yet resistance to change was still observed.

Effective programs met many of the requirements specified by the gender transformative programme literature (time-intensive, multilevel, multicomponent skill development approaches). Nonetheless, we identified some brief, creative and effective interventions worth implementing given their cost-efficacy.

 Child sexual abuse is a widespread global problem and a violation of human rights. Although many studies have been conducted in this field in the world, the information and knowledge of child sexual abuse in Iran is still limited. This study aims to review the current knowledge in the area of child sexual abuse in Iran, and the related laws.

 The research systematic review covers the scientific literature and gray literature in Persian and English in Iranian and international databases from the beginning to June 2021 as well as Iranian laws on child protection.

 Our study shows that in Iran knowledge on child sexual abuse is limited. The prevalence of child sexual abuse is estimated to be 1.5 to 32.5%; the risk factors for child sexual abuse encompass substance abuse, low literacy and education, parents living separately and divorce, poverty and poor socioeconomic status, and living in large families. The consequences of child sexual abuse are anxiety, depression, and social problems. Effective local interventions focused on parents and abused children have been conducted to raise awareness and prevent psychosocial harms as well as reduce aggression and physical and mental problems of children. Existing laws do not specifically address child sexual abuse.

 The findings showed that knowledge of child sexual abuse in Iran is limited, scattered and inconsistent and there is no suitable definition and tool for measuring child abuse in Iranian studies. National and effective interventions for the prevention of child sexual abuse have not been performed and the consequences of child sexual abuse have also not been well studied. Thus further studies are required to estimate the prevalence of child sexual abuse at the national level and to assess the factors related to child abuse, its consequences, prevention methods and development of existing laws and policies with a special focus on child sexual abuse.