نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 245 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

Symbolic Reading of Sea Animals In Sayr ul Ibad of Sana'iA Debate on allegorical meanings of Oyster, Turtle, Alligator, Fish and Crab. In his symbolic Mathnawi, Sayr ul ebad, Sana’i Ghaznavi(529) has adopted a number of sea animals allegorically. These creatures signify the Elements and Natures. Each element is related to one of four Humorals (Akhlat). Water, with its cold and humid nature, and Air with warm and humid nature, establish bad conducts in Human soul. Describing the nature of these elements, Sana’i depicted the bad conducts in form of sea animals. Oyster, Turtle, Alligator, Fish and Crab, are used symbolically to signify bad conducts of human soul. In this paper I intend to decode these symbols and expose their real meaning. Afterwards, I will indicate the deficiencies of the old commentary of this master piece of literary work.f literary workKeywords: Sanai, Sir al-Abbad, Marine animals, Mystery, Allegory.

Mushaf No. 17394 of the Mar’ashi Library, written by Ismail b. Mubarak in 665 AH, contains a commentary translation of the Qur'an into Persian, which belongs to a part of the vast linguistic realm of Transoxiana. Comparing the present translation with the translation of the Qur'an from the existing Persian interpretations before the seventh century AH and other existing translations of the Holy Qur'an that have been published or introduced in full or in part, it is determined that this translation or the text that was copied by Ismail b. Mubarak, owes nothing to any of the previous sources. At the end of the manuscript, the scribe mentions one of his sources, which is the book "Al-Moudih" by Haddadi (the great scholar and commentator of the fourth and fifth centuries AH), which shows that he had this missing text on the subject of Quranic sciences. Examining the linguistic and interpretive values of such a work will clarify its place among the existing translations of the Qur'an into Persian. Part of this article is about the origin of the manuscript and its history from Transoxiana to Iran. In the other section, the physical characteristics and artistic values of the manuscript are stated. The nature and structure of this translation and that in many parts it becomes an " commentary translation" is also mentioned. Finally, a number of linguistic features of the work are described in several sections to show its place in Persian language studies.

To get acquainted with the people of a society, their traditions and mentality, one must first know, is their language. By comparing the language patterns of the mother tongue and the language learned, one can discover the similarities between the two languages, reveal the intellectual characteristics of the people of that community, and get an overview of the world of people who are familiar with the two languages. One of the best sources is the dictionaries. The main purpose of this article is to clarify the structure of Persian-Turkish bilingual verse dictionaries because they are important in terms of reflecting the social life of the people in the Ottoman period, vocabulary, degree, and type of influence of Persian literature on Turkish literature. While examining the dictionaries, the main motivations of the authors in compiling the works, the weaknesses, and strengths of the cultures as well as the challenges that the authors faced were identified. Structurally, we also concluded that verse dictionaries are less rich than prose dictionaries, the words in the dictionary are often everyday words in the colloquial language and that rare and heavy words for writing are less common. By drawing the main paths of movement and flow of Persian language knowledge, along with aspects of its impact and transmission, we found that the Persian language played a vital role in the intellectual environment of society in the Ottoman period and was used as a language of cultural discourse during the religious conflict between Iran and Anatolia.

Jamšid nāmeh is an unprecedented prose epic in Persian literature that its original report was limited to the life of jamšid pishdadi and from this point of view, it can be considered as an independent narration such as: Garšāsp-nāma and Kush nameh which is related to the ups and downs of life of one of the mythological characters of Iran. The narrator of Jamšid nāmeh has tried to focus on the dark and obscure moments of Jamšid's life which all literary and historical sources have been suspended in relation to its reporting. What is mentioned about Jamšid in šāhnāmeh and other sources is more limited to the era of the monarchy, the decline and murder of Jam by the order of Zahhāk, but unlike other sources, Jamšid nāmeh specifically refers only to the events before Jamšid's encounter with Zahhāk and describes The narrator of Jamšid's wonderful life covers the period from childhood to his reign on earth. For the first time, the present study has been inductive in order to introduce the epic of Jamšid nāmeh, to examine the characteristics of Persian, Turkish, Urdu manuscripts and the other same name & unknown manuscripts.

Mystics have used the artistic capacities of language in the form of paradoxical and paradoxical expressions to explain their own mystical thoughts and experiences and to convey these concepts and convince their audiences. Mystics consider their mystical experiences beyond description and description and some even consider it impossible to express and describe it. These facts and teachings will be very different and variable according to the condition of the seeker; But what is it that is why it is not easily possible to reflect this in the construction of language, and basically why, after their linguistic reflection, the resulting propositions seem incomprehensible and at first seem paradoxical and out of habit, which can be paradoxically dumb Considered a feature of mystical experience. The literary, mystical and artistic school of Herat in the Timurid era is one of the brilliant schools in the past eras of Persian literature and the promoter and promoter of educational mysticism. Has found. This study explains the function of paradox as a means of expressing the language of mysticism and highlights its role in re-reading the experience of the unity of existence in the mystical poetry of the Herat school. The result of the research is that the paradoxical expression tool is one of the best and most beautiful way of artistic and mystical expression due to the paradoxical experience of the unity of existence and the conditions of the speaker and the audience of the Timurid society in Herat school.

The phenomenon that is called "child marriage" today and is one of the important social and cultural issues and harms related to women, is a historical issue that in the Qajar era in the struggle between tradition and modernity, gradually to the issue and subject It became important, at least among sections of Iranian society. Child marriage or marriage of girls at a young age, although a common phenomenon in pre-modern Iran, does not mean that this phenomenon is not considered as a social harm and a critical phenomenon. In the silence of historiographical, official and even political sources in the face of this issue, literary texts that are considered as the main sources and sources of social history in Iran have considered this important issue as a source of social criticism and in a thoughtful way in They reflected their poems and writings. Relying on texts and literary sources of the Qajar and constitutional eras and new research, this article has analyzed the approach of texts to the issue of child marriage in a descriptive-explanatory method.

The barriers to women's employment and job promotion are among the main issues surrounding working women. Sociologists study the barriers to women's promotion in terms of glass ceiling. The Glass Ceiling is a set of factors that creates barriers on the path of women's career advancement. Fictional works as the literary and cultural sources of any society play a part in representing social events and the issues surrounding the world of women. In some fictional works, the female characters face different barriers to continuing their studies, going into business, and being promoted. Conducting a study into the fictional works concerning women's employment and career conditions, the present paper attempts to identify the barriers to women's employment in terms of glass ceiling and based on a library research and a content analysis. The findings suggest that patriarchal views, marriage, work corruption, and having children are the major factors in creating the glass ceiling. Due to these factors, different carriers are dominated by men and strongly influenced by gender issues, a situation in which men win the jobs of high rank and women take the lower ones.

Living has overtly a clear concept, and man has always been attempting to understand this concept and its objective. However, revealing its reality has been roughly impossible so far. Novel literature shows that this type of genre pays special attention to the concept and objective of living. According to this perspective, I have analyzed the novel “The Association of the Squalors” (first published in 1398 H.S) in measure and method of noticing the concept and objective of living. For the methodology, I have inferred the character's goals, aims, and ways of living from their statuses, beings, and behaviors and from the expressions and irony in the novel and illustrated how the author represents social life of the characters and their conception and goal of living. The results show that the novel represents with particular care some aspects of the social community through representing realities of their life. In this community, the preliminary needs of life like health, subsistence, housing, and employment has been damaging to the household. It has also overwhelmed the community in a way that they have rarely had the chance to think about the goals and upper grades of spirituality. Consequently, the concept and objective of living have been restricted to supplying the preliminary needs of life and this has been inferred as a pestilence for a community that ought to go ahead in developing great expectations and goals.

One of issues in narratology is the issue of focalization. Gerard Genet chose centralization as a superior view from a perspective that is a transcendental concept of visual side. This perspective is a point of view through which a lot of information is implicitly seen, felt, understood and evaluated. This research with the descriptive-analytical method is used to introduce focalization, its types and aspects in the popular novel Qeydar to examine the narrative information and to organize the validity of this work. The results of this research show that in terms of perception, in the narration of this work, there are two types of focalizer, "external" and "internal" with a position of limited and unlimited focalizers are interacting. The time of this novel is linear. Continuation of events except in the two fifth and ninth chapters, they are retold and most events have a singular frequency. Psychologically, the feelings of the hero of this work can be equated with the feelings of the author. The ideology that governs the atmosphere of Qeydar's novel, which shows the ideology of the author of this work, seeks to introduce the ideal character of Iranian society; a gentle personality a hero, a believer, a fighter and committed to the homeland, of which Qeydar is the supreme example. Amirkhani using the diversity in focalization and addressing the disturbed climate has brought the narration of Qeydar's novel closer to the social reality and has increased its credibility with the audience.

One of the most important issues in human life today and consequently one of the most important features of postmodernism is uncertainty. The influence of this principle in the field of literature and the influence of the novel on it has made modern and postmodern novels more attractive for the reader and the reader more involved in reading the novel. The novel "Dilmzad" by Mohammad Roodgar is one of the selected novels of the Holy Defense in which various factors have been used to create doubt and uncertainty and the construction of its main theme is uncertainty. In the present article, different manifestations of uncertainty in the novel "Dilmzad" have been studied by descriptive-analytical method and through this, the author's preparations to create uncertainty and place the reader on the border of belief and disbelief have been analyzed. Findings of the research indicate that in this novel, uncertainty is expressed in the linguistic levels, narrative, characterization, perspective and time and place of the story, and among these, in the linguistic level of the novel has a special prominence. The author has also added to the skepticism and uncertainty of the story by narrating reality and mixing fantasy and reality with disregard for the cause-and-effect relationship in the story.

The novel is one of the common types of contemporary literature that is directly related to the socio-political construction of any society. It has now strengthened this bond in recent decades; because epics and myths with their many capabilities can help the author to reflect the context of the metatext and express the issues for or against it. Hence, novelists also employ different and sometimes contradictory approaches to the context of the metatext. In this study, we seek to answer the question that Belqeis Soleimani as of one of the authors of this type of novel, why and how invited epic characters to her novel?" To answer this question, we first examine the socio-political construction of the time of writing the novel (the eighties Ssi). Then, using the method of qualitative content analysis, we have clarified the author's position for or against the context of our metatext. Findings show that Soleimani by calling the active and norm-breaking activist Rudabeh of Shahnameh to her novel and making her passive against the norms of the patriarchal society and showing the negative consequences of such norms for Rudabeh as a representative of women, tries to represent and weaken patriarchal discourse by creating tension between actions of pretext Rudabeh and protext Rudabeh.