فصلنامه مطالعات محیطی هفت حصار
پیاپی 40 (تابستان 1401)

Social stratifications cause complex differences among the social strata, which we call "differentiation," following Pierre Bourdieu. As a result of these distinctions, different facades are designed in residential buildings, which affect the city's appearance. The variety of tastes in the design of residential facades by the citizens has caused heterogeneity in the urban landscape. It has created a lack of integration and continuity in the concepts related to architecture in the field of urban facades. This research explains the understanding of architects in facing the style of citizens in designing the facade of residential buildings based on Bourdieu's differentiation theory.

The research method of this research is applied, qualitative in terms of purpose, and "interpretive" in terms of the "intention" of the research, and it tries to answer these questions: "What factors influence the formation of employer and consumer’s style in production and has the symbolic consumption of housing in Tehran been influential from 2005 to 2019? What is the understanding of architects on the basis of consumers' tastes in the design of residential facades from 2005 to 2019?" In explaining research variables, individuals' cultural capital and economic capital are defined as independent variables, and the architect's consumption pattern is defined as the dependent variable. In this research, using interviews with experts, indicators and variables that effectively explain the architects' role in facing the style of Tehran citizens regarding residential architecture were extracted from the text of the interviews. The "logic" of the research is "inductive," and the method of analyzing the data also includes open coding and axial coding.

This research shows that the opinion of most Iranian architects about the concept of "citizen's style in residential buildings" can be divided into four forms: "building structure," "facade compatibility with climate," "façade compatibility with building function" and " visual beauty." The consumption pattern is influenced by two general categories: "economic capital" and "cultural capital".

People's style is an essential factor in the quality of facades of residential buildings and, accordingly, the city's appearance. As Bourdieu mentioned, views are the link between construction companies and architects. Considering that the appearance and body of residential buildings are the result of the mastery of the aesthetic criteria of people; therefore, the style change in residential architecture shows itself in the form of the change of "dominant" style in each period. In general, it can be said that the mastery of a style has a direct relationship with the supply and demand relationship.

 As a cognitive activity, the process of creative problem solving plays a crucial role in architectural design. The design method includes the emergence, evolution, and transformation of ideas and the formation of concepts. Explaining the most important influential components of creativity and contestability of design raises these concepts in achieving each one of the approaches. This study aimed to find a significant relationship between creativity and contestability in architectural education. Therefore, the research method was applied through a multistage process. Architectural practices can bring about considerable communicability, providing a proper procedure for advancing the purposes seen in architectural design. Diversely, the alteration of problem components and their transformation to more optimal relationships are noteworthy. Thus, recognizing the stance of conceptual change in the design method entails competitiveness in the architectural sphere. Knowledge is one of the significant issues in the history of human science. Scores of theories and hypotheses have constantly been formulated and proved in the course of the evolutionary history of science. This indicates the fundamental developments in the variability of methods of thinking in human knowledge, which can result in transformation. More complicated issues have been presented to the knowledge in the contemporary era. Therefore, it is significant to reach growth and production in any field using novel methods while maintaining a futuristic viewpoint. Numerous theories have been introduced in architectural design concerning the process of designing and achieving a creative outcome. 

 The research method in this study included “logical reasoning” using descriptive-analytical measures with a qualitative and quantitative approach. A group of referees evaluated these relations in the assessment and critique of architectural designs of architectural design project 6 with the free theme of a group of students. In this regard, the significant relationship between the components of these two approaches was explained using a questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using SPSS.

 The general results of the research show a direct and meaningful two-way relationship between creativity and competitiveness of architectural design.

 Due to the interdisciplinary nature of architecture, results of studies on the advancement of control over the design process have always remained relative. An inventive method, problem-solving theory draws upon the problem solving techniques. However, innovative architectural results can be the outcome of alteration of the problem components considering the understanding of extant challenges and contradictions in the architectural design process

 The design and implementation of large-scale commercial complexes in the metropolis of Tehran have flourished for over a decade. Most of these complexes have easily attracted various age groups. Some are more successful, and some lose their customers after a period of prosperity. Public areas' forms indicate entertainment's superiority over shopping. Also, the activities in complexes provide the possibility of spending leisure time in the best way under the name of a shopping center.

 Theoretical foundations of the research are based on the achievements of environmental psychology, which began with William Glasser's Choice Theory and the importance of the need for entertainment. And practical components of the quality of the environment have been extracted from related literature. These components are based on human needs for recreational activities and have been determined by library studies and citing the opinions of philosophers. The effect of components on users' need for recreation was analyzed by survey research method and correlation. 

 The result shows that the measures of the designed system consisting of three components: socio-behavioral, physical-spatial and perceptional, to meet the need for recreation of users, have a significant relationship with entertainment as a reason for the presence of users in commercial complexes.Specifically, among the measures of the collective-behavioral component, the factors "various service uses," "the presence of food courts," "the security of the complex space due to the number of users," and "the presence of a suitable space for children to play" are among the reasons. 

 By introducing an effective subcomponent, this paper shows that the leading presence of people in commercial complexes is due to the need for recreational activities. Therefore, the components of the need for entertainment in the design of commercial complexes can be considered as a factor in increasing the architectural spatial quality of public areas, which can meet part of the secondary and semantic needs of human beings.

 as a component of the urban landscape, road sign systems are among the most critical elements of urban environments. Generally speaking, the written signs dominate the design of these systems. These signs can also foster aesthetic and visual pleasure compellingly and innovatively. Furthermore, they perpetuate a specific image in the minds of their observers. This research seeks to answer the question of what functions the written elements of the road sign systems of metropolitan Tehran serve and how these written signs relate to their audience.

The present article offers a semiotic analysis of the text in metropolitan Tehran's road sign systems vis-a-vis their audience. To that aim, the paper first goes over the strengths and weaknesses of the text in representing the language and reflecting the discursive language in the first implicative level of the text. It then employs the principles of visual arts to discuss the specific implicative levels of text (paralinguistic and non-linguistic) in which text takes on particular visual qualities.

The method of semiotic analysis has been used as research philosophy, theoretical tool, and method. Inductive research is a research sample strategy. The main approach of the research is a qualitative analysis, and in terms of time horizon, it has been done in cross-sectional research. Also, field research is done in terms of data collection, theoretical foundations and empirical background, library study, and qualitative data collection. The tool for collecting qualitative data in this research is interviews and documents.

 The research findings indicate that text may fulfill functions other than merely communicating its literal meaning. Specifically, its multiple implicative levels can help build identities in urban environments and inculcate a sense of spatial belonging and nostalgia in the urban audience. However, various challenges complicate the audience's communication of linguistic and visual meanings and concepts. These challenges include 1. Deficiency (or lack thereof) in utilizing Persian written signs to communicate with the target audience and in its stead using English text along with the use of the unclear and hard-to-read font (at the written level of the text); 2. Low-quality styling, arrangement, and layout of the urban road signs (at the paralinguistic level of the text); 3.A. lack of harmony among the fonts used in designing the road sign systems and lack of coordination between the fonts and the subject and function of the urban places; 3.B. poor choice of color in road sign systems; 3. C. The resemblance of the road sign systems to other experiences and lack of an independent ethos (at the non-linguistic level of the text).

 to enhance the communicative and visual aspects of the road sign systems of metropolitan Tehran, one needs to consider the various implicative levels of these systems. Utilizing bi-lingual text while prioritizing Persian fonts is helpful in clearly communicating the message to the audience (the linguistic level of the text). On the other hand, attention to arrangement, the harmony between the written elements and the function of a place, the appropriate color, and distinctive textual features in these systems combine to instill a sense of place, beauty, and attachment in the audience implications of the text (the paralinguistic and non-linguistic levels of the text).

 Epidemics have been a challenge at all levels of the environment. Many current trends in architecture and urban design/planning are the results of measures that have already been taken to ensure the health and well-being of city dwellers. Since urban design/ planning and architecture after Covid-19 will never be the same as in the past, the need for developing a pattern for urban environment design to efficiently deal with the pandemic is undeniable. The primary objective of this article is to create a synergy between urban design/planning and architecture towards generating a conceptual framework where we consider the existence of the pandemic and what it entails on different levels. The main questions of this research address the following key questions: What are the characteristics of the post-pandemic sustainable pattern, whether it can be used to protect the environment from other pandemics, and what is the nature of physical changes in a post-pandemic?

 Methodologically, this research is based on an analytic trans-disciplinary framework, which is rooted and operationalized by identifying the concepts associated with these keys: 1) urban physical approaches, 2) urban Socio-spatial approaches, and 3) physical architectural approaches. This study first provides an overview of urban design/planning and architecture during past pandemics and then analyzes the impact of social distancing intervention on architectural and urban design/planning approaches. It then highlights research areas on pandemics through conceptualization, operationalization, and referring to available resources.  

 From a physical point of view in urban, this research examines five categories: urban growth, urban density, land use, transportation, and informal settlements. Discussing urban socio-spatial approaches examines the two issues of public spaces and place attachment. This research presents some lessons from the pandemic to visualize and introduce the study perspective on the new sustainable pattern after the pandemic. The contradiction between the virtual and the actual situation and the complexities of implementing common and adverse concepts (Physical and virtual spaces / compact and sprawl urban growth / High and low density / Urban suburbs and urban centers / Public and private transport / Open and closed spaces) show that just one pattern will not be responsive to the newly-built pandemic-resilient pattern.

 The newly-built pandemic-resilient pattern must have flexible and comprehensive protective layers at all scales. Moreover, it should add human physical and mental health as a fourth dimension to the overall definition of sustainability. It continues by saying that just one pattern will not be responsive to the post-pandemic sustainable pattern. Choosing the best pattern depends on many factors, which requires creating synergy between urban design/planning, architecture, and public health.

The city as a living system and a dynamic structure has shown a flexible attitude to the challenges ahead and has been constantly trying to overcome the challenges and reproduce its elements to become efficient and usable in the future. In the face of the corona pandemic challenge, the city has acted in the same way, shown reciprocal behavior, and tried to overcome this crisis effectively. Therefore, city planners and managers must approach the city and its elements with a different perspective. The corona pandemic has changed cities' quality of life and environments. pepole prefer new living patterns, and some of the past structures have been discarded by them. For this purpose, after studying the literature review and the international experiences, the dimensions, factors, and practical indicators of the corona pandemic have been identified.

The present study is a descriptive-analytical type, and the desired findings have been explained through a questionnaire using quantitative and qualitative methods and confirmatory factor analysis tools.

 The metropolis of Tehran had the highest positive impact in the physical-spatial dimension (4/59) and the lowest positive impact in the social dimension (3/03) in the Covid-19 pandemic.

The results of the analysis indicate 14 effective indicators: lifestyle changes and health protocols, increased virtual socialization, reduced inequality between different groups of people in access to the internet, promotion, and expansion of digital tourism (virtual trips), starting development of Apps and start-ups, increasing small-scale commercial markets, upgrading medical equipment, increasing countries interaction in the field of health, the importance of planting trees, using public transportation, increasing public transportation capacity, designing more open and green spaces in the city, more attention to deprived areas and slums and redesign of public spaces based on the prevailing conditions will provide positive effects during the pandemic of Tehran. Therefore, suggestions have been made to improve and enhance the quality of life in metropolitan areas, especially during pandemics.

 In recent decades, the increase in the world's population, especially in urban areas, has created many complications and problems in various fields. Among them, risks are one of the most critical issues in urban planning and design to manage crisis and vulnerability, reduce risk, and increase safety and quality of life. Considering the fundamental importance of culture and its role in today's world and the existing moral and cultural approaches, cultural development in the current world seems necessary and unavoidable. Therefore, one of the essential requirements to deal with the practical issues of residential contexts in cities is to explain the concept of resilience and consequently strengthen these contexts in the face of possible accidents and hazards.

 The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study was the citizens living in deteriorated fabrics of the 7th district of Tehran. The sample was estimated to be 200 participants selected were random. The data of this research has been collected through library documents and questionnaires. The questionnaire includes 45 questions and six subscales of social interactions, neighborhood identity, a sense of belonging to the place, social participation, citizenship education, and security. Finally, the overall scale of social resilience is calculated from the average scores of 6 subscales. SPSS and PLS statistical software were used to analyze the data.

 After examining the main hypotheses of the research, it was concluded that the state of social resilience in the worn-out context of the target area is in a disordered state, with six components of social interactions, social Participate, sense of belonging to the place, citizenship education, neighborhood identity, security was measured. In the following, the sub-hypothesis was tested, and the result showed that social interactions and social participation are essential factors in the disordered state of social resilience in the worn-out context of the 7th district of Tehran.

 In this research, according to the investigations, it was shown that the residents of these neighborhoods, despite the emotional bond with the area and the desire for freedom in choosing the type of relationships, the desire to continue living in these neighborhoods and having emotion ties with the area, decrease and change. They follow their relationships and have freedom in choosing their relationships. This research emphasizes the necessity of paying attention to the social resilience of the deteriorated urban fabrics in residential neighborhoods of District 7 in policy-making and planning; This means that in addition to increasing the number of social interactions and social partnerships between residents. In the following steps, we should prioritize the training of citizens to prepare the residents of deteriorated fabrics neighborhoods against any crisis. In the next stages, holding maneuvers, will affect the reduction of vulnerability. Also, in medium-term planning, measures such as incentive policies for retrofitting, resource management, and making timely and appropriate decisions during and after the crisis are necessary.

 Urban infrastructure systems provide foundations for modern civil communities and enhance the quality of life. Coordination between different urban infrastructure agencies involved in urban infrastructure provision plays a significant role in the success of these critical urban sub-systems. It brings together various independent agencies to make their endeavors more accordant. In turn, identifying and analyzing coordination barriers is vital in establishing strong coordination in providing urban infrastructure. For this reason, this paper aims to uncover barriers to achieving coordination between independent agencies involved in urban infrastructure provision in Iran. 

 A qualitative multiple embedded case study covering the processes of urban infrastructure provision for four new development areas, including urban infrastructure provision for Omid-e Ekbatan Mehr housing project in Hamedan city, urban infrastructure provision for  Phase 7 Mehr housing Project in Hashtgerd New City, urban infrastructure provision for Hesar-e Haj Shams Ali Mehr housing project in Hamedan city and urban infrastructure provision for Tape Emam Gol Mehr housing project in Hamedan city was conducted. The unit of analysis was the provisioning process of each kind of urban infrastructure, among other things, water supply system, electric power grid, sanitation sewage system, piped gas network, transportation system network, and telecommunication network. Three primary data sources in qualitative research, interviews, observations, and documents, were employed. In order to deal with validity and reliability issues several strategies have been applied. First, to improve internal validity, two strategies were applied: "triangulation" and "member checking". Second, in order to enhance external validity, "maximum variation strategy" was utilized. Third, "use of multiple sources of data" and "reviewing the initial findings by key informants" were applied to increase construct validity. Finally, to enhance reliability, "triangulation strategy" was applied. However, the data analysis process moves from highly inductive at the beginning of the process to insignificancy deductive at the end of the process. 

 The research findings indicated that there are seven types of coordination barriers in the context of the urban infrastructure provision in Iran, namely, differences in governance and management structures; lack of information sharing; frequent changes in organizational positions; political pressure; lack of horizontal relations and central-local relationships; lack of precise coordination mechanism; and destructive competition. These barriers can be classified into two major categories: organizational and non-organizational coordination barriers.

 Value and recognition of values are influential topics that have entered various fields of knowledge and have brought many changes. The field of urban studies and urban planning is no exception to this rule, and the discussion of urban values in city interventions, especially the central and historical contexts of cities.

 The present study has also identified the values of the Iranian-Islamic city in a qualitative-quantitative (combined) way to study the place of values in the contemporary city. According to the purpose, the research method is descriptive-analytical. The logical reasoning approach (cultural-discourse) and the structural analysis approach are combined, using library and documentary studies and a questionnaire to use structural analysis and scenario writing. The case study's structural analysis section should form a cross-matrix of effects (impact and effectiveness) before presenting the four urban scenarios. Therefore, fifteen (15) experts developed and distributed a questionnaire. Mick Mac structural analysis software collects the answers. After presenting structural analyzes and determining the gender of each value regarding the impact and effectiveness in the historical context of Tabriz, urban scenarios were written.

 The inference of the values of the Islamic-Iranian city is based on the theory of derivative perceptions of Allameh Tabatabaei. According to the studies, the values of the Islamic-Iranian city were explained in the form of eight (8) axes. Then using the structural analysis technique, the type of impact and the effectiveness of the values in the city's future were determined. Then, the values of the Islamic-Iranian city were analyzed in the form of four future urban scenarios. The orientation of the current situation scenario in the historical context of Tabriz toward the pessimistic scenario, shows the need for a serious review of urban intervention policies and historical contexts.

 Ignorance of urban values in the city project, and insistence on previous routine approaches, inflict irreparable damage on the historical fabric of Tabriz. Therefore, accurate identification and exceptional attention to the values of the Islamic-Iranian city and value-based approaches lead to a change in the attitude of the urban management system. This conscious view provides a favorable context for the city's excellence and man.