نشریه پژوهشهای سیاسی جهان اسلام
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 42، بهار 1401)

According to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the government and the right of guardianship belong to God, who has pledged it through the people for their happiness. Relying on public opinion and governing the country based on the people's vote is explicitly stated in the constitution. Candidacy in elections is considered as a social commitment and contract. This commitment and contract must follow both the general rules of contracts and social contracts. Therefore, if the person is not serious in expressing his will and his presence is formal and preceded by collusion with the main candidate participating in the election, the structure of the contract is distorted. The formation of an obligation and agreement must be based on an explicit and clear will and be far from ambiguity, otherwise the issue of qualification and use of public resources will be negligible and the contract will not have legal effects.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran. Both countries are very important in the region and in the last century, have been the source of many developments that have sometimes moved towards cooperation and sometimes towards confrontation. The question of the present study is based on what are the ideological contradictions between Iran and Saudi Arabia, and to answer the question, we test the hypothesis that Saudi Arabia with the entry of emerging agents into the country's political arena due to identity and ideological differences, hostile relations and It has engaged in confrontation with the Islamic Republic in order to marginalize Iran and maintain its regional position. The data collection method is based on documentary method, deductive research strategy, descriptive-explanatory data analysis method and inspired by structural security theory. Findings show that Saudi Arabia to oppose the Islamic Republic of Iran with Hama by the United States of America from the contradictions of principles and ideas such as identity, ideological confrontation, hostility, leadership of the Islamic world, gaining superior regional power, superiority It benefits from political, diplomatic, etc.. Emphasis on identity and ethnicity issues, type of political system, sectarianism and sectarianism, political culture and mental perceptions of political actors of the two countries have played a significant role in the continuation of confrontation and divergence.

One of the most important and influential discourses in the political and social developments of Iran, which emerged from the constitutional period in Iran and became hegemonic and also played a role in the events leading up to the Islamic Revolution of Iran with the carrier of the Freedom Movement of Iran, is the discourse of the constitutional monarchy. According to the importance of this discourse, the purpose of this article is to study the discourse of the Freedom Movement of Iran before the revolution through the approach of discourse analysis and in the form Laclau and Mouffe's theory, and to the main question, from the perspective of discourse analysis, what are the dimensions and components of the Constitutional Monarchy (National Front)? Pay. The conceptual framework of this paper is the theory of discourse analysis Laclau and Mouffe and its method is discourse analysis method.   This paper focuses on the main texts and first-hand speeches of the carriers of this discourse, namely Engineer Mehdi Bazargan and Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh, and by means of discourse analysis, he tries to explore and analyze this discourse. The findings of this paper indicate that the discourse tries to make sense of all four political, social, economic and cultural dimensions of society and with emphasis on the material world gives meaning to both material and spiritual worlds. The focal point in this discourse is the law. The main slab (identity) in this discourse is Iranian, but after Iran, the word Muslim also indicates the identity of individuals in this discourse. The empty slabs of this discourse are: independence, freedom, law, genuine Islam. This discourse negates the authoritarian monarchy, socialism, absolute liberalism and the discourse of the Islamic monarchy, and suggests a constitutional monarchy that is based on the Constitution and observance of sharia law as an ideal and desirable situation for Iran.

The importance of the Persian Gulf energy, as well as Iran's strategic and geopolitical importance in competing with the former Soviet :union:, America's main rival in the post-war world, made Iran the focus of US attention, and the Soviet :union: sought to weaken the United States. . On the other hand, the fragile economy of Western Europe, despite US aid under the Marshall Plan after World War II and the expansion of Soviet influence into the Western bloc, led the United States to make every effort to improve their economies and thus prevent the infiltration of ideas. Communists to these countries. One of the necessary tools for this purpose was cheap and high quality oil. Throughout its history, the United States has adopted different strategies depending on its global position. This change in strategy has been quite natural. From isolationism to globalism (internationalism); But what has always been constant is the nature of the strategies, all of which have been aimed at building economic empowerment, physical security, and value dissemination. The United States's policy toward the national movement has been broadly divided into three periods: first, support for the nationalization of the oil industry; Second, friendly mediation in resolving disputes with Britain; and third, opposition to Mossadegh and the overthrow of the national government. The most important goals that the United States pursued during the nationalization of the oil industry were: 1- Preventing the instability of the oil market and ensuring the flow of oil exports to world markets 2- Preventing Iran from getting out of the orbit of the Western satellites and falling into the trap of communism And the Soviet :union: 3. Breaking the British oil monopoly and participating in Iranian oil The question in this study is what role does the United States play in the political crises of contemporary Iran, and especially the nationalization of the oil industry? The United States of America has played an important role in creating a crisis in contemporary Iran with its role in the coup d'état of 28 August and the nationalization of the oil industry and its domination of various aspects of the country.

Security of every state is pertinent to others, So everything cannot be recognized without all of them. It Is developed by the concept of Security from military to other issues and posed a high level of threat and intimidation among states, especially the ones which have Security commons. Sykes picot deal collapse emperor by interfering foreigners led to wars, instabilities & insecurity in Kurdish region as well . Region developments, the collapse of Saddam, Iran & Americas support from Kurds, incompetency of central government in Iran and advent of ISIS provoked Kurds to reach to their Long – lasting ambitions, formation of independent Kurdish government and it reached to its highest point in. It is imagined that the independency and formation of an independent Kurdish country would have been the result of the plebiscite. Having held the plebiscite, it did not lead to Kurds wishes So they overcame in this path. The main question is that why the plebiscite remained futile in Kurdistan? The descriptive - analytic  Surveyed Hypothesis says that mutual Security pertinence led regional countries rely on the result of  the plebiscite . So that, the common threat has made among countries in the region . Meanwhile, Iran, turkey, Iraq & Syria could neutralize the Kurdistan scheme in all of its political, economical, military social & environmental national security dimensions, of course ,having relied on mutual consolidation & supporting Iran government.

International law has made significant progress and development in this decade, the advancement of technology and the reduction of the sense of responsibility, the reduction of the role of ethics and the uncontrolled economic competition between companies and countries have made it necessary to pay attention to environmental issues. The teachings of the Islamic religion have long been open to attention to the environment, with insight in the verses of the Qur'an, attention to the environment can be well understood in this religion. It can be seen that religious texts and the Holy Quran are trying to protect and preserve the environment and that humans benefit from a safe and healthy environment in order to reach the perfection desired by Islam. In this article, environmental rights will be examined from a national and international perspective (Islam and international law).

Despite the high level of political relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Syrian Arab Republic, the authorities of the two countries emphasize the increase and continuation of strategic cooperation with each other. This is despite the fact that there are many opportunities and commonalities between the two countries for the promotion and continuation of strategic cooperation, there are also weaknesses and threats in this direction, the explanation of which has become the problem of the present research. Therefore, the authors of this article, using the SWOT method known as SWAT and the approach of the theoretical framework of regional integration, seek to answer the main question, "What are the strategies for strengthening the regional integration of Iran and Syria?". The purpose of the article is to answer this question "to help develop and deepen the regional integration of Iran and Syria" through "strengthening the theoretical literature of this field".