نشریه بررسی های نوین تاریخی
سال ششم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

Ghezelbash were an influential force in the formation and stabilization of the Safavid government.The gradual handing over of the states to the heads of Qezelbash clans, which was initially done in return for their military services, made the Safavid government aware of the danger of their rebellion. The Ghezelbash gradually increased their political and economic power by maintaining the military function, and this provided the ground for their intervention in political issues and as a result created problems for the Safavid government.Although the Safavid government was aware of the threat of increasing influence of Qezelbash from the beginning, but until the time of Shah Abbas (996-1038 AH), the policies implemented to reduce their influence and power did not have any results.Shah Abbas, while understanding the government’s need for the military services of the Qezelbash, sought to reduce and weaken their political and economic power. With a historical approach and a library method that relies on historical texts and analysis of source information, the present article aims to answer the following question, “With what measures did Shah Abbas reduce the growing power of Qezelbash”?

Iranian seafarers’ voyages have many hidden and hidden economies.The sea-oriented economy of the southern ports of Iran has been based on maritime trade, barge management and barge building. Therefore, sea voyages of sailors from the southern ports of Iran, which took place with long-term voyages (gap) to India, Africa and Yemen and small voyages to the countries of the southern Persian Gulf throughout the year, in addition to having an economic role, have also been influential on art, architecture, handicrafts, language, customs, etc. of the origin and destination communities.Major ports such as Bombay, Calicut, Aden, Barbara, Lamu, Dar es Salaam, Mombasa, Mekalla, etc., which were the destinations of Iranian sailors in the Persian Gulf on sea voyages, have had an advanced urban planning system and urban society.On the other hand, the Iranian ports of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea also had a great civilizational history in the field of cultural and maritime issues and had very advanced maritime techniques from the past, and even with the help of a compass and celestial objects and maritime experience, with wooden barges made by Iranian barges, they traveled to India, Africa and Yemen. Therefore, these sea voyages have had a great impact on architecture, including architectural style, architectural materials, and urban planning. The use of some architectural materials such as chandel in the roofs of houses in the south of Iran, which were brought from African ports, created a huge change in the architecture of the southern ports of Iran. The high-quality boards that were brought from India to Iranian ports for barge-making have also been very influential in barge-making. From the people of the southern ports of Iran, handicrafts such as tulk, baskets, etc. are taken to the ports of the destination countries, which had good buyers.On the other hand, the influence of Iranian seafaring on the destination communities led to the formation of seafaring songs such as Razif, in which Persian, Arabic and Swahili sounds were used. This article, which was written with the method of library research, oral history and field observations of the writer, intends to have a general look at the history of the civilization area of southern Iran and its relationship with the neighboring countries in the context of history and the influence of the sea-oriented economy on the formation of numerous cities and settlements in the southern regions of Iran.

The place of Iranian historical dynasties in nationalistic historiography of the modern era in general, and the image of the Qajar dynasty in the nationalist historiography of the Pahlavi period in particular, are among the reflections of the nationalist approach in modern Iranian historiography. In fact, the nationalist approach, which forms the main aspect of Pahlavi historiography about different eras of Iranian history, became a tool for gaining political and national legitimacy by Pahlavi dynasty,and Pahlavi Shahs, unlike the previous sultans who needed political legitimacy based on religious principles, sought to gain the necessary political legitimacy by abandoning religious principles and values and turning to national values and principles, and in the meantime, history and historiography became a very vital tool for gaining legitimacy, origin and national prestige for the Pahlavi dynasty.The inevitable and major result of this was the politicization and ideology of history and historiography in contemporary Iran, an inconsistent phenomenon that still plagues Iranian academic and non-academic historiography.In this approach, the Pahlavi government extensively tried to show a more ideal and legitimate image by destroying the image of the Qajar government and to introduce the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty as a movement and a national necessity. In the present paper, by examining some of the most prominent nationalisticliterature created in that period, the dimensions and manner of historiography in question with the approach of examining the image of Qajar government in the national historiography of the Pahlavi period have been studied.

With the formation of the new educational system in Iran from the middle of the Qajar period, the traditional educational system was challenged.In this challenge, school education gradually disappeared completely, and despite resistance over several decades in some areas, including villages, it was gradually defeated by new schools.But in the meantime, the important branch of traditional education, namely seminary education, moved in step with the modern education system and continued to exist despite some ups and downs.But later, especially during the Pahlavi era, especially the second Pahlavi era, the issue arose that mechanisms to formalize the seminary education system should be formulated and approved. This article, that is a descriptive and a library method one, indicates that during the second Pahlavi era, with the formation of a commission in the Supreme Council of Culture (1346-1317) under the title of Ijtihad and Afta Commission, the country’s cultural policymakers recognized Shiite Mujtahid’s ijtihad as equivalent to a new education diploma, and by granting certificates to this group of mujtahids, they made it possible to enjoy some of its benefits.

In his series of blog notes in 2013, which were published a few years later in his book “The Rise of the People”, Naser Pourpirarclaimed that Naser al-Din Shah never went to Europe and his photos during these trips were fake.In this article, referring to the sources and archives, this claim has been examined and it has been shown that not only Porpirar’s claim is false, but none of his arguments and opinions about the samples he examined are correct either. He had no knowledge in the field of photography, photo archives, and the history of photography, and for this reason, he did not know the difference between an original photo and a printed photo, and he made a mistake. In addition, he did not even know enough about Qajar history and the travelogues of Naser al-Din Shah, as well as the history and historical places of Europe. The reason for his mistakes is his lack of knowledge, ambiguity of the basics and methods of research, the use of baseless assumptions and logical fallacies; and in general, hisstatementscannot be considered scientific in this regard.

JournalAsiatic is one of the oldest Orientalist journals in the world.This journal, as a scientific organ of the Asian Institute of Paris, has been published since 1822 until now, and as it will be mentioned, both the institute and its organ showed attention to Iranian civilization from the beginning.

Mohammad TaghiAskari Kamran was one of the graduates of the first journalism training course in Iran, who collaborated with Tofan-e Yazd, Keyhan-eHafte and Ketab-e Hafte for many years.In February 2013, by establishing the weekly newspaper “Neday-e Yazd” and attracting wellknown writers and rewarding new writers, and by publishing speeches in the fields of history, culture, literature, society, art, cultural and historical heritage of Yazd, he played a valuable role in the flourishing of these fields in He had the city of Yazd. And now this magazine is published in its 38th year of activity.