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Sustainable Earth Review - Volume:2 Issue: 3, Sep 2022

Sustainable Earth Review
Volume:2 Issue: 3, Sep 2022

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1401/07/21
  • تعداد عناوین: 6
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  • Aliakbar Nazari Samani*, Behnaz Zarin, Shahram Khalighi Sigarudi, Mohammad Jafari Pages 1-9

    Assessing of topographic effects for erosion modelling and model calibration can differ in terms of complexity, considered processes and data availability. The topographic factor is the most sensitive parameter of RUSLE3D model for predicting of the soil loss, where a higher relative effect of the steepness factor is observed in a simple analysis of sensitivity. Due to wide spread application of USLE family models, finding the most accurate method for calculating of LS factor is a key point in each environmental condition. Therefore, This research was conducted to find the accurate method and suitable geodata to calculate the LS factor based on using of DEM with two resolutions 10 & 30 meter, three methods for calculation specific catchment area and calibration of m parameter to create a distributed model different erosion features (facies). Results indicates that the m & n exponents of runoff and slope terms in LS’s equation reflect soil detachment and sediment transport capacity concerned to the relationship between hydraulic characteristics of overland flow More spatial data analysis revealed that the validation analysis showed that calculation of LS factor based on the contribution area per unit contour length through 30*30m DEM is more closer to estimated erosion in the study area. However, for better calibration of RUSLE3D model in the study watershed the new value for m parameter m was estimated. Due to nature of LS equation the results of erosion rate is more sensitive to m and the new values of m for different erosion facies were estimate to estimate more accurate soil erosion under semi-arid condition.

    Keywords: Calibration, Erosion Fashand LS factor Rill, splash Iran
  • Khabat Derafshi* Pages 10-22

    Fluvial sediment dating surveys are one of the quaternary researches which can help to explicit many environmental issues. In the present study, samples taken to direct age determination belong to a depositional profile located in one of the tributaries of Saqqez River. This profile is located at southwest of Saqqez city and at the outlet of Saqqez basin. The OSL method was used to determine the age of three samples including sandy lens, floodplain and conglomerate sediments. 14C and U/Th methods was applied to dating of the charcoal in conglomerate sediments and pedogenic/ cement carbonates respectively. The age of the unit is constrained by OSL dating of a sandy lens, at the base of the profile, at 68.35±9.50 ka and the overlying floodplain deposits at 26.76±6.96 ka (i.e. Late Pleistocene). Floodplain consolidated sediment (conglomerate) has been OSL dated at 5.79±1.88 ka which belongs to Mid-Holocene period. Concerning the fluvial sediments ages by the U/Th method, it should be noted that since the ratio of thorium to uranium was much higher than its standard value in both pedogenic and cement carbonate samples, it is not possible to determine the age of carbonate samples using the uranium series method. The calendar age reported by 14C is around 1995, looks enigmatic considering the context from which the sample has been collected and the time required for crystallization of the enclosing carbonate cements. Therefore, it seems that among the different methods of fluvial sediment absolute dating methods, luminescence is more suitable for quaternary fluvial sediments dating in Saqqez River basin

    Keywords: Dating Fluvial sediments OSL Saqqez River
  • Kazem Nosrati*, Mohsen Ehteshami-Moinabadi Pages 23-27

    The objectives of this study were to apply base flow index (BFI) for assessing stream flow regime and basin water storage and to validate this index in drought studies in Lorestan Province. To view of this, daily BFI and mean of annual BFI were calculated based on the minimum 5-day periods in 24 gauging stations with period 35 years. The results showed that the regional mean of BFI with 0.77 value (SD=0.08) is stable. BFI ranged between 0.61 and 0.95 and also based on the 25, 50 and 75 percentiles river flow regime in the study area divided to four categories that most of catchments in the study area have stable regime. So the catchments will be able to provide river flow during dry weather. Therefore, the results of this study can be used in classification of stream flow regime of river and hydrological drought monitoring.

    Keywords: Base flow index Hydrological drought Lorestan Province water resources storage
  • Adeeba Ayaz, Sharath Chandra Vannam, Shailesh Kumar Singh, Rehana Shaik* Pages 28-46

    The present study compared various empirical and data-driven algorithms to predict Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) using various hydro climatic variables. The AET over semi-arid climatic conditions of Hyderabad, Telangana, India, and Waipara (New Zealand) was estimated using different empirical methods-based PET using Budyko and Turc models. Modelled PET from five data-driven algorithms, such as Long short-term memory neural networks (LSTM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Gradient Boosting Regressor, Random Forest, and Support Vector Regression were trained to predict AET using meteorological variables. The results show simple empirical-based AET models, Budyko and Turc, can estimate AET very well. The results indicated that 99% accuracy could be achieved with all climatic input, whereas accuracy drops to 86% with limited data. Both LSTM and ANN models based on PET have been noted as the most robust models for estimating AET with minimal climate data. It was observed that the meteorological variables of temperature and solar radiation have more significant contributions than other variables in the estimation of AET. In addition, the effects of the meteorological variables were found to be essential and effective in the estimation of AET. The research findings of the study reveal that under limited data availability, the best input combinations were identified as temperature and wind speed for estimating PET; temperature, wind speed, and precipitation for estimating AET for semi-arid climatology.

    Keywords: AET Evapotranspiration PET
  • Farzaneh Mohammadia, Hesaneh Mohammadib*, Mohammad Reza Gheitanchia Pages 47-54

    The Empirical Green Function and the Stochastic Finite-Fault Simulation were applied to estimate source parameters and rupture process of the November 12, 2017, earthquake with a moment magnitude of 7.3 in Ezgeleh, Kermanshah, Iran. The Ezgeleh earthquake was one of the most destructive and complex events that have occurred in this region; it seems several parallel faults have been activated. We determined the focal mechanism of the main event using first motion polarities. The result shows reverse faulting with a small strike-slip component. Also, the size of the asperity in this earthquake was estimated to be about 55km in the strike direction and 25km in the dip direction. To simulate this event, corner frequency, seismic moment, stress drop, duration, and the causative fault plane model were estimated. The simulated strong ground motions in comparison with the observed ones show good agreement; the result shows that the applied rupture model for this earthquake and the synthesizing methods are effective at simulating near-source ground motions in a broad-frequency range of engineering interest. Moreover, these approaches are successful and efficient in predicting the strong motions in the Zagros fold and thrust belt. This earthquake shows us that in areas with tectonics and seismic behavior similar to those of the Zagros fold and thrust belt, the possibility of such earthquakes is not unexpected. Therefore, it is necessary to simulate probable large earthquakes for the high safety design of these areas.

    Keywords: Focal Mechanism, Empirical Green, Function Source, Parameters Stochastic, Finite Fault, Simulation
  • Hassan Mohammadian Mosammama, Asghar Teimouri Pages 55-65

    While the issue of healthy and nutritious food provision for all has become one of the major challenges of global development, urban sprawl increasingly threatening the urban and peri-urban agriculture. However, urban agriculture is one of the most efficient policy to environmental protection, urban resilience and promotion of food security, particularly for poor urban residents. Accordingly, through the analysis of satellite images, using the GIS and remote sensing tools, this paper quantifies the LUCC and urban growth that occurred between 1984 and 2014 in the Hamadan city. It also simulates future urban growth, using CA-Markov Chain Model. The results revealed that urban sprawl over the 1984-2014, led to loss of 3199.5ha of orchards, irrigated and irrigated agricultural lands in Hamadan city. Our simulations suggest that this unsustainable trend will be continued up to 2024. This trends not only threatens urban food security but also will lead to excessive car dependence, poverty increase, loss of local jobs, more pollutions and GHG emission, and result in a decline of city livability. The policies relying on compact city approach, establishing green belt and directing the new growth demand to satellite towns should be advocated.

    Keywords: Agriculture lands, Hamedan city, Land use, cover change, Urban sprawl