فهرست مطالب

فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 86، تابستان 1400)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1401/03/11
  • تعداد عناوین: 6
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  • کامیار صلواتی، حامد مظاهریان*، سعید حقیر صفحات 5-15
    در این مقاله به روش تفسیری-تاریخی و با استناد به متنی دست اول از دوران قاجار یعنی «خاطرات عین السلطنه»، در پی پاسخ به این پرسش برآمده ایم که عین السلطنه به عنوان یکی از کسانی که هم دست به ثبت آراء و نظرات خود زده و هم علی رغم بستگی هایش به دربار خواهان تغییر جدی اوضاع ایران است، چه نقدهایی بر معماری و شهرهای پیشامدرن ایران داشته است و چگونه می توان این نقدها را با توجه به خواست قانون به عنوان مطالبه ای محوری در دوران مشروطه تحلیل کرد؟ برای رسیدن به این منظور، پس از معرفی چارچوب نظری تحقیق که بر اساس تحلیل های محمدعلی همایون کاتوزیان درباره ی دوران مشروطه است، به بررسی متن خاطرات عین السلطنه پرداخته ایم و گزاره های نقادانه ی او را از سال 1300 ه.ق تا کودتای رضاخان (1339 ه.ق) استخراج و دسته بندی کرده ایم. این نقدها را در سه دسته ی کلی «نقد وضعیت بهداشتی شهرها و بناهای ایران»، «نقد طرح و وضع شهر» و «نقد طرح و عناصر بناها و معماری ایران» تقسیم کرده ایم که هریک خود به زیرمجموعه هایی قابل تقسیم هستند. در بخش تحلیلی نشان داده ایم که اکثر این نقدها، چه به صورت عیان (مانند نقد وضعیت معابر) چه به صورت پنهان تر (مانند خواست پلان در طرح ریزی شهرها و بناها یا استانداردسازی بناها) به خواست همه جانبه و گسترده ی «قانون مندی» و «پیش بینی پذیری» در دوران مشروطه گره خورده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: معماری و مشروطه، عین السلطنه، نقد معماری، نقد معماری ایران، بهداشت و معماری
  • مریم حسینی، سید باقر حسینی*، فرهنگ مظفر صفحات 17-24

    در ادبیات جهانی و بومی آموزش معماری، یادگیری تاملی، مفهومی آشناست؛ اما تاکنون، ارزیابی معماری به عنوان مکمل یادگیری تاملی، مورد مداقه و آزمون قرارنگرفته است. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی نقش ارزیابی تاملی در ارتقاء یادگیری مفاهیم پایه در دانشجویان معماری است. در این پژوهش، نویسنده به همراه گروه مدرسان، در قالب یک آزمایش و با روش تحقیق تجربی-کیفی، میان 32 دانشجوی معماری سال سوم (گروه شاهد و آزمون) با ارایه روش آموزش تاملی و با ایجاد یک فضای تعاملی و دخیل نمودن مداوم دانشجویان در امر ارزیابی همتایان خود، تاثیر روش یادگیری تاملی را بر ارتقاء کیفیت یادگیری آنها، مورد بررسی قراردادند. پنج شاخص شامل داوری منطقی، رفت و برگشتی، با حضور دانشجویان، فرآیند محور و مبتنی بر به ثمر رسیدن ایده طراحی، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. ابتدا در یک آزمون دلفی دو مرحله ای شاخص های مذکور توسط پانزده خبره اعتباربخشی شدند. نتایج نشان داد که 62.5 درصد از اساتید با شیوه ارزیابی تاملی تدریس می کنند. پس از تدریس آزمایشی به شیوه ارزیابی تاملی، به دو گروه شاهد و آزمون، دو پرسشنامه داده شد. نتایج نشان داد که یادگیری دانشجویان در فهم مفاهیم پایه همچون زیبایی، استحکام و سلسله مراتب، و فرآیند پیچیده فهم طراحی و داوری اثر، ارتقاء یافته است.

    کلیدواژگان: آموزش معماری، طراحی معماری، ارزیابی تاملی، معماری
  • حمیدرضا پارسی، الهه شعبانجولا* صفحات 25-38

    چندپارگی شهری، گسیختگی، افتراق شهری و قطبی شدن، نتیجه بتوارگی کالایی، مصرف زدگی و مصرف اراضی شهر می باشد. در ایران نیز، با غلبه اقتصاد متکی بر خدمات و پیامدهای رقابت های فرساینده شهری و منطقه ای، این جریان سلطه یافته و مصرف اراضی در فرایندی از اشغال، انحلال، بازسازی و ادغام را موجب می شود. لذا مسیله نظری و تجربی این مقاله تمرکز بر مصرف گرایی شهری در شهرهای میانی ایران است. چون در متون شهرسازی رابطه میان فرهنگ مصرفی و مصرف شهری هنوز تبیین روشنی ندارد، هدف پژوهش تبیین و ارایه مدل تحلیلی برای سنجش این رابطه است و روش آن از حیث هدف کاربردی و تبیینی است. با تکیه بر مدل فضایی شهر مصرفی حاصل از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی (9 عامل با 40 متغیر)، شهرهای رشت و قزوین مورد مقایسه تطبیقی قرارگرفته اند. تثبیت مدل به کمک تحلیل عاملی تاییدی منتج به مدلی با 7 متغیر مکنون مرتبه اول و به ترتیب 42 متغیر مکنون مرتبه دوم برای رشت و 22 مورد برای قزوین گردید. نتایج نشان می دهد هردو نمونه، شهری مصرفی بوده و بازنمودهای فضایی فرهنگ مصرفی، حداقل در 4 مولفه مشهود است؛ تفاوت های به دست آمده، تبیین کننده تفاوت های فرهنگی و جغرافیایی این دو شهر از حیث مصرف گرایی شهری است.

    کلیدواژگان: شهر مصرفی، تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی EFA، تحلیل عاملی تاییدی CFA، معادلات ساختاری SEM، رشت، قزوین
  • سمیه صدری کیا*، محمدرضا بمانیان، مجتبی انصاری صفحات 39-50

    یکی از بناهایی که پس از اسلام اهمیت ویژه ای پیدا کرد، مدارس می باشد. این گونه فضایی از دوره سلجوقی با نظامیه ها آغاز و پس از طی مراحل تکامل خود، در دوره قاجار به شکل مسجد مدرسه ها گسترش یافت. با ورود مدرنیته به ایران و تحول نوع آموزش، کاربرد این گونه فضایی محدودتر شده و مدارس مدرن، شکل دیگری به خود گرفتند.با توجه به ویژگیهای مسجد مدرسه ها و اهمیت کالبدی کارکردی و مفهومی آنها در ایران اسلامی، در این مقاله تلاش شده با بررسی مهمترین مسجد مدرسه های دوره قاجار، به تحلیل نمونه های شهر تبریز پرداخته شود. در این تحقیق که به روش توصیفی - تحلیلی و تاریخی و با مطالعات کتابخانه ای و میدانی به انجام رسیده است، بررسی ویژگیهای فضایی مسجد مدرسه های شهر تبریز در دوره قاجار و مقایسه آن با خصوصیات سایر مسجد مدرسه ها، به عنوان الگوهای معماری مدارس این دوران، انجام شده تا به پرسش درباره ساختار و ویژگیهای فضایی و تاثیرات نوع ساماندهی فضاها در پیدایش الگوها، پاسخ داده شود. نتایج نشان داد که علیرغم وجود شباهت در خصوصیات فضایی اصلی، نمونه های مطالعاتی، تفاوتهای ماهوی با الگوهای مسجد مدرسه های این دوران دارد و معماران این بناها تلاش نموده اند با بهره گیری از ساختارهای اصلی، با انجام تغییراتی مناسب ترین پاسخ را به شرایط محیطی منطقه دهند.

    کلیدواژگان: مسجد مدرسه، ساماندهی فضایی، ویژگیهای فضایی، الگوها، شهر تبریز
  • احسان غلامزاده، محمدرضا متینی، سید یحیی اسلامی*، غلامرضا طلیسچی صفحات 51-66

    انسان همواره از فرم های طبیعی برای طراحی فضاهای خود الهام گرفته است و امروزه با بهره مندی از فناوری های نوین توانسته است به فرم های پیچیده تر طبیعت دست پیدا کند. پژوهش حاضر بر روی پوسته های سین کلاستیک (پوسته های همگون انحنایی) در طبیعت متمرکز شده است و به بررسی برتری پتانسیل های الگوهای فرمی و ساختاری این پوسته ها در معماری در مقایسه با سایر پوسته ها پرداخته است. روش تحقیق این پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی و تطبیقی است و از منابع اولیه این حوزه و نمونه های موردی استفاده نموده تا از طریق بررسی فرم و ساختار پوسته های سین کلاستیک طبیعی، به چگونگی استفاده حداکثری از ظرفیت های شاخص آنها در معماری معاصر بپردازد. در این راستا، مقاله ابتدا به گونه شناسی پوسته های سین کلاستیک و بررسی اصول فرمی آنها در طبیعت پرداخته، سپس گونه شناسی این پوسته ها در قالب پوشش های فضایی تاقی و گنبدی در معماری گذشته و معاصر مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. نتایج باز خوانی فرمی پوسته های سین کلاستیک حاکی از آن است که این پوسته ها به دلیل داشتن تعادل فرمی و پایداری حداکثری و نیز دارا بودن سطح حداقلی و پوشش حداکثری، الگوهای کاربردی تر و بهینه ای برای معماران نسبت به سایر پوسته ها، می باشند.

    کلیدواژگان: پوسته های سین کلاستیک، طبیعت، معماری، فرم، ساختار، فناوری
  • ناصر نجاتی، مظفر صرافی*، رضا نجف زاده صفحات 67-79

    فضاهای خاکستری که تحت تاثیر روابط قدرت و سرمایه و دو گانه انگاری های رسمی/غیررسمی در یک حالت موقتی بودن دایم همواره در انتظار اصلاح شدن هستند، همانند سایر نواحی شهر دارای طرح های توسعه شهری می باشند اما آنچه که در حال اتفاق است این است که این فضاها نه همانند ضوابط و مقررات طرح های توسعه شهری بلکه به شیوه ای دیگر یعنی برنامه ریزی شورشی در حال شکل گیری هستند. از این رو، هدف این پژوهش آن است که نشان دهد چگونه تولید فضا در فضاهای خاکستری نه صرفا از طریق فرآیندهای رسمی برنامه ریزی فضایی بلکه همچنین از طریق برنامه ریزی شورشی در حال شکل گیری است. این پژوهش با رویکرد برساخت گرایی اجتماعی و تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی دو گفتمان رایج را شناسایی کرده است. نخست گفتمان غالب که از طریق قدرت-دانش سعی بر ایجاد فضاهای دعوت شده است و گفتمان آلترناتیو که با برنامه ریزی شورشی سعی بر ایجاد فضاهای خلق شده است. نتایج پژوهش بیانگر آن است که با وجود تهیه طرح های متعدد توسعه شهری و محله ای برای محله آبکوه، تولید فضا در این محله تحت تاثیر مولفه های برنامه ریزی شورشی رخ داده است. ساکنان این محله ها در کمبود عرضه مسکن در توان مالی، خود توانسته اند مسکن حداقلی برای زندگی خود تامین کنند و حداقل انتظار از مدیریت شهری تامین تاسیسات و تجهیزات شهری و خدمات در سطح محله است.

    کلیدواژگان: برنامه ریزی شورشی، فضاهای خاکستری، تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی، قدرت-دانش
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  • Kamyar Salavati, Hamed Mazaherian *, Saeed Haghir Pages 5-15
    During the late Qajar and Constitutional era in Iran, various aspects of Iranian pre-modern traditions and culture were criticized. Asides from politics, religious beliefs and interpretations, economy and government, architectural traditions and pre-modern Iranian towns were part of these critical debates. In this paper, the daily memoirs of Eyn-al-Saltaneh, the nephew of Nasser-al-din Shah are studied in order to seek his critical propositions on pre-modern architectural traditions and towns in Iran. The method of this research is historical hermeneutics based on a primary text from the Qajar period with a qualitative approach. Eyn-al-Saltaneh was a noble Iranian figure during the late Qajar era who has documented his daily observations and his subjective critical opinions on different subjects including politics, society, culture, law, town and architecture among other issues. Also he was related to the Qajar court as he was the nephew of Nasser-al-din Shah of Qajar and the son of Ezz-al-dowleh, brother of Nasser-al-shah. However, he never played an important role in the socio-political context of late Qajar Iran due to the Qajar noble class discords. Besides, he was deeply seeking a change in the Iranian life style, politics and society. After introducing and reviewing the theoretical framework of the research which is based on Homa Katouzian's theories on the desire for legislation during the late Qajar and Constitutional era in Iran, the related facts in the "Daily Memoirs of Eyn-al-Saltaneh" are extracted and discussed in three sections: A. criticizing the sanitary condition of Iranian towns and buildings including their resistance to natural phenomena, abundance of garbage and dirt in Iranian towns, and the sanity condition of traditional public baths; B. Criticizing the Iranian towns' design and organization including the geometrical shape of the passages and alleys, lack of engineered pre-designed plan for Iranian pre-modern towns, and lack of a powerful town managing system; C. Criticizing the design, spaces and architectural elements of Iranian architecture including the spatial organization of Iranian houses namely lack of a inter facial space between the courtyard and interior spaces, multiplicity of openings towards the courtyard in Iranian houses and unnecessary height of the Iranian traditional stairs. In the last section of the paper, the correlation between these critiques and the desire for legislation and law (as formulated by Katouzian’s theories) is sought and discussed. Some of these critiques are in an obvious correlation with the desire for legislation, such as criticizing the shape of passages and alleys in Iranian towns which are in a direct correlation with the desire of establishing a legislative governmental institution to manage the town, which would be a municipality or Baladiyeh; or the height of Iranian stairs which, in Eyn-al-Saltaneh’s comments, are not standard; and some are in a more hidden relation with the desire for legislation, such as Eyn-al-Saltaneh's critiques on the lack of using plans in architectural and urban design or standardizing the architectural elements. As this paper indicates, there is a systematic relationship between the desire for legislation during the Constitutional movement and architectural demands and critiques of that era.
    Keywords: Constitutional Era, Architecture, Eyn-al-Saltaneh, Criticizing Architecture, Criticizing Iranian Architecture, Sanitation, Architecture
  • Maryam Hosseini, Seyed Bagher Hosseini *, Farhang Mozafar Pages 17-24

    Reflective learning is a familiar concept in architectural education, but so far, architectural evaluation as a complement to reflective learning has not been studied and examined. Architectural assessment has been always one of the critical subjects among masters and professionals. The main question of this research is about the quality of architectural assessment. It has a process-based approach to architectural education as same as design product to upgrade the quality of education. During studies, the “Reflective Assessment Method” (RAM) indexes defined in different experts' vision. “Eisa Hojat” says Judging is the discourse of modern architecture, in the age of pluralism, judging architectural values and their qualities will not be easy. “Hamid Nadimi” says there are two objective and interpretive approaches to architectural assessment. The interpretive approach emphasizes the qualitative and value aspects of the plan that depend on the arbitrator's mind. “Schön” formulated his view on design in terms of “reflective activity” and related notions, especially “reflective practice”, “reflection-in-action”, and “knowing-in-action” which refers to the fact that competent practitioners usually know more than they can say. In this term, architectural students can reflect in order to design better. According to studies, five indicators including logical judgment, reciprocal, with the presence of students, process-oriented and based on the achievement of the design idea, in this study were first validated in a two-stage Delphi test by fifteen experts. The results showed that 62.5% of professors believe in reflective assessment and are committed to it in practice. To measure the effect of RAM method of judging on learners' learning, action research method (a kind of pragmatic research method that is used to solve problems in educational environments) was used. This method was designed and implemented by creating a researcher-made test and examining the test and control groups. It held among a group of 32Beginner student and Two masters were examiners with the author. In this test, group A students were trained in a method of evaluation with reflection, and finally they were asked to rate the project of »Barzak Cultural Center« based on its visual documents, in the form of 23 sub-indicators. A similar test was taken from the professors.After experimental teaching using reflective assessment, the results of questionnaire analysis of control and experimental group students showed that in understanding basic concepts such as beauty, strength and hierarchy, students 'learning is enhanced and closer to their professors' views and complex design understanding process and the judgment of the work has become more understandable to them. The aim of the test is evolving the students perception about architectural concepts by interfering with the assessment of their peers during one term. Students during the term involved in design verdict and were master’s peers .Results show that RAM)Reflective Assessment Method) can help students to improve their architectural perception and masters can use this method to transmit the qualitative concepts. Therefore, results show that by involving students in verdict design, they have better perception of conceptual architectural design.

    Keywords: Architectural Education, Architectural Design, Reflection Assessment, Architecture
  • Hamidreza Parsi, Elaheh Shabanjoola * Pages 25-38

    The leisure industry is largely tied to activities related to reproduction and consumption and gives meaning to daily life. The life of this industry is the domination of space, and through the occupation of space, the dissolution of space, the liberation of space, and the integration of space, it ensures its survival and the forces of capitalism that it preserves. Urban fragmentation, rupture, urban differentiation, and polarization are partly the result of such commodity fragmentation, consumption and consumption of urban terrains and regions, and the salient features of this process. In Iran, as in many other countries, with the dominance of the service-based economy the flow of commodity and consumption is dominated and land use in the process of occupation, dissolution, reconstruction, integration and the like are gradually being served. However, not all cities and regions have experienced and are experiencing this tendency in the same way. Therefore, the theoretical and experimental issue of this article is the focus on consumerism and related urban land use in the middle cities of Iran and the adoption and expansion of this trend in these cities. Considering that in urban planning texts, the relationship between commodity wealth, consumer culture, and urban consumption is not yet clearly explained, so the principle of the study is to explain this relationship and present an analytical model to measure its realization and objectivity in the middle cities. The method of the research in terms of practical purpose and because of the connection of economic, social, and cultural factors and its physical representation is explanatory. Therefore, based on the spatial model of the consumer city obtained by EFA (by 9 factors and 40 variables beside significant Bartlett's test and KMO of 0.87), two provincial capitals, which are both middle cities of country, have been selected, and comparative comparisons are carried out using CFA and structural equations of path analysis. Stabilization of the model was done by confirmatory factor analysis with the goodness of fit indices which resulted in a model with 7 latent variables of the first order and 42 and 22-second order latent variables for Rasht and Qazvin, respectively. Since the standard factor loads in the two models are more than 0.4 and the t-values are higher than the absolute value of 1.96, one would conclude that the relationship between latent and explicit variables is significant. Moreover, the results show that Qazvin and Rasht, are both consumer cities and the spatial representations of consumer culture are evident in at least four components, namely: department stores, discount shops, soft infrastructure as well as passages and shopping malls. Undeniably, there are differences in each of the variables, which well explains the cultural and geographical differences between the two middle cities in terms of urban consumerism. As a final point, a comparative comparison of the two cities based on structural equations shows that consumerism, is influenced by the traditions and indigenous culture of the city, and differences such as the amount of indoor and outdoor consumption spaces confirm the matter.

    Keywords: Consumer city, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Structural Equations Modeling, Rasht, qazvin
  • Somayeh Sadrykia *, Mohammadreza Bemanian, Mojtaba Ansari Pages 39-50

    After the advent of Islam, new religious advice based on thinking, reasoning and learning, along with worshiping God, was formed to develop human knowledge and increase knowledge. During this period, the importance of learning and education reached such an extent that the space of mosques, as the main and central place of worship, was also used for education. The encouragement of Islam to acquire knowledge and cognition led to the emergence of circles and gatherings of lessons and discussions in this holy place. Thus, with the increase in the need for teaching and learning space, little by little, religious schools along with mosques were established and underwent changes in different periods.This type of space, in different periods of the history of Iranian architecture to the present day, has continued its life and activities and has provided various dimensions of human needs in accordance with the matter of education and learning.So it can be said one of the most important types of buildings in the Islamic period in Iran are schools, traditional ones. Formation and usage of this spatial type began by establishing buildings from Saljūqee era by the means of Nezamiyehs. This spatial types processed their completion stages and developed and prospered as mosque – schools in Gajar era. From the ending days of this period, by the entering of modernization to Iran and also by the evolution of education, using of this types of architectural spaces was limited and after that, modern schools established with new forms and structures.Considering the mosque schools’ characters and qualities and also their forms, functions and concepts led us to do this article. So in the study of Tabriz city Gajar mosque schools which had not been studied much before, it was tried to analyze and introduce them completely in the most important evolution period in Iran. So In this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical and historical methods and by using library and field studies, the characteristics of Tabriz mosque schools in the Qajar period have been studied and also analyzed and compared with the characteristics and innovations of other school mosques in different regions.The investigations of literature reviews reveals the architectural patterns of the schools of this period which have been mentioned by other researchers. All these have been done to answer the main research question about the structure and features of space, as well as the effects of the type of organization of spaces in the creation of patterns.The results of studies show that despite the similarities in the main features and characteristics of the space, the school mosques of Tabriz city is fundamentally different from what is described as the characteristics of the school mosque patterns of this period in other areas and regions. Conclusions and results show that the architects have tried to Utilizing the main spatial features and characteristics , by making changes in other areas patterns, and at the same time they effort to give the best and most appropriate response to environmental conditions, including the climatic conditions of the region.

    Keywords: Mosque school, Space organization, Space characters, Architectural patterns
  • Ehsan Gholamzadeh, Mohammadreza Matini, S. Yahya Islami *, Gholamreza Talischi Pages 51-66

    Human beings have always used natural forms as inspiration for the design of their space. Today, technology has improved the integration of natural forms in architecture and has allowed designers to achieve more complex forms found in nature. The present study focuses on one of the most important sources of inspiration from nature, i.e. synclastic surfaces and explicates how the formal and structural concepts of these surfaces are used in architecture compared to other surfaces. The research method of this paper is comparative and descriptive-analy‌‌‌‌‌‌tical, and it uses primary resources and examples to show how the form and structure of natural synclastic surfaces can influence contemporary architecture.The paper begins by categorizing surfaces (shells) based on their curvature and shape, and then uses examples found in nature, to explains the different typologies of synclastic shells according to their form and construction method. The paper categorizes natural synclastic surfaces into three types: A-random form, B- based on non-Euclidean geometry and C- combined. If the construction of the synclastic surface is accidental, then its structure is uncertain and unstable. Synclastic surfaces based on non-Euclidean geometry are divided into two categories of A-symmetric and regular elliptical/spherical geometry and B-asymmetric elliptical/spherical geometry. The morphological structure of the first typology has: 1- rotational symmetry 2-transitional symmetry 3-reflective symmetry 4-rotational-reflective symmetry 5-scale symmetry and fractals. The morphological structure of the second category, which is asymmetric, is such that it only has proportions and geometric rules. In combined morphologies, harmony in structure and totality gives the synclastic surface its formal structure. In the next step, different examples of synclastic shells in architecture are illustrated. To do this, the typology of arched and domed roofs, as examples of curved shells, and also the typology of synclastic surfaces in contemporary architecture is presented. Furthermore, the formal typology of synclastic surfaces in contemporary architecture, based on their technology and structural logic, is extracted. The paper argues that by recognizing and utilizing the potentials of synclastic surfaces in nature, and by using new design methods, construction techniques and technologies, it is possible to achieve more optimal and formally complex synclastic shell structures in architecture. These structures would be lighter, yet more durable, gravitationally balanced and due to their variety and flexibility, can exhibit an intelligent and responsive design, which is more in tune with contextual conditions. Synclastic shells are not only rooted in nature but have also been used extensively in traditional Iranian architecture. Devoting attention to this type of structure in architecture improves the optimization of form and structure, and it also contributes to the evolution of the Iranian architectural language. By researching this type of shell structures, a new architecture can be created that provides both innovation and evolution of past concepts in form, structure and design philosophy. The results of this research show that there are a variety of synclastic surfaces and shells in nature that have escaped our attention, which can be important models for new ideas in architectural education, design and construction.

    Keywords: Synclastic Surfaces, nature, Architecture, Form, Structure, technology
  • NASER NEJATI, Mozaffar Sarrafi *, Reza Najafzadeh Pages 67-79

    In spite of existing several urban development plans in recent decades in global south and developing countries like Iran by applying usually instrumental rationality, the problem of informal settlements is getting worse and worse. Therefore, rather than analyzing the process and implementation of urban development plans, the hidden aspect of urban theory, power, and the effect of that in the process of urban planning must be considered that usually is neglected by urban planners. Gray spaces are affected by power and capital relations and also formal-informal dualism put these spaces in a permanent temporariness that always make them wait to be modified. Since power-based relations are strongly in favor of the upper class, its living spaces are affected by these relations and experience different social, economic, environmental and physical problems. Like the other parts of the city, gray spaces, which are also referred to by stigmas such as informal settlements and urban decay, have urban development plans. However, the spaces are being formed inconsistent with the rules and standards presented in urban plans through insurgent planning. The present study aims to present how gray spaces are formed through insurgent planning not the formal procedures of spatial planning. Using a social constructivism approach and a Foucauldian discourse analysis, the current study identifies two discourses. First, the common discourse which has tried to create invited spaces through power-knowledge. Second, the alternative discourse that has tried to create invented spaces through insurgent planning. To investigate power relations and insurgent planning in Abkooh Neighborhood, documentary studies and field observations are carried out. Moreover, some In-depth Interviews are performed with urban authorities, urban planners, and Abkooh residents. In the point of view of Foucault power-knowledge the production of space is not just the results of laws and formal process of urban planning. In fact, several different factors such as disciplinary discourse, disciplinary institutions, permanent state of exception and biopower have been affecting the production of space. Moreover, In the common discourse, settlements in gray spaces are affected by power and capital relations and they are treated as a problem while it is considered a solution for providing affordable housing in alternative discourse. The results indicate that in spite of different urban development plans for Abkooh Neighborhood, the production of space has been affected by insurgent planning. In other words, In Abkooh Neighborhood in Mashhad, spaces are being produced by insurgent planning not formal procedures of urban planning and that is why academics and urban planning practitioners must consider this issue. Due to the lack of affordable housing in Abkooh, the residents have built some housing with minimum standards, So, urban authorities are expected to provide at least community facilities in order to improve the quality of life in these areas. urban planners in addition to traditional urban planning approaches that they have learned in university, must consider power-knowledge issue in the process of urban planning to be more efficient in the informal process of urban planning.

    Keywords: Insurgent planning, Gray spaces, critical discourse analysis, Power-knowledge