نشریه تاریخ ایران اسلامی
سال نهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

To examine Iranian nationalism ideology central elements in the First Pahlavi ageShahrzad Roomz, PhD student in Islamic Iran history, Najaf Abad unitIslamic Azad University, Najaf abad, IranSeyyed Alireza Abtahi (responsible author)Assistant Professor of history group, Najaf Abad unit, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, IranNaser JadidiHistory group associate professor, Najaf Abad unit, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, IranAbstractConstitutionalism movement in Iran led to irregularity and chaos rather than democracy governmental establishment since Iran society social, economical, cultural and political beds weren't ready, and foreign countries interfered.In such a condition, to establish security and maintain integrity in country was Iran society the most important necessities. Patterning European countries,Intellectuals found that the best solution for Iran chaos conditions was to reinforce national unity through forming powerful government. In the present study, while examining nationalism in the Reza shah age, and what were nationalism ideology central cimponents inthat period? it is tried to examine this using historical and analytical method relying on valid resources.it is tried to answered to this question which are central elements and components of Iranian nationalism ideology in the First Pahlavi age?It seems that national union, archaeology; Patriotism and Royalism have been Iran main nationalism central components in Reza shah age.

The present study seeks to investigate the economic situation and sources of financing of individuals and currents that were faced with the authoritarian rule of Mohammad Ali Shah during the so-called "minor tyranny" period to restore constitutionalism and reopen the National Assembly and implement the constitution. According to the studies, the economic situation of Iran in the period under review has not been favorable and growing. So the question is, given the poor economic situation and general poverty, how were both the regime and its opponents able to pay for the struggles and resistance? The research findings show that the constitutionalist Mujahideen were able to cover their expenses by using various tricks such as public aid, confiscation of the southern customs and even the ornaments of women interested in freedom. The king and the court also resorted to tricks such as obtaining foreign loans and selling royal jewelry, but were unsuccessful. This article has been compiled in a descriptive manner and based on the reports of Habal Al-Matin newspaper in Calcutta during the period of minor tyranny and the adaptation of these reports to reliable and first-hand sources.

Eshmaelites from the second half of the third Hegira century selected Islamic west to continue their political-religious activities and by sending their claimants to this part of Islamic Terriotory provided the ground of religious beliefs prevalence and finally the forming of powerful government . At the beginging of Islamic claimants enterance to west some parts of it (Africa)were in Commonding of Aghlabin and were influenced by Sunni and dominance of Malekios jurisprudence.Eshmaelites religious policies in governmental terriotory of Aghlabian until their extinction and forming Ismaili government of fatimids religion are among the noticeable points in Islamic hirtory .what has been attempted in this investigation by descriptive –analytical method based on data، relic and historical theological and doctrinal writing of Eshmalites to be addressed in answer Eshmaelites religious policies in Aghlabian terriotory.How have been the purposes and execultive ways of Ishmalities religious policies in Aghlabin territory. Training attracting religious opponents, prevention of sunnis ritual practices and conflicting with Maleki jurisconsults have been the modes of Ismai lites religious policies in Aghlabian terriotory.The research method a dopted in this resrarch is historicalt,which relies on thedescription and com parison of historical data.what were the practices of the ismailis religious policies invitation in the targets of the majority Aghlabian.

The autocratic regimes of France and Iran respectively in 1789 and 1906 changed to the constitutional governments. The revolutionaries in both countries demanded the imposition of unlimited powers of the king and the establishment of parliament. The establishment of a parliament in the structure of both the governments of Iran and France led to constitutional legislation. The present study seeks to make a comparative study of the process of legislation of constitutional constitution during the two Iranian and French revolutions. In each revolution, the process of legislation the constitution is carried out by the constituent assembly. The drafters of the constitution, the sources of adaptation of the laws, the spectrum opposed to the proposed constitution and finally the role played by the revolutionaries and people's actions are four important factors that affect the constitution. In the present article, the four factors mentioned compared in the two constitutional revolutions of Iran and France. The comparison result showed that In France, unlike Iran, the constituent editors represented a distinct social class and in their adopted laws the class interests of the makers were clearly achievable. The main source of the constitution of Iran was the translation of the laws of the western countries but the constituent assembly in France, in addition to the adoption of the laws of other countries, adopted most of its laws based on the needs and conditions of the French community.

With the formation of the Safavid government, the ground was prepared for the expansion of philosophical schools. During this period, the philosophical school of Isfahan, which was founded by prominent personalities such as Mulla Sadra, was formed and completed all the doctrinal foundations of its previous philosophers. During this period, the presence of Mulla Sadra and the founders of this school in the city of Isfahan paved the way for the formation of a flourishing period of wisdom and philosophy. On the other hand, the Safavid era was one of the most significant periods in showing the connection between architecture and philosophical schools, which has greatly influenced the foundations of the philosophical school of Isfahan and has created the most magnificent architecture compared to previous eras, which is definitely the highest expression in space. The mosque has appeared. Therefore, the present study tries to answer the question, what effect has the ideas of Mulla Sadra as the most prominent figure of the Isfahan school had on the aesthetics of Safavid architecture? And how did this effect become physical? In this regard, using the historical descriptive-analytical method, first to study the philosophical school of Isfahan, Mulla Sadra's aesthetic foundations and then how it affects the sacred architecture of the Safavid mosque.

: ureaucracy, as one of the requirements for the continuity of the political structure of the government, has played a rB ole in establishing the authority of the Umayyad caliphate. With the emergence of the administrative system in the Umayyad period and the continuation of the power of the Umayyads for about a century, and also considering the evolution of this administrative system in the period after the Umayyads, Therefore, this research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, based on library data and based on Weber's concept of traditional authority, examines the role, influence and mutual relationship of bureaucracy and political authority in the continuation of the power of the Umayyad Caliphate. The findings of this research show that the Umayyad government, by adapting the administrative system of the Sassanid and Byzantine empires, found characteristics of patrimonialism, but religious differences, internal problems and social injustice prevented the promotif bureaucracy in this perithe administrative system in the Umayyad period and the continuation of the power of the Umayyads for about a century, and also considering the evolution of this administrative system in the period after the Umayyads, Therefore, this research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, based on library data and based on Weber's concept of traditional authority, examines the role, influence

Many dynasties have emerged, gained power and been destroyed in Iran. The Seljuqs were a dynasty of the Turkomans of Ayoghuz who were able to dominate large areas of the east of the Islamic State in the early fifth lunar century. This people laid the foundation of a great monarchy, which is unparalleled in the history of Iran after Islam in terms of size and power. The present study aims to investigate the factors of the collapse and decline of the power of the Seljuk dynasty. The current research method is in the category of descriptive-analytical research. The results of this research indicate that during the Seljuk period, many factors led to the decline of the government and ultimately the collapse of this dynasty. These factors include: the issue of succession, relations between the Seljuks and the Abbasid caliphate, which was a long and eroding relationship, the periodic phenomenon that weakened the Seljuk government financially, the Ismailis and Fatimids, who weakened power by assassinating high-ranking Seljuk government officials, Atabkan Which created the first divisions of the Seljuk dynasty, the Turkmen, as well as two other factors that are very important, the oppression of the Seljuk sultans and the strained relations between the sultans and the ministers that led to riots in all parts of the Seljuk territory. As a result, all the mentioned factors caused the collapse of the Seljuk dynasty.

Zaynab Kobra (PBUH) is the daughter of Hazrat Ali (PBUH) and Hazrat Fatimah (PBUH) who has opened her eyes to the world in the sixth century of AH. The name Zaynab was named by the Prophet (PBUH) and they had given her various nicknames, such as Aghileh Bani Hashem, Umm Kulthum in history. In Arabic literature, Umm Kulthum is a nickname to respect a dear lady which is considered to be reverence. Umm Kulthum is one of the most popular and common nicknames of Hazrat Zaynab (PBUH) that has been given to her. Despite the reputation of the great lady of Islam and their role, especially in the terrible events at Karbala, as well as other issues related to the lives of Imams, many of her life are in the aura of ambiguity. (Due to the dominant powers of the time, such as Banu Umayya and Abbasid which have been the enemies of the Ahl al-Bayt, the life of Hazrat Zaynab (PBUH) also has some ambiguity, including is Zaynab the same as Umm Kulthum or is it related to the two daughters of Hazrat Ali (PBUH) and Fatimah (PBUH)?In this study, which has been written in a descriptive-analytic manner, the author by using the main historical sources has concluded that Umm Kulthum is the same as Zaynab (PBUH), and Hazrat Fatimah and Hazrat Ali (PBUH) had only one daughter, and that was Zaynab (PBUH) whose nickname was Umm Kulthum.)

In his study of world religions, Max Weber formulates his religious typology and presents two main ideal types in this respect. The first ideal type is inner-worldly asceticism, mainly Protestant Puritans, who are active in socio-political actions, and the second ideal type is world-flying mysticism, mainly followers of East-Asian religions and Islamic Sufis, who are passive in socio-political actions on the way to salvation. However, referring to the historical facts of the socio-political life of the Safavid Sufi masters in the process of development of Safavid government through archival research method and reviewing related historical texts, reveals cases contrary to Weber's views, and our problem emerges from this Inconsistency between scientific knowledge and historical reality. So, the main question is that according to Weber, can Sufism and Sufi Masters be included in ideal type of world- flying mysticism? Findings shows that the Safavid Sufi masters, in addition to paying attention to transcendental matters, also have taken role in worldly socio-political affairs. Therefore, they are not world-flying and passive, but their Sufism and Sufi beliefs, along with other possible effective factors, has taken an important role in the development of Safavid government.

From the 31st lunar year when the first Arab invaders entered Khorasan to the 86th lunar year when Qutiba bin Muslim Bahli was made the governor of Khorasan by Hajjaj bin Yusuf Thaqfi, actions have been taken until this time, more than one or two short-term attacks by Obaidullah bin Ziyad. And it was not Saeed bin Othman, which of course some researchers have serious doubts about. Qutiba bin Muslim during his ten-year rule, between 86 and 96 AH. With his extensive and continuous campaigns, he annexed Mavarlanhar to the Muslim territory. In these years, he was able to first conquer the cities of Bikand, Bukhara, and then Samarkand and the Khorezm region with his tireless force and reach the far end of this land, the Sihun coast, Chach and Ferghana regions. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of Qutiba in the conquest of Central Asia by Muslims. The current research has been done using the historical research method based on original documents. The findings of the research show that Qutiba had a prominent role in the conquest of Central Asia, which can be said to be the role of Qutiba in the conquest of Central Asia because Qutiba had a multi-faceted military strategy with political, social, cultural and economic dimensions that in a decade with Relying on the wise policy of Hajjaj and his military power provided the conditions for the domination of Muslim Arabs and the establishment of Islamic rule in Central Asia.

Al-Zubayr took advantage of the power vacuum that occurred after the fall of the Sufyan dynasty and the war between the Umayyads and started their uprising against the Umayyads. They fought against the Umayyads for a period of 15 years. In the meantime, the Khawarij forces, who were themselves an opposing force of the Umayyads, denied the legitimacy of the Umayyads and started a war with them. In the direction of fighting with the Umayyads, they advanced to unite with the Zubayrs to fight the common enemy together, but In an ideological conflict, their alliance was broken so that our war between them became inevitable. The importance of research is to understand the nature of this situation and their relationship. The purpose of the research is to find out the differences with this question. The alliance between the Khawarij and Al-Zubayr led to what order and what results.The hypothesis of the unity of these two spectrums led to the fight against the Umayyads, and the strong ideological and vision differences between them led to the disintegration of the unity.

 Mughira bin Shu'ba (50 AH) is known as one of arab clever politicians. He is one of the most influential persons in the history of Islam .Since he has played key roles in various affairs, this article aims to investigate the performance of Magirah by referring to the main sources in order to investigate his political and social role in various affairs. and explore the hidden and visible scenes of the period of Muawyah’s caliphate. Mughira was one of the companions of the Prophet but after death of the prophet, with a political turn, he supported Rashidin caliphs in all aspects and after Mu'awiyah took power, while aligning his policies with Muawiyah's, he tried to stabilize the foundations of the Umayyad government first by annexation of ancestry , and then proposed Yazid's succession and took charge of its propaganda. So the essay aims to answer the main question. what effect did the thought and action of Mughira bin Sha'bah have on the process of establishing and continuing the caliphate of Mu'awiya bin Abu Sufyan and Yazid? In response to the above-mentioned question, this hypothesis is proposed that: the examination of historians' reports indicates that the thought and action of Mughira bin Sha'ba left a significant role in the consolidation and continuity of the foundations of Mu'awiya's and Yazid’s caliphate.The method of this research is descriptive and analytical based on library data.