مجله یافته های نوین زمین شناسی کاربردی
پیاپی 32 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

In this study, effectiveness of the intelligent method of ANFIS-FCM adaptive fuzzy neural inference system to predict the electrical conductivity in groundwater due to physical and chemical parameters in the Rayen plain was evaluated. To achieve this, 29 water samples were taken from wells and springs across the plain and the data were chemically analyzed in the laboratory. Descriptive statistics of data and the correlation matrix of the studied parameters were obtained using SPSS software. By forming a correlation matrix, it was found that the potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chlorine (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), total soluble solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), compared to other available parameters, have the highest correlation with electrical conductivity (EC). Therefore, the model inputs included the mentioned parameters and electrical conductivity was also selected as the output according to the research purpose. After standardization, the data were entered into MATLAB environment and the electrical conductivity of groundwater was predicted using ANFIS-FCM method. In this method, 70% of the data (20 samples) were selected as the training data set and 30% of the data (9 samples) for the test data set. For the training data set of ANFIS-FCM model, R2 and RMSE values were 0.99994, 0.0001569, respectively, and also for test data set of ANFIS-FCM model, 0.9844 and 0.041652 were resulted for R2 and RMSE, respectively. Using the results of this model, it was found that the estimated electrical conductivity in the study area had very good accuracy and high correlation with the measured values. As a result, the ANFIS-FCM intelligent method is an effective, efficient and accurate method to estimate the electrical conductivity of water.

Numerical simulation of groundwater flow is an important tool for managing aquifers. In this research, the results of a mathematical model simulating groundwater flow in the aquifer of Lenjanat plain located in Isfahan province were investigated. The numerical code MODFLOW-2000, which is in the form of groundwater modeling software (GMS), was used. After collecting the required information (geological, hydrological, hydrogeological and topographic maps), first a three-dimensional hydrogeological model of the plain was prepared using log wells and elevation information of the surface layer of the plain, and then MODFLOW for similar Flow construction was used. After the initial flow simulation, the model was calibrated using trial and error and parameter estimation method and water level information of wells in the region for stable and unstable state. The results of steady-state model calibration for 1995 Square root mean values of mean error, mean absolute error and mean error were 17.41, 15.22 and -0.6 m, respectively, The years 1995 to 2012 were done by trial and error method to achieve the best result between the observed daily balance and the calculated balance. The square root values of mean error and mean error with values equal to 26.29 and 8.43 m, respectively, indicate the relatively good accuracy of the model. After calibration, the amount of feed was 0.300321 m per day, which is 1.98 times the amount of input feed for the model. The amount of horizontal hydraulic conductivity of sand, silt and sand, sand layers was 28.57 and 40.4 meters per day, respectively. The results of fluctuations in river discharge and water level of wells in the region show that changes in groundwater level affect the discharge of Zayandehrud River. Groundwater level forecasts for the next 15 years show that groundwater levels in the region are declining sharply.

Ramand area is located 80 km south of Qazvin province, northwest of central Iran. The area is part of the magmatic belt of Orumiyeh- Doktar of the structural zones of Iran. The host rocks of the area consist of rhyodacite, rhyolites, rhyodacite tuff, crystalline tuffs and rhyodacite flow lavas. The pyroclastic and volcanic units are interrupted by major faults such as Korcheshmeh fault, Hassanabad fault and sub-faults that have a northwest-southeast extension. The main minerals of these rocks include K-feldspar, quartz, albite, biotite and rock fragments (in tuffs) with micro-granular - microporphyrite textures. The extensive alterations in the study area are argillic and silicifications. Pyrite, hematite and goethite are the main ore minerals of these rocks. The texture of these minerals is disseminated (primary) and of supergene replacement type to chloroform (secondary). Pyrites vary in size from coarsed to very fine in subhedral to unhedral forms scattered along fracture surfaces. The results obtained by capillary electrophoresis analysis shows that the pyrite minerals of these rocks contain of nanoparticles gold.

The hydrographic network system in a watershed is a function of structural, lithological and topographic factors that are of particular importance in the management of natural resources. The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of two methods without quantification of quantitative parameters in geomorphology including drainage network density and their fractal dimension in the separation of surface geological formations in the northern slopes of Alvand Hamedan. First, by examining the geological map of the region and satellite images of Earth Google and field observations, four geological units including Alvand granite, chlorite hornfels, marl limestone and sterolized schist were selected and in each unit 2 plots of 2 * 2 km were randomly selected. Systematic installation and drainage network and their fractal dimension were calculated using Fractalyse and ArcGIS software and then, QQ diagram, deviation angle and determination coefficient were used for validation. The results show that the validation ratio in both techniques is very good and similar and between 0.97 to 0.99 and indicates the good performance of both techniques to identify and separate geological units. However, considering the QQ diagrams and the proximity of the coefficient determination numbers in the drainage network density technique to 1, plus the low deviation angle and proximity of its computational figures to zero, the results show that the technique without dimensioning the drainage density compared to the fractal dimension technique Drainage network is the best and most appropriate technique for identifying and separating geological units in the study area.

The pillow lavas and dyke swarm of Harsin-Nurabad and Miyanrahan are part of Kermanshah Ophiolite complex. Diabasic dykes with ophitic, doleritic and glomeroporphyritic textures consist of zoned plagioclase and clinopyroxen and pillow lavas have intergranular and microporphyritic textures with hyalomicrolitic matrix and consist of plagioclase, augite-diopside and pseudomorphic olivines.The resalts of N-MORB-normalized multielement and chondrite-normalized REE patterns indicate that these rocks not formed in supra-subduction zone but overall geochemistry of Gashor pillow baslte and diabasic dykes resembles that of alkaline basalts generated at within-plate ocean island settings (OIB), meanwhile Tamark and Miyanrahan pillow baslte show P-MORB geochemical signature. MORB evidence in studied rocks is interpreted to be the partial melting of an OIB-type enriched source led to the production of the Gashor and diabasic dykes alkaline basalts whereas the partial melting of MORB-type mantle heterogeneously modified by OIB-type components resulted in the production of Tamark and Miyanrahan P-MORBs. Therefore, it may be considered that, southern Neo-Tethys was characterized by an intermediate rifted margin type where asymmetrical rifting, exhumed sub-continental upper mantle provided combination of continental margin- and plume-type in the investigated ophiolites.

One of the dangers that has occurred in many areas in recent years is the dangers of subsidence. Identifying areas prone to subsidence and estimating its rate plays an important role in managing and controlling this phenomenon. In this study, in order to identify and measure subsidence in Azarshahr plain, Sentinel radar images of 2015 and 2020 were used and in order to process information, SARSCAPE software was used. According to the results, the maximum subsidence rate in 5 years in the region is estimated at 6 cm. The relationship between subsidence and changes in the amount of groundwater level showed that in a period of 5 years, the groundwater level has decreased by 4 meters, which has led to land subsidence in the study area. The highest subsidence rates in the period 2015 to 2020 are in the following categories: rangeland uses with a value of 6 cm, coastal area with a value of 5 cm and garden and residential uses with a value of 4 cm. Also, the use of mountains with the same amount of approximately 3 cm has the lowest amount of subsidence. 4 cm subsidence for residential use can be caused by demolition and construction of large buildings in the long run.

In engineering projects (dams, tunnels, and slope stability) the strength properties of the rocks affect the construction operations. In some cases, conducting field experiments is difficult, time-consuming, and expensive. Therefore, researchers have introduced practical relationships for predicting strength properties of rocks (e.g. uniaxial compressive strength (UCS)). Uniaxial compressive strength is one of the most important rock parameters in studies of rock mechanics. This parameter can be determined directly in the laboratory or can be estimated through indirect methods like the Schmidt hammer. The estimation of uniaxial compressive strength via the number of Schmidt hammer is easier, faster, and cheaper than a direct measurement. The major purpose of this study is to analyze the relationships between the uniaxial compressive strength of rocks with the Schmidt stiffness. In this research, three samples of rock have been studied including Aghajari sandstone, Qom marly formation, and Karaj tuff. With respect to the importance of this subject in this study, new practical relationships have been presented to calculate uniaxial compressive strength whose application show desired results. In order to achieve this aim, the most appropriate and logical relationships between Schmidt hardness tests with uniaxial compressive strength has been introduced by the regression method. The relationships between uniaxial compressive strength, the Schmidt hammer, and dry density of rock have been evaluated by simple and multiple regression (SR/ MR) techniques using Minitab 19 software. The statistical analyses revealed the existence of powerful correlations between the uniaxial compressive strength, Schmidt hardness features of rocks, and dry density in samples of sandstone, marl, and tuff. According to this study, multivariate regression presents more credible results. 

In this study, in order to investigate the contamination of surface sediments in west and southwest rivers of Lake Urmia, 20 surface samples were taken from a depth of 0-10 cm. After passing the samples through a 2 mm sieve, the total amount of heavy metals was obtained by ICP-OES. Then the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment index (EF) and pollution index (PI) of metals was calculated. Based on the results, geo-accumulation indices of nickel, cobalt, chromium, arsenic and cadmium in all sediments are in the risk range of extremely high (1<I_geo<2) or high (I_geo>2). Nickel enrichment coefficient in Barandozchai and Gadarchai sediments is extremely high (EF>40) and in Shahrchai, Mahabadchai, Nazluchai and Simineh rivers in very high pollution range (20<EF<40). Arsenic enrichment coefficient in all sediments shows very high pollution. The enrichment index for cadmium, copper, cobalt and chromium indicates high pollution in almost all rivers and it is moderate to high for zinc. Arsenic shows the highest average for contamination index in Nazluchai deposits. Statistical correlation matrix shows the highest correlation between cobalt and chromium with nickel because of their common geogenic origin and the significant correlation between nickel and sand indicates the natural origin of the element. The correlation between zinc and organic matter and clay is significant and probably due to zinc uptake by clay and organic matter. There is a significant relationship between arsenic and cadmium. Principal component analysis indicates 4 sources for the studied heavy metals, the first 4 components with specific values higher than 1, determine more than 85% of data variance. In the first component, nickel and chromium along with sand have the highest weight. Zinc and copper are in second component along with pH, cadmium and arsenic in third component and organic matter and lead in fourth component have the highest weight.

This study was conducted to investigate the heavy metal contamination and their region in Jafar Abad, southwest of Kashmar in Khorasan Razavi province. For this purpose, heavy metals of surface soil samples 32 (10- 30 cm) were analyzed in the Jafar Abad, southwest Kashmar by ICP-MS origin indices and degree of contamination including enrichment factor (Ef) and its percentage, geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf) were calculated to evaluate soil contamination. Based on the results, in between heavy metals, Manganes has the highest and Cadmium the lowest average contamination. Maximum and minimum enrichment factors are also Molybdenum and lead respectively. The results show that the study area is almost contaminated with respect to copper and molybdenum metals. The results of this study indicate that heavy metals contamination is lithogenic and mainly due to the lithology of the region such as shale, sandstone, conglomerate, gypsum marls, granite and volcanic rocks, and anthropogenic contaminants, except from limited mining activities and some agricultural activities did not play a significant role in the contamination of this region. Based on cluster analysis and principal component analysis, the presence of some metal such as copper, molybdenum and manganese together indicates their common origin.

So far, various studies on the analysis of water quality parameters have been evaluated, but less multivariate analysis of quality parameters has been done. Therefore, in this study, a new approach has been proposed to multivariate analysis of water quality parameters using Copula functions. Since water quality data is skewed and the assumption of normality is not observed in the data distribution, so using the Archimedean Copula functions in this study for quality parameters (Sar, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Cl, Ec, Ph, Tds, So4 and Th, Hco3,) can be overcome by topic. For this purpose, qualitative data of 24 observation wells in Shahrekord plain were used. Then, by Coupling (pairing) the water quality parameters and determining the superior distribution, ten Copula functions were fitted on them. The results of fitting the distributions showed that the GEV (Generalized Extreme Value) distribution function is the best distribution function over the qualitative parameters and also the results of determining the copula functions showed that in the first stage the Copula search function as a function The best Copula was identified over the qualitative parameters, and then the functions of Clayton and Farley Gamble Morgan Stern were next. The results of fitting correlation analysis showed that the highest correlation based on Pearson, Spearman and Kendal correlation coefficients is related to the parameters (Sar, Na) and (Ec, Tds) with a correlation coefficient more than 0.9. so that the results of the criteria goodness of fit for them (Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient (NSE) , Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC)) was respectively RMSE = 0.031,0.036, NSE = -0.0271, -0.0351, AIC = 66,65.5 and BIC = -6.4, -6.9 Awareness of qualitative pollution of groundwater resources is one of the benefits of using multivariate analysis methods in groundwater quality studies.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the tectonic activity of the region between Zarab fault and Zagros main reverse fault (using geomorphic indexs). There are two main reverse Zagros faults and Zarab fault in this region. Hypostometric integral index (Hi), asymmetry drainage basin index (Af), Stream length-gradient index (SL), mountain front sinusitis index (Smf) and relative activity tectonic index (Iat) were used. The results show that the values of geomorphic indexes and geomorphic evidence indicate different relative activity in some parts of the region. Zarab faults and the main inverse Zagros fault of alluvial and alluvial sediments as well as large rivers of Nal Ashkanan and Dasht e Zarrin play an important role in the geomorphology and tectonics of the region and the relative activity of the region. Rivers and drainage networks are among the most important features that are very sensitive to tectonic change. According to the obtained relative activity zoning map, it can be said that the study area has moderate to very low relative activity

In the present research, to fully recognize the Yazd, Darreh-Zereshk copper deposit, 3-D multiple-log of the boreholes lithology, cross-sections of lithology and assay data corresponding to profiles covering the whole area and 3-D lithology model of the deposit were plotted using Rockworks software. Based on this, limestone, skarns, sandstone, diorite, granodiorite, quartzite and monzonite perform the dominant lithology of the region and the surface of the area is mostly covered by overburden, shale and lime. Depending on the deposit conditions, to estimate the deposit reserve, inverse distance squared method as a geometric method and geostatistical kriging method were used through Surpac software. According to the deposit variography using WinGslib software, the deposit has geometric anisotropy and maximum range of 130 m with azimuth zero, mean range of 100 m with azimuth 90 and minimum range of 40 m on the vertical direction with azimuth zero. After geometric modeling and producing block model of the deposit, the reserve was estimated for cut-off grades of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% copper as well as their results were compared. The results of the reserve calculation show that the difference of the calculated reserves with applied methods is relatively high, i.e. for cut-off grade of 0.1% is about 1547600 tones or 5.7%. Although, inverse distance squared method is the most accurate method among the geometric methods of reserve estimation, geostatistical kriging method considering spatial structure of the region, being unbiased and having minimum estimation variance is more accurate with higher degree of validity.

Identification of clay minerals and associated alteration is considered as an important step in prospecting for the hydrothermal deposits, and using hyperspectral sensors ability is instrumental in this regard. Hyperspectral images of Hyperion sensor are a rich source of information with 242 narrow contiguous spectral bands. Of course there are several mechanisms which contaminate the spectral information content of some bands. Identification and removal of the spectral defects is an important issue in hyperspectral remote sensing. MNF method or Minimum Noise Fraction is anoxia rotation in a direction that minimizes the correlation between data. MNF transformation is composed of two separate PCA rotations that data beyond the mean plus or minus multiplied standard deviation of the histogram of pixels as identified malformed data with a standard PC conversion is cleared.in order to investigate the effect of noise reduction in hyperspectral processing. In this study, at first MNF rotation has been performed on the hyperion data of Gachin region and then based on the provided chart, the data below 10% are rejected and by turning the axis again, reset rotation axis of MNF driven to the first state. A case study was performed on Gachin salt dome and in order to study field results, sampling in different parts of the range was performed and the samples were studied on a manual and microscopic scale, as well as XRD and electromagnetic spectrometer. Investigating the results of processing methods indicates a positive effect of noise reduction in processing methods. Thus, the method of spectral Feature fitting (SFF) method reduces the noise reduction of the factor coefficient from 70% in the MNF image to more than 86% in the MNF image.

The Shahbazan Formation is composed of dolomitic, dolomitic limestone and marl sequences of middle to late Eocene age. The studied area is located in the south of Lorestan and 20 km northeast of Kohdasht city. In this section, the Shahbazan formation with the dominant lithology of limestone and dolomite is 121 meters thick, its lower boundary is discontinuous and sloping on the Keshkan debris formation, and its upper boundary is discontinuous with the carbonates of the Asmari formation. The facade is covered continuously. Field and petrography studies were carried out on 90 sedimentary thin sections and geochemical studies on 30 samples from Shahbazan dolomite formation and 10 samples from Asmari carbonate formation by (EDS) and (EPMA) methods. Based on elemental analysis, two groups of dolomites were identified. Primary dolomites (dolomicrites) were observed in sizes less than 10 microns and secondary dolomites (delomicrosparites and delvasparaites) were observed in sizes larger than 10 microns. Using elemental analysis, it was found that from the primary dolomites to the secondary dolomites, the amount of Fe, Mg and Mn elements increases, while the amount of Sr, Ca and Na elements decreases. In the possible boundary between Shahbazan and Asmari formations, the amount of Sr, Ca, Na, Sr/Mn and Ca/Mg increases, and the amount of Mn, Mg elements and the ratio of Mn/Ca decrease. Geochemical evidence showed that all studied dolomites are non-stoichiometric (Ca/Mg ≥2) and the high amount of Na element with an average of 0.6% by weight indicates this issue.