فهرست مطالب

نشریه پژوهش های علوم دامی
سال سی و دوم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1401/07/24
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
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  • حسین جانمحمدی*، اکبر تقی زاده، جلیل شجاع غیاث، مجید علیایی صفحات 1-16
    زمینه مطالعاتی

    به منظور تنظیم دقیق جیره های غذایی و بهبود عملکرد تولید، لازم است ارزش غذایی مواد خوراکی مورد استفاده در تغذیه حیوانات تعیین گردد. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین ترکیبات شیمیایی، محتویات عناصر معدنی و انرژی خام مواد خوراکی معمول در تغذیه دام شامل دانه جو (26 نمونه)، دانه گندم (27 نمونه) و سبوس گندم (15 نمونه) استان آذربایجان شرقی با استفاده از روش های استاندارد آزمایشگاهی بود.

    روش کار

    نمونه های دانه جو و گندم و سبوس گندم با روش نمونه برداری تصادفی طبقه بندی شده جمع آوری گردید. از رویه means نرم افزار SAS برای محاسبه آماره های توصیفی و مقایسه میانگین ها استفاده شد.

    نتایج

    میانگین ماده خشک جو، گندم و سبوس گندم به ترتیب 88/2 ± 5/925 56/6 ± 32/ 909 و 31/9 ± 915 گرم در کیلوگرم و میانگین پروتیین خام به ترتیب معادل 52/14 ± 3/137، 67/10 ± 6/129 و 86/11 ± 9/178 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک بود، که با داده های (1994) NRC تفاوت معنی داری نشان داد (01/0<P). چربی خام سبوس گندم 48/3 ± 7/43 گرم در کیلوگرم بود که در مقایسه با تراکم چربی خام گزارش شده در جداول NRC تفاوت معنی دار نبود، ولی میانگین چربی خام جو و گندم به ترتیب برابر 08/1 ± 3/20 و 48/0± 1/21 بود که تفاوت معنی داری با چربی خام گزارش شده در جداول (1994) NRC داشت (01/0<P). مقادیر کلسیم در جو، گندم و سبوس گندم به ترتیب 3/0 ± 4/1، 67/0 ± 3/3 و 35/0 ± 46/1 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک بود که بجز در سبوس گندم، با داده های NRC تفاوت معنی داری نشان داد (01/0<P).

    نتیجه گیری نهایی

    با توجه به تفاوت های موجود در ترکیبات شیمیایی و عناصر معدنی مواد خوراکی مورد مطالعه در استان آذربایجان شرقی با داده های گزارش شده در جداول NRC، پیشنهاد می گردد برای تنظیم جیره های غذایی متعادل و برنامه ریزی از اطلاعات منطقه ای استفاده شود.

    کلیدواژگان: آذربایجان شرقی، ترکیبات مواد مغذی، دانه جو، دانه گندم، سبوس گندم
  • حسین رشیدی، فرهنگ فاتحی*، مهدی گنج خانلو، فرهاد پرنیان خواجه دیزج صفحات 17-29

    میزان تراکم انرژی جیره و اندازه فضای آخور می تواند افزایش وزن روزانه، میزان مصرف و قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی جیره را در تلیسه های هلشتاین تحت تاثیر قرار دهند.

    هدف

    این آزمایش به منظور مطالعه اثرات متقابل تراکم انرژی جیره و فضای آخور بر روی ماده خشک مصرفی، افزایش وزن روزانه، ضریب تبدیل خوراک و قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی در تلیسه های هلشتاین در حال رشد انجام شد.

    روش کار

    این آزمایش روی 40 راس تلیسه هلشتاین با میانگین سنی 16-12 ماه و میانگین وزن 8/32±38/363 کیلوگرم در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی انجام گرفت. جیره ها در این آزمایش دارای میزان نسبت علوفه به کنسانتره و همچنین پروتیین خام یکسانی بودند و تنها تفاوت در تراکم انرژی جیره ها و فضای آخور بود. تیمارهای این آزمایش شامل 1- فضای آخور کوچک (24 سانتی متر) با سطح انرژی پایین، 2- فضای آخور کوچک (24 سانتی متر) با سطح انرژی بالا ، 3- فضای آخور بزرگ (48 سانتی متر) با سطح انرژی پایین، و 4- فضای آخور بزرگ با سطح انرژی بالا (48 سانتی متر) بود.

    نتایج

    نتایج نشان داد که افزایش وزن روزانه برای تیمارهای دارای فضای آخور بزرگ تر (48 سانتیمتر) در مقایسه با تیمارهای دارای فضای آخور کوچک تر (24 سانتیمتر) به طور معنی داری بیشتر بود (02/0P=) همچنین تیمار های دارای فضای آخور بزرگ تر ضریب تبدیل غذایی کمتری در مقایسه با تیمارهای دارای آخور کوچک تر داشتند (02/0P=) و به عبارت دیگر مقدار ماده خشک مصرفی به ازای هر واحد افزایش وزن برای تیمارهای دارای فضای آخور بزرگ تر، کمتر بوده است. در رابطه با سطح انرژی، نشان داده شد که ماده خشک مصرفی برای تیمارهای حاوی انرژی پایین در مقایسه با تیمارهای حاوی انرژی بالا بیشتر بوده است در حالیکه فراسنجه های افزایش وزن روزانه و ضریب تبدیل خوراک تحت تاثیر سطح انرژی جیره ها قرار نگرفته بود. همچنین تیمارهای حاوی سطح انرژی پایین در مقایسه با تیمارهای حاوی سطح انرژی بالا دارای قابلیت هضم بیشتری برای ماده خشک، ماده آلی و الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی بودند.

    نتیجه گیری نهایی

    بر اساس یافته های مطالعه حاضر، سطح انرژی پایین تر و فضای آخور بزرگ تر می تواند به نتایج عملکردی بهتری در تلیسه های در حال رشد منتج گردد.

    کلیدواژگان: تلیسه های هلشتاین، سطح انرژی جیره، ضریب تبدیل خوراک، فضای آخور، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی
  • عبدالحکیم توغدری*، محمد اسدی، تقی قورچی صفحات 31-46
    زمینه مطالعاتی

    مدیریت بره های شیرخوار در سه ماه اول تضمین کننده سلامت و تولید آینده آنها است. وضعیت فیزیولوژیکی ویژه حیوان در این دوره شامل توانایی جذب مولکول درشت به ویژه ایمیونوگلوبولین ها از روده و مستعد بودن به عفونت روده و اسهال است. استفاده از آنتی بیوتیک در جیره غذایی حیوانات ، باکتری های مفید را از بین می برد و از سیستم ایمنی سلولی پشتیبانی خوبی نمی کند. بنابراین، جایگزینی آنتی بیوتیک ها با سایر ترکیبات مانند پربیوتیک ها ، پروبیوتیک ها و سینبیوتیک ها به عنوان یک راه حل مناسب در نظر گرفته می شود.

    هدف

    این آزمایش به منظور بررسی تاثیر افزودن سطوح مختلف سین بیوتیک به شیر بر عملکرد، قابلیت هضم، فراسنجه های خونی و قوام مدفوع در بره های شیرخوار نژاد دالاق انجام شد.

    روش کار

    24راس بره ی شیرخوار با متوسط وزن 7/1±5 کیلوگرم در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با چهار تیمار و شش تکرار مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. تیمارها شامل: 1) تیمار شاهد (بدون افزودن سین بیوتیک به شیر)، 2) تیمار دریافت کننده 5/2 گرم سین-بیوتیک، 3) تیمار دریافت کننده 5 گرم سین بیوتیک و 4) تیمار دریافت کننده 5/7 گرم سین بیوتیک بودند. طول دوره آزمایش 90 روز بود. جهت بررسی تغییرات وزن، بره ها یک روز در هر هفته توزین شدند. اندازه گیری مصرف ماده خشک و ثبت اسکور مدفوع به صورت روزانه انجام شد. نمونه های مدفوع جهت انجام آزمایش قابلیت هضم در هفته پایانی به مدت 5 روز جمع آوری گردید. خونگیری تمام بره ها از طریق ورید وداج در روز 83 انجام شد.

    نتایج

    نتایج نشان داد که افزایش سطح سین بیوتیک در شیر، افزایش ماده خشک مصرفی، وزن روزانه و وزن پایان دوره را در پی دارد (p>0.05) اما ضریب تبدیل غذایی تحت تاثیر مصرف سین بیوتیک قرار نگرفت (05/0P>). قابلیت هضم پروتیین خام، فیبر نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی، فیبر نامحلول در شوینده خنثی، ماده خشک، ماده آلی و عصاره اتری در بین تیمارهای آزمایشی تفاوت معنی داری نشان نداد (05/0P>). ایمونوگلوبولین ها در خون بره ها با افزایش سطح سین بیوتیک در شیر، افزایش یافت (p>0.05) بطوریکه در تیمار 5/7 گرم سین ببیوتیک بیشترین و تیمار شاهد کمترین غلظت ایمونوگلوبولین ها را داشتند (p>0.05). غلظت پروتیین کل، آلبومین، گلوبولین و نسبت آلبومین به گلوبولین خون تحت تاثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفت (05/0<P) اما غلظت کلسترول، گلوکز، تری گلیسیرید، نیتروژن آمونیاکی، لیپوپروتیین های با چگالی زیاد، لیپوپروتیین های با چگالی کم و لیپوپروتیین های با چگالی خیلی کم تحت تاثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار گرفت (p>0.05) بطوریکه افزایش سطح سین بیوتیک سبب افزایش تری گلیسیرید، لیپوپروتیین های با چگالی کم و لیپوپروتیین های با چگالی خیلی کم شده است (p>0.05) ولی مصرف بیشتر سین بیوتیک در شیر کلسترول، گلوکز، نیتروژن آمونیاکی و لیپوپروتیین های با چگالی زیاد را کاهش داد (p>0.05). نمره قوام مدفوع با افزایش سطح سین بیوتیک در شیر، کاهش معنی داری داشت به صورتی که در سطح 5 گرم سین ببیوتیک، کمترین نمره قوام و در تیمار شاهد، بیشترین نمره قوام مدفوع مشاهده شد (p>0.05) روزهای ابتلا به اسهال اختلاف آماری نداشت ولی از نظر عددی تیمار شاهد بیشترین تعداد روزهای ابتلا به اسهال را داشت (05/0P>).

    نتیجه گیری نهایی

    در مجموع با توجه به نتایج حاضر استفاده از سین بیوتیک در بره های شیرخوار جهت بهبود عملکرد و سلامتی دام توصیه می گردد.

    کلیدواژگان: بره شیرخوار، فراسنجه های خونی، قابلیت هضم، قوام مدفوع، سین بیوتیک
  • زهرا نوره، کامران طاهرپور*، محمد اکبری قرائی، حسینعلی قاسمی، حسن شیرزادی صفحات 47-62
    زمینه مطالعاتی

    عصاره گیاهان دارویی حاوی مواد طبیعی فعال با خواص ضدقارچی و آنتی اکسیدانی بوده که قادر به کاهش سمیت آفلاتوکسین در خوراک هستند.

    هدف

    این آزمایش به منظور بررسی عصاره هیدروالکلی گیاه چویر در مقایسه با مکمل های جاذب سم، پروبیوتیک و مخلوط ویتامین-سلنیوم بر عملکرد، پاسخ ایمنی و مورفولوژی روده باریک در جوجه-های گوشتی تحت چالش آفلاتوکسین انجام شد.

    روش کار

    از 350 قطعه جوجه گوشتی نر یک روزه سویه راس 308 در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با هفت تیمار و پنج تکرار (10 جوجه در هر تکرار) استفاده شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل جیره پایه فاقد مواد افزودنی و بدون چالش آفلاتوکسین (شاهد منفی)، جیره پایه فاقد مواد افزودنی و چالش آفلاتوکسین (شاهد مثبت حاوی 1 میلی گرم آفلاتوکسین B1 در کیلوگرم جیره)، و یا جیره شاهد مثبت مکمل شده با افزودنی های جاذب سم، پروبیوتیک، مکمل مخلوط ویتامین و سلنیوم، 200 و یا 400 میلی گرم درکیلوگرم عصاره گیاه چویر بودند.

    نتایج

    چالش آفلاتوکسین سبب کاهش عملکرد رشد در جوجه ها گردید؛ در حالی که تمام تیمارهای حاوی افزودنی در دوره های پایانی و کل دوره پرورش اثر منفی آفلاتوکسین را بر عملکرد رشد کاهش دادند. کمترین نسبت هتروفیل به لنفوسیت به ترتیب در تیمارهای سطح 400 میلی گرم در کیلوگرم عصاره چویر، مخلوط ویتامین و سلنیوم و شاهد منفی مشاهده شد (05/0P<). تیمارهای جاذب سم، پروبیوتیک و سطح دوم عصاره چویر سبب افزایش تیتر IgG ثانویه بر علیه گلبول قرمز خون گوسفندی شدند (05/0P<). همچنین تیمارهای مخلوط ویتامین-سلنیوم و عصاره چویر از کاهش سطح جذب پرز طی چالش آفلاتوکسین جلوگیری کردند.

    نتیجه گیری نهایی

    استفاده از سطح بالای عصاره چویر در جیره جوجه های گوشتی (400 میلی گرم درکیلوگرم) به طور قابل ملاحظه ای عملکرد رشد، پاسخ ایمنی و سطح جذب پرزهای روده باریک را در جوجه های گوشتی بهبود بخشید و لذا می تواند جایگزین مناسبی برای افزودنی های جاذب سم و دیگر مکمل های رایج در شرایط چالش آفلاتوکسین باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: آفلاتوکسین، عصاره چویر، ایمنی همورال، مورفولوژی روده، عملکرد رشد، جوجه های گوشتی
  • جبرئیل واحدی، قادر دشتی*، فرینا سادات ساعی صفحات 63-74
    زمینه مطالعاتی

    با توجه به محدودیت منابع تولید بهبود کارایی و بهره وری، مناسب ترین شیوه افزایش تولید در بخش کشاورزی می باشد. شناسایی اجزاء بهره وری و بررسی تغییرات آن در طی فرایند تولید از جمله عوامل موثر بر دستیابی به تولید کاراتر و رشد بهره وری کل عوامل تولید می باشد.

    هدف

    مطالعه حاضر در پی تحلیل رشد بهره وری عوامل تولید، کارایی فنی و تغییر تکنولوژی در صنعت مرغداری گوشتی ایران می باشد.

    روش کار

    این پژوهش با استفاده از روش تحلیل پوششی داده ها و شاخص مالم کوییست ضمن محاسبه رشد بهره وری کل عوامل تولید و اجزاء آن به بررسی وضعیت کارایی فنی و تغییر تکنولوژی واحدهای تولیدکننده مرغ گوشتی در طول زمان می پردازد. داده های مورد استفاده در این تحقیق برای دوره ی زمانی سال های 96-1375 از نتایج طرح آمارگیری مرغداری های گوشتی کشور اخذ گردیده است.

    نتایج

    بر اساس یافته های پژوهش بهره وری کل عوامل تولید در بازه زمانی مورد مطالعه رشدی معادل 7/17 درصد را تجربه کرده است. بررسی اجزاء بهره وری موید آن بود که تغییر تکنولوژی مهم ترین عامل موثر در افزایش بهره وری مرغداریهای گوشتی در طی دوره مورد مطالعه می باشد. تغییر کارایی فنی، کارایی خالص و کارایی مقیاس به ترتیب در جایگاه های بعدی از لحاظ تاثیرگذاری بر رشد بهره وری قرار دارند. همچنین میانگین کارایی فنی واحدهای پرورش مرغ گوشتی در بازه زمانی مورد بررسی و تحت بازده متغیر نسبت به مقیاس معادل 6/79 درصد محاسبه گردید. ضمن اینکه کارایی فنی مرغداری های استان های آذربایجان شرقی، اصفهان، بوشهر، کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، لرستان، مرکزی و هرمزگان بالاترین مقدار را دارا بودند.

    نتیجه گیری نهایی

    با توجه به اهمیت اساسی تغییر تکنولوژی در بهبود بهره وری عوامل توصیه می شود در رابطه با گسترش شاخصه های تکنولوژی از قبیل بکارگیری نژاد های اصلاح شده، بهبود سیستم تهویه هوا، روشنایی و دان طیور تصمیمات مدیریتی لازم اتخاذ شود. بدین ترتیب بهره مندی از شیوه های نوین پرورش طیور، رعایت اصول آموزشی و بهداشتی در راستای کاهش تلفات به منظور بهبود کارایی فنی توصیه می گردد

    کلیدواژگان: بهره وری کل عوامل تولید، شاخص مالم کوئیست، کارایی فنی، مرغداری گوشتی
  • فریبا فریور*، علیرضا شیرین زاده، شهریار مقصودلو، غلامحسین ایراجیان صفحات 75-84
    زمینه مطالعاتی

    استفاده از گیاه دارویی زرچوبه در جیره، می تواند اثرات مفیدی بر هضم و جذب خوراک و عملکرد رشد جوجه های گوشتی داشته باشد.

    هدف

    این تحقیق به منظور بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف زردچوبه در جیره بر افزایش وزن، خصوصیات لاشه و عملکرد اقتصادی جوجه های گوشتی انجام شد.

    روش کار

    به این منظور آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با3 تیمار (سطوح صفر، 25/0 و 5/0درصد زردچوبه) و 4 تکرار (هر پن شامل ده پرنده)، با استفاده از 120 قطعه جوجه یک روزه راس اجرا شد. وزن و خوراک مصرفی جوجه ها در روزهای 1، 10، 24، 28، 35 و 42 روزگی اندازه گیری و ضریب تبدیل خوراک در سنین 10، 24 و 42 روزگی و هزینه خوراک، نسبت هزینه خوراک به افزایش وزن بدن، شاخص تولید و بازده ناخالص اقتصادی برای سنین 28، 35 و 42 روزگی محاسبه گردید. در پایان دوره پرورش، یک قطعه پرنده از هر واحد آزمایشی (جمعا 4 پرنده از هر تیمار) به منظور تفکیک لاشه کشتار شدند و درصد اجزای لاشه و اندامهای داخلی نسبت به وزن زنده محاسبه گردید.

    نتایج

    یافته های این تحقیق نشان داد که افزودن زردچوبه تا سطح 5/0 درصد اثر معنی داری بر مصرف خوراک، افزایش وزن و ضریب تبدیل خوراک جوجه های گوشتی ندارد. وزن نسبی ماهیچه ‏های سینه و ران و وزن نسبی اندام‏های داخلی نیز تحت تاثیر تیمار غذایی قرار نگرفت اما درصد چربی لاشه در تیمارهای حاوی 25/0 و 5/0 درصد زردچوبه بطور معنی‏داری پایین‏تر از گروه شاهد بود (05/0>p). همچنین، افزودن 25/0 درصد زردچوبه موجب کاهش معنی دار بازده تولید در سن 28 روزگی و نیز بازده ناخالص اقتصادی نسبت به گروه شاهد شد (05/0>p).

    نتیجه گیری نهایی

    بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق می توان گفت که افزودن پودر زردچوبه در سطوح 25/0 و 5/0 درصد به جیره غذایی تاثیرمعنی‏ داری بر مصرف خوراک، افزایش وزن، خصوصیات لاشه یا عملکرد اقتصادی جوجه‏ های گوشتی نداشت و با وجود کاهش معنی ‏دار چربی لاشه در تیمارهای حاوی 25/0 و 5/0 درصد زردچوبه، با توجه به کاهش بازده ناخالص اقتصادی استفاده از آن در سطح تجاری توصیه نمی‏شود.

    کلیدواژگان: پودر زردچوبه، خصوصیات لاشه، بازده تولید، بازده ناخالص اقتصادی، جوجه گوشتی
  • سمیرا عرب عامری*، فیروز صمدی، بهروز دستار، زربخت انصاری پیرسرائی، رضا مبصری صفحات 85-94
    زمینه مطالعاتی

    امروزه پرورش طیور با عوامل تنش زای مختلفی همراه است. از این رو، تقویت سیستم ایمنی بخصوص به روش تزریق درون تخم مرغی مورد توجه محققین می باشد.

    هدف

    تاثیر تزریق درون تخم مرغی نانوذرات نقره بر عملکرد سیستم ایمنی در زمان تفریخ و پایان دوره پرورش (42 روزگی) تحت تنش اکسیداتیو القاء شده توسط لیپوپلی ساکارید بررسی شد.

    روش کار

    بدین منظور از 592 عدد تخم مرغ بارور (سویه هووبارد F15) در 4 تیمار با 4 تکرار و 37 عدد تخم مرغ در هر تکرار استفاده شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل دو تیمار شاهد (1-بدون تزریق و 2- تزریق یک میلی لیتر سرم فیزیولوژی به ازای هر تخم مرغ)، و تیمارهای 3 و 4 به ترتیب تزریق 20 و 40 میلی گرم نانوذرات نقره به ازای هر تخم مرغ بودند. تزریق نانوذرات نقره و سرم فیزیولوژی در روز 7 جوجه کشی صورت گرفت. جهت القاء تنش اکسیداتیو در دوره پرورش، لیپوپلی ساکارید به میزان 500 میکروگرم بر کیلوگرم وزن زنده در زمان های 12، 24 و 48 ساعت قبل از کشتار به صورت درون صفاقی تزریق شد.

    نتایج

    درصد جوجه درآوری در شاهد بدون تزریق نسبت به بقیه تیمارها بیشتر بود (05/0>p). تزریق درون تخم مرغی نانوذرات نقره در سطح 20 و 40 میلی گرم موجب بهبود رشد جوجه ها در طی دوران جوجه کشی و پرورش شد (05/0>p). غلظت ایمونوگلوبین-های G ((IgG و M (IgM) و نیز تعداد کل گلبول های سفید و نسبت هتروفیل/لنفوسیت در بین تیمارهای آزمایشی تفاوتی نداشت (05/0<p). گروه دریافت کننده 20 میلی گرم نانوذرات نقره بالاترین سطح بیان نسبی ژنهای TNF-α ، 6 IL- وTGF-β را در روز تفریخ و گروه دریافت کننده 40 میلی گرم نانوذرات نقره بالاترین سطح بیان نسبی ژنهای TNF-α و TGF-β را در روز 42 پرورش نشان دادند (05/0>p).

    نتیجه گیری نهایی

    نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه پیشنهاد می کند که نانوذرات نقره با بهبود رشد و بالا بردن بیان نسبی ژن دخیل در عملکرد سیستم ایمنی موجب بهبود پاسخ ایمنی جوجه های گوشتی می شود.

    کلیدواژگان: بیان نسبی ژن، پاسخ ایمنی، جوجه گوشتی، نانوذرات نقره
  • مینا بهنام، غلامعلی مقدم*، حسین دقیق کیا، بابک قاسمی پناهی، سحر ناطق صفحات 95-105
    زمینه مطالعاتی

    تحقیقات اخیر نشان داده که گونه های فعال اکسیژن در تنظیم فعالیت فیزیولوژیک اسپرم نقش دارد. طی حفاظت انجمادی ، اسپرم در معرض شوک سرمایی و فشاراسمزی قرارمی گیرد. سیلیمارین ماده موثره عصاره گیاه خارمریم به عنوان یک آنتی اکسیدان قوی قابلیت مهار استرس اکسیداتیو را دارد.

    هدف

    این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر سیلیمارین بر ذخیره سازی اسپرم قوچ انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: جمع آوری منی دوبار در هر هفته از 4 راس قوچ نژاد قزل خالص از هر قوچ 6 بار اسپرم گیری صورت گرفت. منی جمع آوری شده با رقیق کننده ی بدون آنتی اکسیدان (شاهد) و سیلیمارین 5 و 10 میکروگرم در میلی لیتر مخلوط شده و پس از سردسازی به مدت 90 دقیقه در یخچال و رسیدن به دمای 5 درجه سانتی گراد، به مدت 10-8 دقیقه در 4 سانتی متری بالای سطح نیتروژن مایع قرار گرفت و سپس در داخل نتیروژن مایع غوطه ور گردید. خصوصیات کیفی اسپرم شامل زنده مانی، حرکت کل، حرکت-پیش رونده، یکپارچگی غشای پلاسمایی در روز های صفر، 15، 30 آزمایش بررسی شد.

    نتایج

    یافته های آزمایش نشان داد که رقیق کننده های حاوی سطوح محتلف سیلیمارین نسبت به گروه شاهد به طور معنی دار باعث افزایش حرکت کل، حرکت پیشرونده، زنده مانی اسپرم قوچ پس از فرایند انجماد -یخ گشایی شدند. افزودن غلظت های مختلف سیلیمارین به ترتیب 5 و 10 میکروگرم با میانگین 45/74 و 33/67 درصد در مقایسه با گروه کنترل باعث افزایش معنی دار تحرک کلی اسپرم با میانگین 07/68 و 95/60 درصد باعث افزایش معنی دار تحرک پیشرونده اسپرم منجمد قوچ پس از یخ-گشایی شدند (01/0 p<). با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده حرکت درجا در گروه شاهد (92/0 ± 92/5) نسبت به سطح 5 و 10میکروگرم سیلیمارین به ترتیب، (92/0± 38/6) و(92/0± 31/8) کمترین مقدار،ولی معنی دار نبود.

    نتیجه نهایی

    افزودن 5میکروگرم سیلیمارین به رقیق کننده انجماد اسپرم قوچ موجب بهبود پارامترهای کیفیتی اسپرم ازجمله تحرک، زنده مانی و تست هاست پس از یخ گشایی شد

    کلیدواژگان: سیلیمارین، آنتی اکسیدان، انجماد، اسپرم، قوچ
  • محمدهادی خبازان، حمید امانلو، داود زحمتکش، احسان محجوبی صفحات 107-117

    زمینه مطالعاتی: 

    تقاضای جهانی برای مصرف شیر بز و فرآورده های حاصل از آن به خاطر فواید مغذی این فرآورده ها رو به افزایش است. خشکسالی های پی در پی در سال های اخیر باعث تمایل دامداران در نگهداشت دام ها به صورت صنعتی و متراکم شده است. در پرورش صنعتی بزهای شیرده، همواره افزایش بهره وری خوراک مورد توجه پرورش دهندگان بز بوده است.

    هدف

    انجام این تحقیق، به منظور بررسی اثر شکل فیزیکی کنسانتره بر عملکرد تولیدی، رفتار تغذیه ای و فراسنجه های خونی بزهای شیرده مورسیانوگرانادینا بود.

    روش کار

    تعداد 30 راس بز شیرده در اواسط دوره شیردهی (6±87) در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 3 تیمار تغذیه ای مورد آزمایش قرار گرفتند.

    نتایج

    تیمارها شامل جیره های حاوی کنسانتره با شکل فیزیکی آردی، پلیت شده و آجیلی بود. خوراک مصرفی، شیر تولیدی، شیر تصحیح شده بر اساس درصد چربی، مقدار چربی، پروتیین، لاکتوز، ماده جامد شیر، مقدار پنیر تولیدی و بازده خوراک مصرفی به طور معنی داری (p<0.001) تحت تاثیر شکل فیزیکی خوراک قرار گرفت و در استفاده از کنسانتره آجیلی بالاتر از سایر گروه ها بود. درصد چربی، پروتیین و لاکتوز شیر، تحت تاثیر شکل فیزیکی کنسانتره مصرفی قرار نگرفت. فراسنجه های خونی (گلوکز، اسیدهای چرب غیر استریفیته، آلبومین و پروتیین کل) تحت تاثیر تیمارها قرار نگرفت. بزهای شیرده مورسانوگرانادینا در استفاده از خوراک آجیلی و پلیت شده رفتار انتخاب گرانه کمتری نسبت به خوراک آردی داشتند.

    نتیجه گیری نهایی: 

    با توجه به نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش، استفاده از کنسانتره آجیلی در خوراک بزهای شیرده مورسانوگرانادینا نسبت به مصرف کنسانتره آردی و پلیت شده دارای مزیت بیشتری بوده و منجر به افزایش تولید وبهبود ترکیب شیر و بازدهی خوراک گردید.

    کلیدواژگان: بز مورسیانوگرانادینا، تولید شیر، خوراک آجیلی، خوراک پلیت شده، شکل فیزیکی کنسانتره
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  • Hossein Janmohammadi *, Akbar Taghizadeh, Jalil Shodja, Majid Olyayee Pages 1-16
    Introduction

    In order to accurate feed formulation and improve production performance, it is necessary to determine the nutritive value of common feedstuffs used in animal nutrition. The main reason for use of data that reported by NRC (1994, 2001) is formulation of balanced ration. But data reported by NRC can over or underestimate the nutritive value of feedstuffs due to diversity in growth stage, type and variety, climate and weather condition, physical and chemical properties of soil and presences of anti-nutritional factors. So determining chemical compositions, mineral contents and gross energy content of common feedstuffs is useful to farmers to improve growth performance of animals. The aim of this study was to determine chemical compositions, mineral contents and gross energy content of common animal feed sources from East Azerbaijan province including barley grain (n=26), wheat grain (n=27) and wheat bran (n=15) with standard analytical methods.

    Material and methods

    Barley grain, wheat grain and wheat bran are most common feedstuffs that used in animal and poultry nutrition. The feedstuff samples were collected with random stratified sampling method. Thus all studied cities of east Azerbaijan province classified in 30 zones and then the villages randomly selected. In order to proximate analyses of samples, feedstuffs were homogenized in the view of size and moisture by laboratory grinding. Dry matter, crude ash, ether extract and crude fiber content of samples were determined by AOAC method (1995) and crude protein was determined by micro kjeldahl. Cell wall or Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of samples were determined by fibretec. Descriptive statistics parameters were calculated by Mean procedure of SAS software and means comparison were done by SAS software (2000). The paired and non-paired t test were used to compare means of recent research and the data of Guilan, Kordestan and Kermansh provinces and NRC data.

    Results and discussion

    The results showed that mean dry matter (DM) content of barley grain, wheat grain and wheat bran were 925.5± 2.88, 909.32± 6.56 and 915.0 ± 9.31 g/kg, and mean crude protein (CP) concentrations were 137.3± 14.52, 129.6± 10.67 and 178.9 ± 11.86 g/kg of dry matter, respectively, that differed significantly with the NRC (1994) data (P<0.01). The range of crude protein of wheat grain was 114.9 to 158.5 g/kg and the range of crude ash 14.2 to 29.8. The nitrogen free extract (NFE) and non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) content of wheat grain were determined 806.1 and 667.4 g/kg. The differences of NFE and NFC was 138.7 g/kg that relate to Structural carbohydrate in NFE section. Ether extract (EE) content of wheat bran was 43.7 ± 3.48 g/kg that showed no significant difference with NRC (1994) data, but EE content of barley and wheat grain were 20.3± 1.08 and 21.1 ± 0.48 g/kg, respectively and showed a significant difference with NRC (1994) data (P<0.01). Crude protein and crude ash content of east Azerbaijan barley grain was 34 g/kg higher than Kermanshah barley grain and 7.8 g/kg lower than Kermanshah barley grain, respectively. The mean value of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ADF and NDF of east Azerbaijan barley grain had significant difference with NRC data (P<0.01). Because of the higher kernel to hull ratio in east Azerbaijan barley grain, crude protein content of barley grain was 13.3 g/kg higher than NRC data. Calcium content of barley grain, wheat grain and wheat bran were 1.4 ± 0.3, 3.3± 0.67 and 1.46 ± 0.35 g/kg of dry matter and differences were significant except in wheat bran (P<0.01). Differences in mineral contents of feedstuffs used in this research can be due to differences in genotype, chemical and physical properties of soil, climate and weather condition and stage of growth. The hemicellulose content of barley grain in comparison of wheat grain is 58.3 g/kg higher, but the ratio of hemicellulose to ADF in barley grain is lower than wheat grain that the main reason is higher level of cellulose and lignin in barley grain in comparison of wheat grain (Azizzi 1996, Fazaeli 1992 and McDowell 1992).

    Conclusion

    Due to significant differences in chemical compositions and mineral contents of feedstuffs in East Azerbaijan province with the NRC (1994) data, it is suggested that for balanced diet formulation, local data of nutrient composition of feed sources were used.

    Keywords: East Azerbaijan province, nutrient composition, barley grain, wheat grain, Wheat bran
  • Hossein Rashidi, F Fatehi *, Mehdai Ganjkhanlou, Farhad Parnian-Khajehdizaj Pages 17-29
    Introduction

    Replacement heifers represent the future potential of the dairy industry; as such, the feeding strategy for dairy heifers is to rear these animals at a minimum economic and environmental cost without reducing their future lactation performance (Hoffman et al., 2007). The main concern for heifer rearing industry is typically the energy densities of the diet exceeding the requirements of heifers, and subsequently, increase weight gains and lead to over-conditioning (Hoffman et al., 2008). The limited space is another concern for farmers in which feed bunks are limited and animals have to compete to meet their nutrient requirements. We hypothesized that feeding a ration diluted by wheat bran and rice hull in different feed bunk spaces would allow dairy heifers to compete and control their ad libitum intakes, and to meet their nutrient requirements for maintenance and target growth rates. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigation of interaction effects of dietary energy density and feed bunk space on performance and nutrient digestibility in Holstein heifers.

    Material and Methods

    Four primiparous and 4 multiparous mid lactation dairy cows were stratified by pre-experimental milk yield (23.5 ± 2.3 kg/d), protein yield (0.75 ± 0.066 kg/d), parity, and days in lactation (121 ± 10 d) into 4 groups of 2 in a 2 × 2 factorial, Latin square design (n = 8) to assess the effect of forage source and a supplementary methionine hydroxy analog on nitrogen (N) balance where low crude protein (CP) diets (13.3%) are offered. Fourteen dairy heifers with an average age of 12-16 months and an average weight of 363 ± 32.8 kg were stratified into 4 groups of 10 in a 2 × 2 factorial, completely randomized design with four treatments and four stall. The experiment period was 100 days. Two levels of energy were adjusted in formulating diets. A diet was formulated according to NRC (2001) requirements as high energy diet (1.32 Mcal/kg DM). For low energy diet, it was diluted by rice hull and wheat bran to meet 90% of NRC (2001) requirements for energy (1.20 Mcal/kg DM). The diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Treatments included: 1- Small space with low level of energy, 24 cm feed bunk space with diet including 1.20 MCal/kg energy; 2- Small space with high level of energy, 24 cm feed bunk space with diet including 1.32 MCal/kg energy; 3- Large space with low level of energy, 48 cm feed bunk space with diet including 1.20 MCal/kg energy; and 4- Large space with high level of energy, 48 cm feed bunk space with diet including 1.32 MCal/kg energy. Sampling from feed and orts was carried out at 30, 45, 60 and 70 days. The dry matter intake was daily recorded. Feces samples were taken on days 30, 60 and 90 and dried at 70 ° C for 72 h. Total tract digestibility coefficients were calculated based on the relative concentrations of nutrients and AIA as an internal marker in the feed and feces. Chemical analysis of sample was done according to AOAC (1990). Data were analyzed as a complete factorial design with 2 levels of feed bunk space and 2 levels of dietary energy levels design using the GLM procedures of SAS (version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).

    Results and discussion

    Dry matter intake was higher for heifers fed diet with low energy (P

    Keywords: Dietary energy level, Feed bunk space, Feed conversion rate, Nutrient digestibility, Replacement heifers
  • Abdolhakim Toghdory *, Mohammad Asadi, Taghi Ghoorchi Pages 31-46
    Introduction

    Management of suckling lambs in the first trimester guarantees their health and future production. Animal specific physiological status during this period includes the ability to absorb large molecules, especially immunoglobulins, from the gut and to be prone to intestinal infections and diarrhea. Artificial changes in the lamb intestine flora may improve the intestinal environment. The use of antibiotics in the diet of animals kills beneficial bacteria and does not support the cellular immune system well, and overuse of antibiotics increases bacterial resistance to them. Therefore, replacing antibiotics with other compounds such as prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics is considered as a suitable solution. These compounds have positive effects such as reducing intestinal infections and diarrhea by increasing the microbial balance of the intestine and increasing the absorption of nutrients including immunoglobulins. Synbiotics is a combination of probiotics and prebiotics that reduce the population of pathogenic microbes in the gastrointestinal tract by increasing their interaction. These compounds can also improve food conversion ratio. Synbiotics can have a positive effect on lamb health and growth rate.

    Materials and Methods

    The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of adding different levels of synbiotics to milk on performance, digestibility, blood parameters and fecal score on Dalaq sucking lambs. In this study, 24 suckling lambs with an average weight of 5 ±1.7 kg were selected and then all lambs were examined thoroughly to ensure their health and performance. Lambs were randomly used in four equal experimental groups (6 heads). Treatments include: 1) control treatment (without adding synbiotic to milk), 2) treatment receiving 2.5 g of synbiotic, 3) treatment receiving 5 g of synbiotic and 4) treatment receiving 7.5 g of synbiotic. The total duration of the experiment was 90 days, but feeding and recording of functional factors started from day 20 of the period .The lambs were kept in metabolic cages and the diets used in this experiment were prepared and adjusted based on NRC and were given to the lambs in the morning (8 o'clock) and in the evening (16 o'clock) as an appetite suppressant. Daily feed was provided to the lambs in a completely mixed form. Throughout the experiment, lambs had free access to clean drinking water. Daily feed was provided to the animals in a completely mixed form. In this study, a commercial synbiotic product (GmbH, BIOMIN) of Herzogenburg, Austria including Enterococcus faecium, fructooligosaccharide and seaweed extract through milk substitute was used. Milk was given to lambs twice a day (10% of body weight) by pacifiers. lambs were weighed one day per week to evaluate changes in weight. Dry matter intake was measured and fecal score was recorded daily. Feces samples were collected for digestibility in the final week for 5 days. lambs feces were evaluated daily. Feces scores were determined based on 1-firm and consistent, 2-soft and loose, 3-loose and watery, 4-watery with some blood and 5-watery with blood and mucus. Blood sampling was performed on day 83 so that all lambs were sampled intravenously before the morning meal and with dietary restriction for 12 to 14 hours and the blood was taken in two separate tubes, one containing heparin to obtain plasma and the other. Without heparin, the serum was poured to obtain it. The concentrations of blood Parameter were also determined by spectrophotometer.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that increasing the level of synbiotics in milk leads to an increase in dry matter intake, daily weight and end-of-period weight (P˂0.05) but the feed conversion ratio was not affected by the use of synbiotics (P> 0.05). The digestibility of crude protein, insoluble fiber in acidic detergent, insoluble fiber in neutral detergent, dry matter, organic matter and ether extract did not show a significant difference between experimental treatments (P> 0.05). Immunoglobulins in the blood of lambs increased with increasing synibiotic level in milk (P˂0.05) so that in 7.5 g of cinebbiotic treatment they had the highest and the control treatment had the lowest concentration of immunoglobulins (P˂0.05). Total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin to globulin ratios were not affected by experimental treatments (P<0.05) but cholesterol, glucose, triglyceride, ammonia nitrogen, high-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoproteins. Lipoproteins with very low density were affected by experimental treatments (P˂0.05) so that increasing the level of synbiotic caused an increase in triglyceride, lipoproteins with low density and very low lipoproteins (P˂0.05). Further consumption of synbiotics in milk reduced cholesterol, glucose, ammonia nitrogen and high-density lipoproteins (P˂0.05). Feces score decreased significantly with increasing sybibiotic level in milk, so that at the level of 5 g of synbiotic, the lowest consistency score was observed and in the control treatment, the highest feces score was observed (P˂0.05). But numerically, the control treatment had the highest number of days of diarrhea (P>0.05). In general, according to the present results, the use of synbiotics in suckling lambs is recommended to improve the performance and health of lambs.

    Conclusion

    Overall, the results of this study showed that the use of Synbiotics in milk Increases dry matter intake and daily weight gain in lambs. Also, the uptake of immunoglobulins into the blood of lambs increased with increasing synibiotic levels in milk. Elevated levels of synbiotics cause elevated triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, and very low-density lipoproteins, but decreased cholesterol, glucose, amniotic nitrogen, and lipids .Improvement of feces score and diarrhea was observed with increasing sybiotic level in milk.The use of synbiotics in suckling lambs is necessary to improve the performance and health of suckling lambs.

    Keywords: sucking lambs, feces score, blood parameters, Digestibility, Synbiotics
  • Zahra Nooreh, Kamran Taherpour *, Mohammad Akbari-Gharaei, Hossein Ali Ghasemi, Hassan Shirzadi Pages 47-62
    Introduction

    In most parts of the world, poultry are exposed to mycotoxins-containing foods. Aflatoxins are the most common mycotoxins formed primarily by the fungus Aspergillus. Fungi that produce aflatoxin can grow and multiply on different materials and under different conditions of humidity, temperature and pH (Mohammadi et al., 2015). A variety of additives, including organic acids, plant essential oils and extracts, probiotics, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals, have been tested to alleviate the negative effects of aflatoxins. Medicinal plant extracts contain active natural substances with antifungal and antioxidant properties that are able to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxins in food (Abdulmajeed, 2011). Ferulago angulate is one of the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) families native to western Iran (Hosseini et al., 2012) that has been shown to have antioxidant properties and to improve the humoral immune system (Govahi et al., 2013). The aim of this experiment was to investigate the comparative effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Ferulago angulate (FAE), antifungal sorbate, probiotic, and vitamin-selenium complex (containing vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium) on growth performance, immune response and intestinal morphology in broilers chickens challenged with aflatoxins.

    Materials and Methods

    A total of 350 one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were distributed to 7 treatments with 5 replications/treatment in a completely randomized design. The experimental groups were: 1) negative control (NC; basal diet without any feed additive or aflatoxin B1); 2) positive control (PC; basal diet + 0.5 mg aflatoxin B1/kg); 3) PC + 1 g toxin binder/kg (TB); 4) PC + 1 g/kg probiotic PrimaLac (Pro); 5) PC + a vitamin-selenium complex preparation (ECSe; 200 IU vitamin E/kg feed + 250 mg vitamin C/kg feed + 0.2 mg selenium/kg feed); 6) PC + 200 mg/kg FAE (FAE200), and 7) PC + 400 mg/kg FAE (FAE400). Body weight gain and feed intake were recorded during starter (d 1 to 10), grower (d 11 to 24), finisher (d 25 to 42) and whole of the experiment (d 1 to 42), then the FCR was calculated. At the end of the experiment (42 d), 2 birds of each replicate were randomly selected and then slaughtered by Islamic method. Spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus weights were measured and relative weight to total BW of broiler chickens were determined. At 42 d of age, blood samples were collected from two birds in each replicate into vials containing EDTA to avoid blood clot formation. The values of hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), as well as blood leucocyte profiles were measured. In order to assay the primary and secondary antibody responses against sheep red blood cell (SRBC), at 28 and 35 d of age, two birds per replicate were immunized intramuscularly with 1 ml of 2.5 % SRBC in PBS. Blood samples (1.5 mL/bird) were obtained from brachial vein at 7 d after each injection (d 35 and 42). For histopathological examination, the jejunal tissues of slaughtered broiler chickens (1 per replicate) were fixed in 10% of neutral buffered formalin, routinely embedded in paraffin, cut into 6-μm thick sections, and processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining.

    Results and discussion

    The results showed that aflatoxin challenge adversely affected growth parameters; while treatments antifungal and FAE200 during the growing period and all additive-containing treatments during the finisher and whole experimental periods reduced the negative effect of aflatoxin on growth performance (P<0.05). The heterophil count and the heterophil to lymphocyts ratio were decreased by all dietary treatments than those determined in the PC group (P<0.05). All treatments, except probiotic, increased the values of red blood cells, white blood cells, and hematocrit as compared with PC group (P<0.05). The antifungal, probiotic and FAE400 treatments also increased the secondary IgG titer against sheep red blood cells in the aflatoxin-challenged birds (P<0.05). Furthermore, vitamin-selenium and FAE-containing treatments alliviated the negative effect of aflatoxin on villus surface area (P<0.05). According to a previous study (Hussein, 2015), the weight loss during aflatoxin challenge have been attributed to the toxic effects of mycotoxins on different cell organs, resulting in chickens refusing to consume toxins in their diets. It has been documented that the use of additives like selenium is used to remove fungi such as Aspergillus in poultry feed (Hatfield et al., 2012), which can explain the reduction of negative effects of aflatoxin on performance by vitamin-selenium mixture treatment in the present study. It is also reported that lipid peroxidation and the production of free radicals can cause damage to cell membranes during aflatoxicosis (Manafi and Khosravinia, 2013). Therefore, due to their antioxidant properties, vitamin C, vitamin E, and medicinal plants can prevent the production of free radicals in biological systems and thereby improve performance and health status under aflatoxin-inducing conditions. The phenolic compounds, especially polyphenolic compounds in the FAE have been reported to have a high ability to scavenge free radicals and thus can be used as a natural antioxidant in food and pharmaceutical industry (Hosseini et al., 2012). As a result, consuming FAE might reduce the impact of aflatoxin on growth performance, immune response and gut morphology, which is likely due to the antioxidant properties of this medicinal plant and its ability to scavenge free radicals caused by aflatoxin consumption.

    Conclusion

    In general, according to the findings of this study, Ferulago angulate extract, particularly at a dose of 400 mg/kg of diet, can improve growth performance, immune response, and health status during aflatoxin exposure, which appeared to be comparable to those recorded in the prebiotic and vitamin-selenium treatments. However, the growth benefits by Ferulago angulate extract were poorer than those recorded in the chickens fed with the NC and antifungal diets.

    Keywords: Aflatoxin, Ferulago angulata extract, Humoral immunity, Gut morphology, Growth performance, broiler chickens
  • Jabraeil Vahedi, Ghader Dashti *, Farina Sadat Saei Pages 63-74
    Introduction

    Today one of the most important issues of human societies is the growing population of the world and the provision of healthy and sufficient food for this growing population. Due to the limited resources of agricultural sector, the most appropriate solution to increase production and income in the agricultural sector is the optimal use of inputs by improving efficiency and productivity. In addition, the level of technology is also one of the factors affecting productivity growth. Studies show that most of the people in the world, and especially developing countries suffering from scarce of protein, so animals protein has important role in humans health and life and its quality and amount must be optimal. The poultry industry is the one of the most important protein source. Identifying the components of total factor productivity (TFP) and examining its changes in the poultry industry during the production process leads to more efficient production and productivity growth. Moreover, improving the total factor productivity can save production resources.

    Material and methods

    The objective of this research is analyze the total factor productivity growth, technical efficiency and technological change in the Iranian poultry industry. This study uses data envelopment analysis (DEA) method and Malmquist index to calculate the total factor productivity changes and analyze its components as well as the technical efficiency of broiler production units during the study period. Based on output oriented approach, Malmquist TFP index decomposed into technical efficiency changes (Maximum output from minimal input quantities), technological changes (changes in technology that lead to an increase in productivity), pure efficiency changes and scale efficiency changes. The Malmquist TFP index measures the TFP change between two data points by calculating the ratio of the distances of each data point relative to a common technology. An advantage of the Malmquist TFP index method is that it does not require price data for the analysis. The data used in this study are information about the amounts of inputs used in the production of chicken meat, including poultry feed, labor and energy, as well as the amount of production of this product for the period 1996-2017 that are taken from the Statistics Center of Iran about 28 provinces. DEEp 2.1 software was used to measure and analyze the TFP index.

    Results and discussion

    The results showed that the technical efficiency average under the assumption of variable return to scale was 0.796. This means that production units can increase their production by 20.4% without changing the amount of their consumption inputs. Only the provinces of East Azerbaijan, Isfahan, Bushehr, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Mazandaran, Markazi and Hormozgan have achieved full technical efficiency. The average of scale efficiency for the studied provinces was 0.901. The highest scale efficiency is (1.000) belongs to East Azerbaijan and markazi provinces; as well as Hormozgan province with value of 0.563 has the lowest scale efficiency among the studied provinces. The results as well as showed that annual average growth of total factor productivity in Iran broiler farms is 17.7%, which is different in provinces. Kermanshah province has the highest TFP equal to 0.461 and Yazd and Ghom have the lowest TFP respectively. Total factor productivity growth has been negative only in Kohgiluyeh, Boyer-Ahmad and Markazi provinces. The study of productivity components indicate that the technology change with an average value of 14.1% is the most important factor in term of increasing the productivity of broiler farms during the study period. Technical efficiency change with an average value of 3.2% is the second factor affecting of TFP growth. Pure efficiency change and scale efficiency change with the average values of 2% and 1.1%, respectively are in the third and fourth place in terms of impact on productivity.

    Conclusion

    The findings from the analyses are that for achieving of high total factor productivity in Broiler chicken farms in Iran, we need more attention to technology in this part. In general, the development and promotion of technological symbols such as improved breeds, improve air conditioning, lighting and feeding systems can be considered to improve the total factor productivity. Also according to the findings poultry farms show a relatively large range to improve technical efficiency. Therefore, more efficient production methods, observance of educational and sanitary principles in order to reduce losses to improve technical efficiency seems necessary. Also low scale efficiency in some provinces is a serious problem and it is suggested to increase their efficiency by determining the optimal size of their performance. The findings from the analyses are that for achieving of high total factor productivity in Broiler chicken farms in Iran, we need more attention to technology in this part. In general, the development and promotion of technological symbols such as improved breeds, improve air conditioning, lighting and feeding systems can be considered to improve the total factor productivity. Also according to the findings poultry farms show a relatively large range to improve technical efficiency. Therefore, more efficient production methods, observance of educational and sanitary principles in order to reduce losses to improve technical efficiency seems necessary. Also low scale efficiency in some provinces is a serious problem and it is suggested to increase their efficiency by determining the optimal size of their performance. The findings from the analyses are that for achieving of high total factor productivity in Broiler chicken farms in Iran, we need more attention to technology in this part. In general, the development and promotion of technological symbols such as improved breeds, improve air conditioning, lighting and feeding systems can be considered to improve the total factor productivity. Also according to the findings poultry farms show a relatively large range to improve technical efficiency. Therefore, more efficient production methods, observance of educational and sanitary principles in order to reduce losses to improve technical efficiency seems necessary. Also low scale efficiency in some provinces is a serious problem and it is suggested to increase their efficiency by determining the optimal size of their performance

    Keywords: Broiler chicken, Malmquist Index, Technical Efficiency, Total factor productivity
  • Fariba Farivar *, Alireza Shirinzadeh, Shahriar Maghsoodlu, Gholamhossein Irajian Pages 75-84
    Introduction

    Phytogenic products have been used as food spices and traditional remedies has a long history in different worldwide nations, but their application in poultry feed industry is almost new. Phytogenic feed additives are natural products originated from different parts of the plants, mostly in the form of powder or extracts. Researches with phytogenic agents have shown various characteristics such as anti-oxidative and antimicrobial effects, regulation of the gut function, and growth promoting effects for this products. They also have been noticed as potential alternatives for antibiotic growth promoters especially after the ban on antibiotic growth promoters in animal feed industry by European Union due to concerns about their residues in animal tissues and subsequent induction of bacterial resistance. It has been shown that the dietary incorporation of herbs and their associated essential oils may provide beneficial effects on poultry performance and health due to the antimicrobial activity of their phytochemical components Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a member of Zingiberacae family and contains curcumin and its different derivatives as active constituents. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and nematocidal activities of turmeric and their relative constituents have been demonstrated in numerous researches. However, the benefits of an additive in animal nutrition matters little if it fails to show a significant economic improvement. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the effects of addition of different levels of turmeric to diet on the growth performance and some economic indicators of broilers production.

    Materials and Method

    To investigate the effect of turmeric addition in diet on growth performance, carcass traits and economic parameters of broilers, a completely randomized design was conducted. Three experimental diets having 0% (control), 0.25% and 0.5% Turmeric were fed to 120 mixed sex of Ross 308 day-old chicks. Chickens were randomly distributed into 12 pens, so as to have 4 replicate per treatment and 10 chicks per pen. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Average body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, breast muscle and thigh muscle relative weights and economic indexes were used as a criteria of response. Relative weight of internal organs including heart, liver, gizzard, spleen and bursa of fabricius and abdominal fat were also recorded. Diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements of chicks according to the Ross 308 Management Guideline (2009) in three periods of starter (0-10 days), grower (11-24 days) and finisher (25-42 days). Feed and water were provided ad libitum. All chicks were vaccinated against Newcastle, Bronchitis and Inflammatory bowel disease, according to the regional vaccination program routine. Body weight and feed intake of chickens were recorded on days 1, 10, 24, 28, 35 and 42 of experimental period and the feed conversion ratio calculated for days 10, 24, 42 and feed cost of each pen, feed cost to weight gain ratio, production efficiency and monetary return calculated for days 28, 35 and 42. At the end of experimental period, 1 chicken per pen was slaughtered, and carcass cuts including breast muscle, thighs, and back bone, neck and wings were weighed in fresh and empty carcass was calculated as sum of these parts. Abdominal fat, heart, liver, spleen and bursa of fabricius were separated and weighed and percent of each part per live weight was calculated. The data were analyzed as a completely randomized design by analysis of variance (ANOVA), using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS (2001). Means were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range Test with accepted level of significance of 0.05.

    Results and Discussion

    The results of this experiment showed that, addition of turmeric powder in broiler diet has no significant effect on feed intake, average weight gain or feed conversion ratio. Carcass traits including percentage of breast muscle weight (21.66, 22.78 and 21.62 % respectively in control, 0.25% turmeric and 0.50% turmeric groups), thighs muscle weight (19.98, 19.31 and 20.01% in control, 0.25% turmeric and 0.50% turmeric groups, respectively) and empty carcass weight (58.62, 59.16 and 59.43% in control, 0.25% turmeric and 0.50% turmeric groups respectively) relative to live weight also were not significantly affected by addition of turmeric powder in diet, however abdominal fat was significantly decreased in both turmeric containing treatments (2.98 and 2.90 respectively in treatments containing 0.25 and 0.50 percent turmeric powder vs. 3.31 percent in control group, p<0.05). This may indicate an improvement in fat metabolism of chickens and can be important in terms of human health. Relative weights of internal organs (heart, spleen, liver and bursa) were not significantly different among experimental treatments (p<0.05). Our findings also revealed a significant reduction of production efficiency in 0-28 days period (242.90 vs. 262.90) and monetary return (25452.25 vs. 29445.00) compared to control group as a result of 0.25% turmeric powder addition to feed (p<0.05). Addition of 0.50% turmeric powder didn't affect production efficiency and monetary return, however resulted statistically insignificant increase in feed cost compared to control group (66908.75 vs. 64535.00 rials/kg of weight gain).

    Conclusion

    Based on results of this experiment, it can be concluded that, addition of turmeric powder in levels used in this experiment (0.25% and 0.50% of feed dry matter) had no beneficial effect on feed intake, growth performance or most of carcass traits. However, the reduction of abdominal fat in turmeric containing treatments was noticeable, usage of turmeric powder as broilers feed additive cannot be recommended in commercial farms because of its negative effects on economic parameters of boilers production. More experiments with different levels of turmeric or in challenging environment may be needed to illuminate beneficial effects of turmeric in broiler feed.

    Keywords: Broiler, Carcass traits, Production Efficiency, Monetary Return, Turmeric
  • S Arab Ameri *, Firooz Samadi, Behrooz Dastar, ZARBAKHT Ansari Pirsaraei, Reza Mobaseri Pages 85-94
    Introduction

    Stress, as a response to adverse stimuli, is difficult to define and understand mostly due to its nebulous perception. As Selye (1976) pointed out, “stress is the nonspecific response of the body to meet any demand”, whereas stressor is defined as “an agent that produces stress at any time”. Hence, stress represents the reaction of the animal organism (i.e., a biological response) to stimuli that disturb its normal physiological equilibrium or homeostasis. Thanks to their antioxidants, nutrients and anti-inflammatory properties silver nanoparticles are used in many developed countries (Bhanja et al 2015). The list potential applications of nanotechnology are very wide and diverse, but it is undoubtedly one of its most valuable applications in the development of therapeutic and pharmaceutical cases. Also, the use of silver nanoparticles in the treatment of deadly diseases like avian influenza supports further research on biological systems (Xiang et al 2011). Among inorganic materials, metal oxides such as TiO2, ZnO, MgO CaO, and Ag are of particular interest because they are stable in hard conditions and generally considered to be safe substances for humans and animals.

    Material and methods

    A total number of 592 eggs with an average weight of 50 g were purchased from a commercial Hubbard F15 broiler breeder flock aged 50 wk. The eggs, allotted to 4 treatments of 4 replicates with 37 eggs each, were set on the same floor to provide similar incubation conditions. Treatments including 2 doses of silver nanoparticles (20 and 40 mg) was injected via the egg holes using 1 mL insulin syringes equipped with disposable needles (21 gauge). The control group did not receive any treatment, and the sham control was injected with 1 ml phosphate-buffered saline (Triplett et al 2018). The injection holes were immediately covered using paraffin. At the end of d 18 of incubation, the eggs were transferred to the hatching cabinet. On the 21d of incubation, the hatched chicks were taken out of the incubator and after counting (checking for hatching) and weighting, half of the chicks were killed on the same day to check Hemoral immunity (G and M),white blood cell count and study of the desired genes (TNF-α, IL-6 and TGF-β). Among other chickens, those that were more uniform in weight with the desired treatment were transferred to the breeding period for 42 day and again in 4 treatments (treatments applied during incubation) and 4 replications with 20 broilers per replication. During 42 day, broilers were provided with unlimited water and food. To induce oxidative stress during the breeding period, 500 μg/kg live weight Salmonella lipopolysaccharide injected at 12, 24 and 48 hours before killed (Xi et al 2000).

    Result and discussion

    While ovo injection, silver nanoparticles was significantly decreased hatchability in comparison to the control group (P<0/05). In line with our results (Goel et al 2017) found that the hatchability of the eggs injected with nanoparticles was significantly lower than the control group. The reason can be attributed to the smaller size of younger embryos at the 7th ED, injection method, location injection, injection depth, injection time, genetics, hen age, egg size and hatching conditions (Sun et al 2018; Pilarski et al 2005). In case of ovo injection of 20 and 40 mg silver nanoparticles, significantly increased carcass percentage compared to the control group at hatching and post-hatch period, respectively (P<0/05). (Bhanja et al 2015; Pineda et al 2012) proved that silver nanoparticles had positive effects on embryo weight. Due to the significant amount of antioxidant in the silver nanoparticles inside the egg and its antioxidant effect on energy efficiency during embryonic life, silver nanoparticles receiving groups had a higher body weight at hatching time. Higher birth weight makes it possible to increase feed intake and weight gain in these treatments.Upon ovo administration of 20 mg silver nanoparticles, spleen was increased significantly compared to the control group at hatching period (P<0/05). This is in line with a previous study of Goal et al (2017), who observed higher liver and spleen weights in 40 mg/kg silver nanoparticles group. The development of B and T lymphocytes initiates during embryogenesis in the bursa of Fabricius and thymus, respectively, and matures in the spleen until post-hatch (Erf 1997). These organs play an important role in imparting immunity. The cells produced in these organs differentiate into cellular immunity and humoral immunity, thus imparting immunity against different pathogens. Therefore, increased liver and spleen weight indicates a better immunological health status of in ovo silver nanoparticles supplemented birds. Ovo treatments did not affect the concentrations of immunoglobulin (IgG), (IgM), WBC counts and H/L ratio (P>0/05). Our results are consistent with previous studies of Pineda et al (2012) who showed the concentration of IgG and IgM were not affected by ovo injection of 10 and 20mg/kg silver nanoparticles. (Salari et al 2016; Saki and Salari 2015) showed silver nanoparticles increased in serum IgM and IgE, and increased in blood neutrophilic granulocytes. Rezaei Zarchi et al (2012) reported, feeding the rats for 28 days at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg / kg of silver nanoparticles had no significant effect on WBC and H/L. Differences in results may be due to differences in injection method, location injection, injection depth, injection time, genetics, hen age, egg size and hatching conditions. In comparison with the control and 40 mg silver nanoparticles group at hatching, there was significant up-regulation of TNF-α, IL-6 and TGF-β gene expression in 20 mg silver nanoparticles injected embryos,. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a key cytokine involved in inflammation and immunity and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 induces the final maturation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells, thereby increasing the secretion of immunoglobulins (Balkwill 2009; Mosmann 1989). Silver nanoparticles can interact with the immune system by binding and reacting with cells or proteins, thereby modulating the immune response. In the present study, higher expression of TNF-α gene in the livers was observed in ovo injected silver nanoparticles embryos. These findings also support earlier studies by Khan et al (2013), who showed the gene expression of IL-6 and TNF-𝛼 were affected by 50nm GNPs in the kidneys of rats. Also Vadalasetty et al (2018) reported that expression of TNF-α and NF-kB at mRNA were significantly up-regulated in the 50ppm silver nanoparticles group.

    Conclusion

    The results of this study suggest that silver nanoparticles improve the immune response of broilers by improving growth and increasing the relative expression of genes involved in immune function.

    Keywords: Gene Expression, immune response, broiler chickens, Silver nanoparticles
  • Mina Behnam, Gholamali Moghaddam *, Hosein Daghigh Kia, Babak Ghasemi Panahi, Sahar Nategh Pages 95-105
    Introduction

    The need for artificial insemination in the ewe is to access fresh and frozen sperm. Cryopreservation is a suitable method for long-term storage of semen and sperm, but may cause a minor irreversible damage to the sperm cell, especially its membrane region (Khorramabadi et al., 2017). The oxidation of fatty acids leads to the production of free oxygen radicals (ROS). These radicals are necessary in normal conditions for certain physiological activities and sperm processes, but excessive production of ROS in the sperm can reduce membrane fluidity, DNA fracture, damage to proteins, and ultimately reduced sperm motility and fertility. (Bakhshayesh et al., 2017). Silymarin, the scientific name of Silbum marianum, is the English name Milk Thistle and is a potent inhibitor of oxidative stress as a potent antioxidant. Due to the nature of its friend fat, silymarin is firmly attached to the plasmid membrane compounds, thus preventing fracture and its collapse by increasing membrane strength. Increasing the amount of active oxygen species and lipid peroxidation disrupts mitochondrial membrane, decreases ATP and damage to sperm acesomes, which ultimately reduces the progression of sperm motility. (Kvasnikova et al., 2003). The mechanism of action of salimarin is through stimulation of the ribosomal RNA and protects the membrane from oxidative damage. They also stated that silymarin stimulates the activity of the antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (Wellington and Jarvis, 2001) . Silymarin improves the sperm motility and survival, sperm abnormalities, and preservation of the sperm membrane after freezing-thawing. Improvement of semen quality in both freezing and cooling is due to the strong silicomain antioxidant capacity (Fakorzai et al., 2008; Longpyram et al., 2013). .

    Objective

    Regarding the anti-oxidant effects of silymarin, this study aimed to investigate the effect of silymarin on storage of ram sperm.

    Materials and Methods

    In this research, four rams of pure ghee were used 2-3 years old and each ram was 6 times sperm. Sperm was performed twice a week by artificial vagina. After the sample was transferred to the laboratory, a series of preliminary evaluations including sample size, sample color, wave motion, total mobility, in-situ motion, progressive motion and live weight, and abnormal sperm and density were performed. If standards were met, Necessary (scaling over 2.5 billion sperm and progressive movement above 70%) dilution was performed with treatments. The diluents were prepared prior to sampling and placed in a bin Marie temperature of 37 ° C. Tris-based diluent was used to contain 2.73 g of tries, 1.4 g of fructose, 1 g of citric acid and 100 mg streptomycin in 100 ml sterile distilled water. To prepare the diluent, 73% of the prepared solution will be mixed with 20% egg yolk and 7% glycerol. In order to dilute the sprays from trace based diluent, egg yolk, semen collected with diluent without antioxidants (control) and silymarin 5 and 10 μg / ml mix After cooling for 90 minutes in the refrigerator and reaching 5 ° C, it was placed in 4 cm above the liquid nitrogen for 8-10 minutes and then immersed in liquid nitrogen. The post-mortem examinations of sperm quality properties included liveliness, total motion, progressive motion, integrity of the plasma membrane (tests) on days 0, 15, 30 of the experiment.

    Results

    According to the results of the experiment, the diluents containing the levels of silymarin significantly increased the total motion, progressive, live survival of ram sperm after the freeze-thawing process compared to the control group Were opened. Addition of different concentrations of silymarin was 5 and 10 μg with mean of 74.45% and 67.33%, respectively, compared to the control group, significantly increased the total sperm motility with mean of 68.07 and 60.95%, significantly Progressive motility of frozen ram sperm were frozen (p <0.01). According to the results, the in situ movement in the control group (5.92 ± 0.92) was lower than that of the 5 and 10 μg silymarin (6.38 ± 0.92) and (8.9 ± 0.92) respectively In the least amount.

    Conclusion

    Application of silymarin as an antioxidant in the ram sperm diluent system reduces oxidative damage and improves sperm quality properties such as mobility, viability and the health of acrosome and plasma membrane during freezing process. Was opened. Adding 5 μg of silymarin to diluted ram minus 10 μg and control group reduced fat peroxidation and also improved the structure and performance of sperm during storage.

    Keywords: Silymarin, Antioxidant, Freezing, sperm, Ram
  • MohammadHadi Khabbazan, hamid Amanloo, Davood Zahmatkesh, Ehsan mahjoubi Pages 107-117
    Introduction

    Human demand for goat milk and its products has been growing mainly because of their exclusive nutritional properties. Goat milk is rich in functional and healthy compounds such as bioactive peptides, conjugated linoleic acids and oligosaccharides. These nutritionally important compounds offer advantages for consumers of goat dairy products. Altered climatic conditions and decreased precipitations in many regions have led goat farmers to intensify and industrialize their production systems. For goat nutrition under intensive production systems, physical form of ration would be of productive and economic significance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding various physical forms of concentrate (mash, pelleted and textured) on milk production, nutritional behaviors, and blood parameteres of Murciano_Granadina dairy goats in Iran.

    Material and Methods

    This experiment was conducted in Magsal Commercial Dairy Goat Farm (4000 dairy goats; Qazvin, Iran) from January through March 2020. Thirty second parity goats in mid lactation (Murciano_Granadina) assigned to 3 treatments (10 goats per treatment). Treatments containing concentrate with form of 1) mash, 2) pelleted, or 3) textured. Feed and milk samples (from a.m. and p.m. milkings) were collected weekly for later analytical measurements. Feed was analyzed for NDF, crude protein, ether extract, and ash. Goats were weighed weekly just before the morning feed delivery. Milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, total solids, solids-nonfat, urea nitrogen, and total fatty acids . The data were analyzed using mixed models of SAS program.

    Results and Discussion

    Raw and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yields were greater (P < 0.01) for T or textured (1653 and 2074 g/d) than for P or pelleted (1372 and 1752 g/d) and M or mashed (1089 and 1439 g/d), respectively. Because of unchanged milk composition (P > 0.10), daily yields of milk fat, protein, lactose, SNF and total solids were also greater (P < 0.01) for T than for other treatments. As a result of increased total milk fat, protein, and solids yields, cheese yield estimates were greater (P < 0.01) for T than for other forms of concentrate. For example, milk fat yield was 17% and 36% greater for T than for P and M, respectively. These results demonstrated that goats fed T had better energy and nutrient balance than goats fed other treatments (Sanz Sampelayo et al., 1998). These data alongside feed sorting results suggest that feeding M (and likely P) might have adversely affected rumen conditions. Pelleting concentrate may increase the likelihood of subacute ruminal acidosis (Ebrahimi et al., 2020), and thus reduce nutrient intake and microbial protein synthesis. The present data for the first time reports that physical form of concentrate affects milk production of lactating dairy goats and that textured concentrate is superior to both pelleted and mashed concentrates.
    Feeding P instead of M improved yields of fat-corrected milk and milk protein, lactose, and total solids as well as feed efficiency (P < 0.05). In addition, orts were finer containing more concentrate for M than for P (P < 0.05). These data suggest that feeding P instead of M concentrate resulted in decreased feed sorting and improved nutrient assimilation by lactating dairy goats. Notable, dry matter intake was similar between M and P (P > 0.10), emphasizing the increased orts fineness and improved feed efficiency for P vs. M. It is obvious that because of more sorting, less concentrate (than predicted) was consumed for M than for P. It is also likely that M was degraded more rapidly in the rumen, suggesting induced ruminal acidosis. This cascade could reduce nutrient efficiency in M-fed goats than in other goats.In dairy cows, feeding steam-flaked corn grains instead of ground or dry-rolled grains have improved (Cooke et al., 2008; Yu et al., 1988), tended to improve (Zhong et al., 2008), or not affected (Shen et al., 2015; Dhiman et al., 2002) milk production. Steam-flaking and texturizing are to some extent similar, as they both produce feeds with larger and more uniform particles, when compared to grinding or dry-rolling. The improved milk production of goats fed T in the current study is consistent with the above-mentioned increases in milk production of cows fed steam-flaked corn grains. Feed efficiency or FCM to DMI ratio was improved by feeding T and P instead of M, which was due to the much improved milk yield in the T and P groups than in the M group. Milk urea N was similar among the treatments, probably suggesting that rumen ammonia and splanchnic urea outputs were not significantly affected by the treatments.Blood patameters (glucose, albumin, and NEFA) were not affected by treatments.Murciano-Granadina goats separation less in textured treatment than other treatments. Under the conditions of this experiment, the use of textured concentrate in the diet of Murciano-Granadina lactating goats has more advantages for consumption of mash and pelleted concentrate and leads to increased milk production and composition and improved feed efficiency.

    Conclusions

    The commercial dairy goat production is expanding worldwide. Improving feed efficiency and farm economics is, thus, a major goal. Findings provided new information that feeding lactating Murciano-Granadina dairy goats TMR with textured concentrates instead of pelleted and mashed concentrates minimized feed sorting, increased dry matter intake and milk production, and improved cheese yield estimates and feed efficiency. Feeding pelleted vs. mashed concentrate improved milk production and feed efficiency. Blood concentrations of glucose, NEFA, albumin and total protein were not affected by the physical form of concentrate. Results confirmed that feeding textured concentrate vs. both pelleted and mashed concentrates can significantly benefit feed efficiency, milk production, and cheese yield in lactating Murciano-Granadina dairy goats. Future studies on optimizing physical form of concentrate in relation to dietary forage source are warranted.

    Keywords: Murciano-Granadina, Milk, Pelleted, Physical form, Textured