فصلنامه تحقیقات حشره شناسی
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 53، بهار 1401)

Varroa spp. is an important ectoparasite in the honey bee that is distributed worldwide and it may cause to decrease in the population in the honey bee colonies. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of seasonal distribution of Varroa mite in apiaries of Kerman province from 2017-to 2018. 1500 hives were sampled randomly in different apiaries in the Kerman province. Detection of   Varroa spp. infestation in adults honey bees was conducted by Ether wash. The prevalence of Varroa spp infestation in apiaries was 32.9%. The highest frequency of infection in winter was determined as 46.6% and the lowest infection rate was found in spring (24%). The highest and lowest mean density rate of infestation were 33% and 17%.  Regarding the rate of prevalence of Varroa spp in the apiaries of Kerman province, it needs to have a regular control program in order to decrease the rate of infestation in this region.

Agonoscena pistaciae </em>Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) is the most important key pest of pistachio trees in Iran. Chemical control is the most effective and accessible method to control this pest. But, the environmental problems caused by the overuse of the synthetic insecticide have been a source of concern in recent years. Botanical insecticides are recognized as proper alternatives to conventional insecticides. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the toxicity of extracts from Achillea millefolium</em> L. (Asteraceae) and Carum copticum</em> L. (Apiaceae) against 5th</sup> instar nymphs of common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae </em>Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) under laboratory conditions..</em> Bioassay was carried out using a dipping technique. Probit analysis of concentration-mortality data was conducted to estimate the LC50</sub> value. The results showed that A</em>. millefolium</em> and C. copticum</em> extracts were effective on A. pistaciae.</em> C. copticum</em> with an LC50</sub> value of 749.95 mL/L was more toxic than A</em>. millefolium</em> (914.33 mL/L) on 5th</sup> instar nymphs of A. pistaciae</em>. But, according to the LC50</sub> values, no significant differences were observed between A</em>. millefolium</em> and C. copticum</em> 24 h post-treatment. Our results suggest that the extracts of A</em>. millefolium</em> and C. copticum</em> are suitable compounds to control of A. pistaciae</em>

Species diversity is one of the most significant indicators of changes in ecosystems. Due to their nutritional diversity, abundance, and ubiquity, mites can be a good representative of arthropods in the soil. Whereas Mesostigmatic mites are the largest in terms of number and distribution in Parasitiformes and are able to live among different terrestrial habitats, they can be of great ecological importance. Therefore, the diversity of stigmatic mites from the Macrochelidae family was studied in 2016 in Shiraz.

A total number of eight species of two genera belonging to the Macrochelidae family was identified and collected from 12 plant hosts in the parks of Shiraz. The highest number of samples was collected in spring and autumn. The highest to lowest samples were collected in October and July, respectively. Among the plant hosts, Piracanta with 109 samples and pine with 33 samples had the highest to lowest hosts, respectively. Biodiversity was calculated with Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Margalf, Pete, Manhink indices using Past 4.02 and Spss23 software

Macrocheles glaber (Muller, 1860) with 170 specimens (22%) and Glyptholaspis confusa (Foa) with 17 specimens (2.2%) had the highest and lowest frequencies, respectively.

  The highest values of Simpson index 0.8553 and Shannon 1.985 are related to winter, and the lowest values are 0.8235 and 1.834, respectively, related to summer while the Manning coefficient is 0.7 and the Margalf coefficient 1.315 and they are the lowest values in summer. The highest coefficients of Simpson and Shannon which are 0.8617 and 2.021 respectively, can be seen in Azadi Park.

Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporarium</em>) Westwood is one of the most important plant pests in Iran and the world. Due to the resistance of whiteflies to common insecticides and the harmful nature of these insecticides to the environment, new and safe compounds should be sought to combat this pest. Epile's new insecticide with a new combination while controlling this pest is also less dangerous for the environment Based on the Bioassay results, LC30 is considered a lethal concentration. The LC30 levels for the insecticides Epile, Abamecetin and Omidochloroprid were 1.31, 0.00448 and 0.00868 mg/lit. The results showed that the application of sub-lethal concentration of the treatments by spraying reduces the length of egg hatching period for the insecticides of Epile, Abacmetin and Omidchloroprid by 11.33, 5.45 and 4.53%, respectively, compared to the control and Epile is less than the length of the egg-related insecticide period. Also, Epile insecticide increased the length of  the larva period by 5.13% and the pupa period by 0.62% compared to the control. Also, the lifespan of adult insects was reduced by 38.64%, and in general, it reduces the lifespan of whitefly.

Braconid wasps (Braconidae) are one of the most important pest parasitoids. The function of parasitoids can be affected by the use of insecticides. In order to use biological control agents and pesticides simultaneously in pest management, it is necessary to know the effect of pesticides on biological control agents. In this study, the lethal and sub lethal effects of the flubendiamide, emamectin benzoate+lufenuron, thiocyclam and spinosad on the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor</em> (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were investigated. The LC50</sub> of spinosad on parasitoid wasps were 1.25 mg/L of active ingredient, which showed that this insecticide is the most toxic compound on this insect and LC50</sub> of thiocyclam, emamectin benzoate+lufenuron and flubendiamide were 19.99, 7.56 and 6.45 mg/L of active ingredient respectively, which were more toxic to this wasp, respectively. The results of bioassays on adult insects of parasitoid wasps showed that spinosad with LC30</sub> was 0.71 mg /L of active ingredient with high toxicity on adult insects compared to flubendiamide, emamectin benzoate+lufenuron and thiocyclam, which were LC30</sub>, 3.67, 4.26 and 14.44 respectively. According to the classification of the International Organization for Biological Control, spinosad was in the group of harmful insecticides and emamtectin benzoate + lufenuron and flubendiamide were in the group of moderately harmful insecticides. According to this classification, thiocyclam was classified as harmless insecticide on bracon wasp.

The black bean aphid, Aphis fabae </em>Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the most important pests of several cultivated crops throughout the world. The predatory bug Deraeocoris lutescens</em> (Schilling) (Hemiptera: Miridae) have privileged position in biological control of aphids such as the black bean aphid, A. fabae</em>. Recently, there has been a growing interest in research concerning the possible use of plant extracts as alternatives to synthetic insecticide. In the present study, the effect integration of natural enemy with commercial pesticides (pirimicarb and abamectin) and plant extracts Melia azedarach</em> and Peganum harmala</em>, to control of A. fabae</em> were investigated. The result showed, combination of plant extracts M. azedarach</em> and P. harmala</em> with natural enemy causes significant decrease in this pest population and M. azedarach</em> has less hazardous on natural enemies. Also, the effects of commercial pesticides and plant extracts on the prey consumption of natural enemies were evaluated. Totally, the results of these experiments indicated that the ethanolic extract of M. azedarach </em>and pirimicarb have a minimum impact on the mortality of natural enemies, and the ethanolic extract of M. azedarach </em>has a minimum impact on the feeding of natural enemies.