نشریه حکمرانی و توسعه
سال یکم شماره 4 (زمستان 1400)

Nowadays, there are different generations of humans in the society. It is obvious that each generation has different attitudes, perceptions and needs according to the social, historical, cultural and economic events they have experienced, and they explain and interpret the events around them in a very different way. In organizations, there are different generations of employees who have different expectations, characteristics and values. Recognizing these factors is also essential for attracting and retaining employees of each generation, and the existence of these diversities has made effective management of these generations a major challenge for organizations. The five generations that are the most common classification of human resource generations in the workplaces include the traditionalists, the babyboomer, generation X, generation Y, and generation Z. Therefore, in this article, these generations have been studied in workplaces so that by knowing them better, appropriate policies of each generation can be adopted.

In today's organizations and firms, organizational governance is defined as the interaction between the organization’s CEO and senior managers with the board of directors, shareholders, and beneficiaries. Organizational governance is important in all types of formal organizations, but more important in non-profit organizations whose beneficiaries are a large part of society. Using the grounded theory as the research method, this study has explored and the principles of organizational governance and explained them as an organizational governance model for Iranian non-profit organizations. The current study has an interpretive paradigm and a qualitative approach based on emergent Glaserian grounded theory as the research strategy. The understudy population was comprised of senior managers of not-for-profit organizations in Razavi Khorasan province, among which 10 people were investigated by conducting semi-structured interviews and purposeful sampling until reaching theoretical saturation. Gathered data were analyzed using MAXQDA qualitative analysis software and classified in the form of 50 primary and six secondary codes. Subsequently, the final model of the research was developed centered on the core category titled as "principles of governance in non-profit organizations." This model implies six principles of honesty, social justice, accountability, transparency, purity and trustworthiness, and relational interactions.

Due to major changes in the activities, procedures, and business of human resource management (HRM) over the past years, the "human resource managers' competency" has been taken into consideration by relevant organizations and associations. Identification of roles, which are expected of human resource management in global organizations, provides the main framework for developing competency models for human resource managers. Furthermore, such models do not consider personal competencies. The present study aimed to improve the competency-based human resource management model by Dave Ulrich. The statistical population consisted of 180 human resource managers and employees who were selected by census sampling. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was equal to 0.76. The research method had a descriptive-analytical type and used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results confirmed the validity and reliability of the competency factors and tools.

The objective of current study is to evaluate the impact of the rentier income including strategic rent and natural resource rent on the state capacity in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs) from 2002 to 2017. Method To estimate the impact of unreaned income on the state capacity, cross-sectional regression analysis is used in this research project by adopting the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. Besides, various methods are used for robustness check and addressing the Endogeneity problem. Based on the findings of this research project, unearned income is one of the influential determinants of the state capacity formation in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs) from 2002 to 2017. In the mentioned years, strategic rent had had a positive impact on the state capacity and natural resource rent had a negative impact on the state capacity.Findings of this research project proves that unearned income as one the main source of public revenue is an influential determinants of the state capacity in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs) from 2002 to 2017. Although, we have to consider that two main categories of the unearned income has different impacts on the state capacity in the mentioned countries. Findings of this research project proves that after the Paris declaration in 2005 about the aid effectiveness and adopting reform policies by aid donors, strategic rent has had a positive impact on the state capacity in the Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs). On the other hand, regarding the negative influence of natural resource rent on the state capacity, the situation is more complicated. Because of the natural resource trap phenomenon, defining required incentives for political elites and governors in these countries is very difficult. According to the findings of the cross-sectional regression analysis, oil rent is the main cause of natural resource curse in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs).

This study aimed to investigate the rationality of public policy with  Meta-synthesis  Research. While systematically reviewing the resources found in the field of rationality in policy-making, the Meta-synthesis research method has selected 44 sources from 395 sources found. The research findings showed that 176 primary codes and 36 components or the main concept were identified in the form of 8 categories of political, economic, empirical, legal, moral, religious, instrumental and normative rationality among the extracted codes. The frequency of rationalities is political, legal, practical, economic, normative, communicative, instrumental, religious and moral rationality Respectively .The category of political rationality has the highest frequency among the studied sources. Based on the research findings, it is concluded that the diversity and multidimensionality of the studied phenomena in public policy making requires that policy making researchers use a variety of systematic methods to make policy-makers decisions in the field of policy analysis in a way that is easier and more convenient.

Expenditures and investments on employee training and development are justifiable when they subsequently be applied by people in their jobs and lead to personal and organizational performance improvement. In this field, “training transfer” has become one of the most important concerns of experts and researchers in the area of organizational training. Despite of previous researches numerous efforts in describing the causal conditions and factors influencing training transfer, the existing knowledge in this field is scattered and the gap and importance of integrating previous research findings in an integrative model is obvious. Considering the existence of sufficient secondary data in the related literature, in this study, researchers collected and synthesized the scattered data among three disciplines of management, psychology, and instructional technology by applying meta-synthesis method and systematic study of 69 previous articles. As a result, the study led to presenting a tri-level and multidisciplinary “training transfer” model in organizations. Since in this study, all accessible related secondary data were synthesized, it can be expected that its findings can be a suitable foundation for the related future studies and be able to decrease the potential mistakes in wrong executive and/or unidimensional research approach toward this multi-dimensional concept. At the end, besides discussion on the findings, some future research directions are also presented.