نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 117، اردیبهشت 1401)

Investigating the importance of the position of the environment and the principle of equity in determining the boundaries of land borders (Emphasis on the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice) The International Court of Justice, as the judicial body of the United Nations, has an irreplaceable role in determining the boundaries of land borders between countries. The Court does this with the tools at hand, that is, with respect for the stability of border and territorial treaties, the principle of legal possession and effective domination, and in this regard, its auxiliary tools are principles such as fairness and so on. It must be said; if in the past, the factor of force and power determined the boundaries, but today, the agreement determines the boundaries. Principles such as fairness, etc., all reflect the factor of agreement to determine the boundaries of land borders. In some cases; Some justifications have been raised by the parties to territorial and border disputes before the International Court of Justice, but the Court has not substantiated these justifications, and although in some cases, such as the environment, it has turned its attention to these documents, He has never considered them as a factor in determining the boundaries of land, and the issue of the environment is one of the unacceptable justifications for the acquisition of land ownership by the International Court of Justice. In this descriptive-analytical study, an attempt has been made to examine the importance of the status of the environment and the principle of fairness in determining the boundaries of land borders (with emphasis on the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice).

Landfill leachate contains heavy metals that cause toxic effects on water and soil near landfills. Phytoremediation is one of the control methods in which native plants with accumulation ability are used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation strength of heavy metals by nettle from leachate.

In the present study, after collecting nettle seeds from Tonekabon landfill, they were planted in 16 pots and after the 6-leaf stage, placed under four concentrations of fresh leachate (0, 30, 60 and 100%) and after the growth period, the amount of metals Heavy (by atomic absorption spectrometer) and morphological traits were measured.

The result showed that with increasing leachate concentration, the amount of heavy metals in all organs increased (Ni> Pb > Cd> Ar) and the aerial parts were more absorbed. In parallel with this result, dry weight factors of stem and leaf, root and leaf area index also decreased. Calculation of TF> 1 in nettle organs showed its ability to be more accumulative in the face of leachate.

Bioremediation with using of native plants and accumulators to remove heavy metals is a low cost and environmentally friendly method. Nettle is a native and wild plant that grows in landfills in the north of the country and due to its accumulative power, it is a suitable species for clearing the soil of heavy metals.

The increase in development of urban spaces has caused the phenomenon of urban heat island. One of the main factors that disrupts the rain cycle, reduces relative humidity in urban environments, and ultimately raises the temperature is the reduction of permeable surfaces and green spaces in cities. The heat island is intensified in the city center and in high-traffic areas. The purpose of this study was to modulate this phenomenon at the central part of Tehran and to provide solutions to adjust the temperature.

This research was carried out in two phases by using a simulation method. In the first phase (on an urban block scale) the current situation and the situation proposed by the authors were simulated using Ladybug and Dragon Fly to compare UTCI index and dry-bulb temperature. In the second phase, part of the studied urban block was selected and the micro-climatic model were simulated in three modes of the current, proposed and the optimal situation with Envi-met on August 6, 1998. Subsequently, the effect of building materials, floors with different permeability, grass, trees and water on wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, radiant temperature and carbon dioxide concentration was studied.

Finally, the optimal model that included trees, water, grass, permeable materials, trees and green roofs reduced the temperature (to four degrees), irradiation temperature (4 to 5 degrees), the carbon monoxide concentration and wind speed and meanwhile increased the relative humidity up to 10% compared to the current situation.

The results indicated that the UTCI index was adjusted as urban green infrastructure and permeable pavement increased. The tree also had the greatest effect on lowering the temperature than other parameters.

Industrial and occupational accidents mostly have adverse consequences. Analyzing the accidents to identify how and why they happened has been one of the key subjects in safety engineering. Tripod-Beta model is one of the most widely-used models for accidents investigation, which step by step identifies the causes of accidents occurrence. However, the role of human factors, as one of the most important causes of accidents, has not noticeably been addressed in this model. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to enhance Tripod-Beta model based on human factors engineering.

In this research, Tripod-Beta model has been enhanced applying TRACEr in a way that the improved model is able to identify and analyze the human errors involved in accidents occurrence in terms of four elements: external error modes, internal error modes, psychological error mechanisms and performance shaping factors. The new model was then applied to investigate some of the accidents happened in Esfahan’s Mobarakeh Steel Company.

In the enhanced model, two tables of “external-based human error” including 5 preconditions and 11 underlying causes, and “internal-based human error” including 7 preconditions and 11 underlying causes have been added to the primary model. Also, one group named “human factors” has been incorporated into the basic risk factors of the old model.

Considering the applicability of the new model to investigate the selected accidents, the meaningfulness of the results of the accidents analyses, and also the capability of the model in identifying the accidents causes related to human factors, this can be inferred that the enhanced model has the appropriate validity.

Today, with the entry of Persian squirrel species by humans into the foothills of Alborz mountain range, especially Qazvin and Alborz provinces, it has caused damage to the environment and local communities. The aim of this study was to provide a structural model of attitudes of gardeners damaged by the infestation of Persian Squirrels in Qazvin and Alborz provinces for efficient management and control of squirrel invasion in the region.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection, it is of survey type. In this study, a questionnaire was used in Alborz and Qazvin provinces. Validity of the questionnaire from three methods; Convergent validity, Factor Analysis and Divergent validity was used; And for the reliability of the questionnaire in two methods; Cronbach's alpha and sequential theta were used and the questionnaire was reviewed and validated; The statistical population of gardeners is damaged; Its size was estimated based on the Cochran's formula of 392 people. Then the structural equation model with partial least squares method was used to estimate the Unknown parameters of the model used.

Research findings showed, the degree of agreement with control strategies, Knowledge about squirrels and ethical considerations are the most important determinants of a reliable level 99% P≤0.01 Respectively with effect coefficients 0.330, 0.256, -0.258 has a Meaningful effect on attitudes damaged gardeners. our other findings showed that the damage factor as an independent external factor added to the model had the most significant effect on the 99% confidence level of P P≤0.01 on the attitude of ethical considerations, beliefs, squirrel control feasibility and agreement with control strategies; There is with effect coefficients -0.236, -0.172, -0.175, 0.244.

The results of the study indicate that increasing knowledge and awareness about the effects and harms of squirrel invasion in the region is the main factor in increasing public support for control management or eradication of invasive squirrels.

To determine and zonation of flood prone hazardous area and prioritization the sub-basins in terms of flood potential can have great contributions in promising watershed management. The present research aims to prioritize flood and sedimentation potential in the sub-basins of the Bonekooh watershed using TOPSIS, SAW, ELECTRE and VIKOR methods.

In this present study, we used area estimation indices, drainage density, gravel coefficient, basin average height, basin average slope, curve number, sediment yield, cover percentage, sediment delivery ratio, runoff height and concentration time as an important indicators affecting water permeability, runoff production and, consequently, the potential for flooding and sedimentation. Then, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, the weight of each index is met. Following the formation of decision matrix with 18 options (sub-basins) and 11 criteria (evaluation index), Technique for order Preference by Similarity to ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Elimination Et Choice Translation Reality (ELECTRE) and Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) techniques were used to prioritize sub-basins. Borda and Copland methods were used to combine the rank of proposed techniques. The residual sum of squares (RSS) method was used to determine the closest method to the final result. Also, in order to validate the models, we estimated the percentage change and the intensity of the changes.

The results showed that the highest runoff height index (0.18) and the gravel coefficient had the lowest weight (0.028), according to experts. Prioritization results showed that in SAW, TOPSIS and VIKOR methods, sub-zones 9, 4, and 2 ranked first to third priorities respectively and are in a more critical situation, but in the ELECTRE approach sub-basins 9, 4, 2 and 7, respectively, have the first to third priorities. Considering the results of the combined ranking of the proposed techniques, sub-basins 9, 4 and 2 are in first to third priority, respectively, and have a more critical situation than the rest of the sub-basins. Also, zones with flood and sedimentation potential in the area showed that 32% of the area in high and very high risk. The results of the sum squared error showed that the VIKOR method had the least error and the ELECTRE method had the most error than the final ranking. Also, the TOPSIS and VIKOR methods with the lowest percentage of change (59.72%) were ranked first and the ELECTRE method with the highest percentage change (65.27%) is the last rank. The lowest intensity was also observed in the VIKOR method (4.59) and the highest intensity variation was observed in ELECTRE method (5.61).

Therefore, it can be said that multi-criteria decision-making techniques are a practical and appropriate approach for better decision-making based on mathematical sciences and optimization. Therefore, these types of low-cost and fast-track research can be prioritized to protect watersheds.

Porcupine (Hystrix indica) is the largest rodent found in Iran and causes a lot of damage to protected areas and forest plantations every year.

investigation of the environment and damage to trees in Sefidkouh forest of Doureh Chegini city of Lorestan province was performed using transect method and marking damaged trees between 2011-2015, which finally, damage to damaged trees with different criteria and characteristics were determined. Also, three conventional methods of fencing, hedging and crimping were used to control the porcupine damage.

The study of porcupine damage to trees showed that it had an increasing trend during the years under study and among the existing tree species (Persian oak, fig and almond) only oak trees were damaged. The highest damage of porcupine was observed in spring on trees with a diameter class of 25-50 cm. Also, the most damage to tree trunks was observed at a height class of 40-60 cm, and the thickness of the bark of tree trunks fed by porcupine was between the two classes of <1 cm and 1-1.5 cm. Among the direct and indirect damages caused by porcupine, peeling the tree has caused the most damage to the stems.The results of Spearman correlation between the variables of degree of damage with tree form, diameter class, bark thickness, time of damage showed a positive and significant relationship between the degree of damage caused by porcupine to Quercus brantii trees with diameter class, time of damage and there was negative and significant relationship between the degree of damage with the thickness of the bark and the form of the tree. The results of mechanical control of the porcupine had significant difference in the three methods of hedge fencing and crimping, so that the fencing method was effective in controlling this rodent.

Porcupine causes damage to oak trees, especially in the protected areas of Zagros forests due to the conservation and protection conditions of these forests and mechanical control methods are effective in controlling the damage of this rodent.

With the development of nanotechnology and materials science, however, these materials also have been used increasingly with the potential toxic effects of many unknown substances and many nano-particles were built with new properties and new despite. Therefore, in this study the effects of feeding with different sources of iron and zinc in the tissue of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were measured.

For this purpose, 420 common carp (with an average initial weight 45±4.7 g) was prepared, the fish sterilization and adapted to the laboratory conditions for 10 days. Then fish were randomly divided into seven groups, the first group was considered as control groups respectively and other fish received values ​​of 10, 50 and 100 micrograms of iron and zinc nano-particles per gram of food for 60 days.

Microscopic studies of organs (liver, kidney) study showed that increasing the concentration of nano-materials could have more evenly histopathological lesions in the liver tissue and cells. In the medium and low concentrations of both nano-particle and in high doses of iron nano-particles, by removing the inducer tissues could again resume their physiological activity, but in high doses, unlike the iron nano-particles, the repair tissue was not resumable.

 From the above results it can be concluded that increasing the concentration of the nano-particles could increase tissue damage and can be considerable factors.

Environmental Law, enjoying a unique position in various legal systems of countries, is one of the significant majors of Public Law. The importance of the topic is due to the fact that Sustainable Development, as a fundamental concept, could only be achieved through its relation with this legal filed. Great importance has been attached to this matter to the extent that it has been identified as a necessary process by international conventions. Recently, in Iran’s legal system, the Environment Law has been studied within the framework of Community Law breaching of which would be subject to criminal punishment. The main goal of the present study is to elaborate on the claim right essence of the Environmental Law and to provide required protective solutions. In this article, the legal foundation of the Environmental Law has been reviewed and it has been revealed that the legislative body of the country, in spite of its claim-right nature, has not been successful in this regard and it is also possible to recognize Environmental Law as a Sustainable Development right.

The main objective of this research is to determine the key drivers for the sustainable development of machine carpet industry and to determine the scenarios for the future of sustainable development of Iranian carpet industry.

In this research, using two methods of structural analysis and scenario analysis, first, identifying the key factors affecting the sustainable development of Iran's machine carpet industry and then developing future scenarios. Subsequently, using one of the soft opreation research tools that include soft systems methodology, these scenarios will become better. Initial research data were collected using interviews with Iranian carpet managers and experts and reviewing the literature and the background of the research. The data were analyzed through a questionnaire of expert opinion and using Mic-Mac software.

Among the 34 key factors extracted, by reviewing the literature and interviewing the experts, key factors entered the checklist questionnaire, and the 16 key factors, according to their assumptions related to them at 0.05, were selected according to experts' opinion.

 Based on the results of the research, two factors of Business conditions and weakness in design were considered as influential variables in the sustainable development of Iran's machine carpet industry and finally, four scenarios of blossoming, lazy actors, disasters and the unpredictable world were presented.