نشریه مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 32، بهار و تابستان 1401)

Textbooks are considered by social science thinkers to be one of the most important tools for inducing political culture and socializing students. Among the textbooks taught in junior high school, social studies textbooks play the most important role in political socialization and the transformation of political culture in adolescents. This study is aimed to investigate the typology of political culture in high school social studies textbooks for the first year of the 2017-17 academic year based on the theory of Almond and Verba. The method of this research is among the quantitative content analysis researches. The statistical population of the study includes the civic section of all high school social studies textbooks in the first grad. For doing the research, the components of Almond and Verba political culture were extracted according to the political categories of the studied books. Findings show that there is no considered output for the political system in the studied books, there is no category in the field of participation in the textbooks of social studies in the first year and only the categories of awareness and expectations have been focused. It has been noted that attention to awareness has been more than expected. In general, the induced political culture of the studied books is of the parochial-subjective one.

Regardless of the type of work; Looking at work, understanding and interpreting it, and the mindset that is formed around this social construction, is somehow effective in creating, promoting and developing motivations and tendencies to work, and affects people's actions and consequently their efficiency. The purpose of this research is to understand and interpret of work from the perspective of Kurdish workers living in Yazd. For this purpose, after interviewing 30 workers and reaching theoretical richness, the text of the interviews was implemented and important categories were extracted by using the grounded theory, and after interpreting the categories, a paradigm model was presented. The findings indicate the classification of the participants in two dominant spectrums: This means that some of them looked at the issue of working with a positive view, for them, work was the manifestation of agency, also, this group of people considered work to be exciting and tried to be loyal to their work as much as possible, and despite some structural limitations, solutions such as accepting a new position and changing their mentality have been their tactics to overcome challenges. But on the other side of the spectrum and with the predominance of negative views, work has been introduced as the destroyer of human creativity and identity, and also it has been represented in connection with social determinism. In fact, according to the statements of the latter category, work is a place where agency is limited and man suffers from self-alienation; That's why these people consider work boring and use every opportunity to violate their commitment at work. These two types of views on work at a more general and macro level shape the work culture and come to the fore in the society, of course, this relationship is not one-way and the work culture of any society can shape the way people's look at work.

The purpose of this article is to explore the origins and goals of specific social movements and activities in virtual social networks known as "campaigns". With the emergence of online social, the formation of public opinion and social movements in the world and also Iran took a different form.The current qualitative research was conducted with the aim of typology of online social campaigns (based on their goals) in Iran during 2011 and 2017. In order to achieve this goal, theoretical sampling to the point of data saturation have been done by studying 25 campaigns that were published in the online platforms of Instagram, Telegram, Twitter, news agencies and websites during the desired period, considering structural identity-oriented theories especially the information society theory of Castels and by using the virtual ethnography method. After the thematic analysis of the data, four types of main campaigns were identified based on the objectives, including environmental campaigns, protest campaigns, moral (public) campaigns, and cultural campaigns. In this research, it was found that although social campaigns and social movements cannot be closely related or separated, but by introducing online social campaigns as a type of new social movements in Iran, which are at least an introduction to social movements, It deals with the importance and need of local researches in this field. Finally, it turned out that most Iranian campaigns are about social issues &problems.

One of the most controversial issues among the downtrodden and the urban poor is their work and fallacy, which they refer to as informal occupations. This issue, which is a significant part of Iran's economy, is expanding day by day due to structural adjustment policies, and urban downtowns are one of the main victims of this trend. Understanding the perceptions and perceptions of urban slum dwellers about their work and informal activities in society is something that this article seeks to study. The researcher has used a qualitative method and an interpretive phenomenological approach with the aim of recognizing, describing and explaining this matter. The interviewees were 23 residents of Naysar Sanandaj who were engaged in informal jobs who were interviewed in depth and semi-structured. Participants were selected by purposive sampling. Findings from the description and narrative of Nayser subordinates of the work include 6 main categories Coping with Unwanted Suffering - Alternative to Unemployment - Fluid or Unstable Living Lifestyle - Institutionalizing Informal Work: Source of Livelihood - Anomic-Based Income Generation. The findings show that the perception of the underprivileged of working in Naysar Sanandaj as a fluid and unstable lifestyle in the face of a kind of anomic-oriented income-generating process and as an alternative to the growing unemployment with which the underprivileged live.

Divorce as a social problem has an increasing trend, especially in the last two decades. Various studies have listed different factors for the occurrence of divorce. One of these factors is the power structure or decision-making system in the family. In the present study, using the National Family Survey data in Iran, the effect of family decision-making system on the tendency to divorce has been investigated. In addition, the question arises as to whether the relationship between the power structure and divorce is influenced by individuals' gender attitudes or not? The statistical population of this study is people 15 years of age or higher that lived in urban areas of the country in 1397 and the sample size is 2768 married people. According to the findings, .9 Percent of urban families (equivalent to 167 thousand families) were on the verge of divorce in 1397 and 1.2 percent (equivalent to about 223 thousand families) were in critical conditions and close to divorce. The results of this study showed that in the group with traditional gender attitudes, the decision-making system in the family does not have a significant effect on the tendency to separation and divorce. But in the group with a modern gender attitude, the decision-making system has a significant effect on the tendency to divorce; As possibility of divorce has decreased from 18% in the group with individual decision-making system to 2.5% in the group with collective decision-making system.

Gender-based violence indicates the asymmetry of social relations between men and women in various fields, and the traces of violence in patriarchy require that gender-based violence be examined from the perspective of men.Studies have often analyzed gender-based violence from the perspective of women and neglected the context and consequences of violence from the perspective of men.Accordingly, the present study intends to identify the contexts, reasons and consequences of gender-based violence in women's individual and social lives by referring to men and re-reading men's experience and understanding of gender-based violence.The present study was conducted using qualitative methodology and grounded theory among a sample of Sanandaji men. Targeted sampling method and maximum variety were used to select the samples and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. In the research sample, 30 men aged 32 to 46 years old from Sanandaj participated.The results indicate that areas such as patriarchy, gender socialization and  disorder in recognition are involved in gender-based violence.Among these are the weakness of the law and official agents, the disparity of couples, the limitation of authority and inconsistency in home management as a facilitator and inconsistency and structural pressure, social comparison, and social networks and the porn industry as conditions of intervention have acted. Semantic reconstruction of men's experience and perception implies normalization of violence, insecurity of public space, women as motivators, and fear of female domination And from the perspective of the men studied, women resorted to strategies such as fear of pointing fingers, secrecy, despair and emotional confrontation, and egalitarianism and challenging masculine authority to deal with violence, with Consequences such as mental disorder, learned helplessness and persistence of domination, social isolation, family disorder and conflict, the spread of mistrust, and retaliation for women.The category of nucleus also refers to "gender-based violence as a continuation of Men's Supremacy, which refers to the symbolic and institutional violence of women in the informal, public and formal spheres in the field under study.

The current research has been conducted with the aim of identifying the bases, causes and consequences of these abnormalities among teenagers with an emphasis on secondary school girls. The current study was conducted using a qualitative method based on the grounded theory method. In order to identify hidden sexual relations, using the purposeful sampling method and the combined strategies of theoretical and snowball sampling, interviews were conducted with 30 female secondary school students of one of the high schools in Shazand city as a study sample, and after coding and categorizing, drawing a model Paradigmatic bases, causal factors, intervenors and consequences of these abnormal hidden sexual relations have been analyzed. The hidden illicit sexual relations identified among female students include: the phenomenon of extramarital relations, the phenomenon of premarital sex, and the phenomenon of sexual sadism and masochism. Based on the data collected from sample people in open coding and axial coding, in general, 10 categories were obtained for background conditions, 9 causal conditions, 7 interfering conditions, and 10 categories for consequences. For each phenomenon, a paradigm model in 4 sections was obtained based on the categories. which include causal conditions, contexts and contexts, intervening conditions and consequences are presented. The study of hidden abnormal sexual relations showed that the existence of these deviations has spread significantly and there is a need to seriously plan in the field of sexual socialization and parents' relations with girls. Neglecting and covering up these deviations under the pretext of their being taboo will not help other than to increase the depth of the consequences of these deviations.

This article has been compiled with the aim of investigating the relationship between social health and marital satisfaction. The statistical population includes all married (female) students studying at Payame Noor University in the center of Gonbad. The statistical population was 400 people, of which 200 people were randomly selected using the Cochran's sample size estimation formula. The theories used in this study were Gronberg spread and ecological systems. The research method is descriptive. The research tool is Keys standard social health and Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaires. Findings showed: There is a positive and direct relationship between social prosperity, social solidarity, social acceptance and marital satisfaction. In regression analysis, all independent variables of social health (social participation, social prosperity, social acceptance, social solidarity and social cohesion) were entered into the equation and finally explained about 50% of the variance of the variable of marital satisfaction. In modeling the structural equations of the variable of marital satisfaction, most of the variables show a high correlation with their respective structures. The social participation variable has a factor load of 0.81, which indicates that 65.61% of the estimated common variance in this variable is determined by the social health factor. In path analysis based on the final structural model, it can be said that the social health of the structure had an effect on marital satisfaction. The result is that social health is a predictor of marital satisfaction.

The existing data for the past few decades indicate that the Iranian society is struggling with a widespread crisis of trust. The global distribution of trust based on WVS data shows Iran among the low-trust countries (with 15% of population trusting others), while other societies such as Scandinavian countries, the Netherlands, and China have reported trust levels above 60%, others such as Australia, Canada, Switzerland, South Africa, and Vietnam are between 40 and 60%, and scores of less than 10% have been reported for low-trusting countries such as some African countries and the new states formed out of the former Yugoslavia that have either experienced a civil war, genocide, or are run by drug cartels. In this article, we have studied the changes in the level of trust in three areas – general trust, political trust, and institutional trust. The empirical data show a decline in all these three areas. What adds to the seriousness of this declining trust is the close association between trust and other indicators of societal well-being. We have discussed the implications of this situation by placing the empirical findings in two conceptual frameworks. In one framework -- in which the society is understood as a triangle of state, market, and community – the decline of trust is taken as a sign of the decline of community and, consequently, the rise of the power of state and market. This is reflected at both institutional and individual levels, as evident in the rise of ‘governmental-public-sector’ and ‘selfish individualism’. In the second framework, the findings are situated in a 2X2 matrix of high/low social/political trust. Of the four possible combinations in this matrix, the situation in Iran seems to be corresponding with a low/low combination on both dimensions, the most likely outcomes of which are crisis and chaos/disintegration. Altogether, the data indicate that Iran is facing a deep, serious, and worrisome crisis of trust -- a situation that requires a thorough and well-thought response based on a scientifically robust, precise, and empirical account of the current situation. This article is a step in that direction.

Aiding is a type of action that is related to both the dimensions of human ontology and historical and cultural contexts. Today, as a result of the conditions of globalization on the one hand and the accumulation of risks on the other hand, the culture of aiding has become a part of the public discourse and the subject of attention of governments. The purpose of the present study is to discover and analyze the reasons for aiding among the students of Yazd universities during the Covid-19 pandemics. The present study is a qualitative study in which the participants are the leaders of student groups and front-line activists in the first and second waves of the epidemic. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus groups and analyzed using thematic analysis. From the data analysis, four themes of religious-political motivation, altruism, responsibility and inner satisfaction were extracted. In fact, the activism of aiding in this pandemics can be related to the internal drives of the participants, which is strengthened under the discourse of the media and the conditions of globalization. On the other hand, religious and political motivations to be among the effective boosters of aiding action, which are rooted in the historical and cultural contexts of Iranian society. The outstanding result of this type of action has been a kind of inner satisfaction for the participants. It is suggested that the socio-cultural foundations of the society should be smooth and receptive to different groups of people, including student groups, in order to strengthen the discourse of altruism and social tolerance. The strengthening of the mentioned components is suggested by the relevant policy makers.

Proverbs are an important part of popular culture and oral literature of various human societies that are collectively constructed and reflects their cultural foundations. Because Laki's proverbs, which is influenced by ethnic and tribal social structure and is rooted in their beliefs and lived experiences, evidence and examples are found that indicate the construction and reproduction of violence. The present article intends to social understanding of violence and its forms in the lived experience of Lak people, which are represented in Laki's proverbs. The theoretical approach is based on the views of David Metza, Nisbet and Cohen, Parsons's theory of action, Robert Connell's concept of masculinity and Derrida's theory of linguistic violence. according to this research, guide questions are: in Laki's proverbs, what is the perception of violence? How many are classified violence in to general categories? what role does violence play in the acquisition of male and female gender identities? What is the common, unifying, and final theme that represents the meaning of violence in the Lak people? Data (proverbs) by examining collected documents and after verification and thematic analysis through interviews with 20 men 50 years and older who are knowledgeable about Laki popular culture, were analyzed by "qualitative content analysis". Findings show: the proverbs denoting the representation of the violence or are meant to encourage violence are categorized into four main classes including verbal violence, dominance-oriented violence, encouragement of violence, and violence and hostility. Violence is the cause of within-group convergence and is regarded as a solution to resolve social issues of main research sample. Violence is represented in different forms such as anger, humiliation and insult, discrimination against women, and threat to use violence. A consistency and convergence are reported between violence and male identity. Masculinity refers to those people who are capable of applying violence. In these proverbs, a desirable attitude and perception exists with regard to violence in the sense that violence has equal status similar to sanctimonious religious concepts. It seems that such attitude towards violence is a social outcome having ethnic and tribal structure and context in which each group has supply its own security. Therefore, in such society men had achieved an excellent status and position as fighting forces and suppliers of security.

The aim of the present research was to clarify the relationship between media consumption, the content of media consumption and emotional divorce among married women in Shiraz. Online social networks have a significant contribution in transferring various cultures into the family structure, which has overshadowed human communication, including communication between couples. In such a way that it can be said that if these communication technologies are not used properly, it will cause emotional divorce between couples. On the other hand, the messages and texts that are published in the virtual space contain topics centered on women and their rights, which can indirectly affect emotional divorce. Zygmont Bauman's theory of fluid love and Gerbner's media theory of planting have been used in this research. The research method, survey and statistical population of the research include married women aged 18 to 45 in Shiraz. Based on Cochran's formula, the total sample size is 400 people. The statistical population was obtained using the cluster random sampling method. The findings show that the independent variable of media consumption with a beta of 13% was able to directly affect the dependent variable, namely emotional divorce. Also, the media consumption variable has a direct effect on media content with a beta of 24%, and media content has an indirect effect on emotional divorce with a beta of 4%. The results of this research show that there is a relationship between media consumption, media content and emotional divorce.

This study aims to perform a study exploring the experience of Child Marriage among divorcees in Kerman City based on a qualitative approach. The objective of this study is defined as finding a paradigm according to activists’ attitudes and interpretations toward Child Marriage, among divorcees. Participants are chosen by using purposive sampling and it is based on the theoretical saturation principle including 14 divorcees in Kerman City who got married under 18, and in this research Grounded Theory is used as the methodology of the study. Some categories which were found are as follow : not having a family to support, weak marriage laws, poverty, patriarchy, paternal authority, customs, religious and cultural beliefs, not having a clear understanding of the identity, being mentally and physically hurt, having the experience o f violence, inability to share responsibilities, being powerless and unable to make a decision, not being interested in marriage and family life, separation and divorce ; and the core category is rethinking about “self” in the early separation of the child.