نشریه دانش کشاورزی و تولید پایدار
سال سی و دوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

To evaluate the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen levels on agronomic traits and nitrogen efficiency indices of corn

This experiment was performed during 2016 and 2017 in the Animal Science Research Farm of Alborz Province as a split plot and in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include nitrogen fertilizer at four levels (0, 50, 100, 200 kg.ha-1) as the main plots and biofertilizer at eight levels (no inoculation, Aztobacter, Mycorrhiza, Azospirillum, Aztobacter + Mycorrhiza, Aztobacter + Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza + Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza + Azotobacter + Azospirillum) as sub-plots were considered.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of nitrogen fertilizers on forage yield was significant. The results showed that increasing nitrogen application to 200 kg.ha-1 increased forage yield. The use of biofertilizers, either alone or in combination in all nitrogen fertilizer applications, increased forage yield. But the combined effect of biofertilizers had the greatest effect. However, the increase in yield was higher at lower levels of nitrogen fertilizer, especially in the control treatment (no nitrogen application). The highest nitrogen agronomical efficiency was observed in the treatment of 50 kg.ha-1 and in this case, the difference between the biofertilizer treatments was more obvious, so that the combined use of biofertilizers had the highest nitrogen agronomical efficiency.

Combined application of biofertilizers with less nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg.ha-1) can improve the nitrogen use efficiency in corn production while achieving acceptable grain and forage yield.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of fertilizer types on growth characteristics, essential oil content and element uptake of two savory species and to identify savory species compatible with regional conditions.

field experiment as a factorial study based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the north of Lorestan, Iran in 2017-2019. The first factor was assigned to three mycorrhizal fungi (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus irregularis, and G. fasciculatum), phosphate biofertilizer (Baravar-2), fish manure (800 kg ha-1), cattle manure (20 t ha-1), vermicompost (5 t ha-1), and control (no fertilization) and the second factor was assigned to two savory species including Satureja khuzestanica and S. rechingeri.

The results of the combined analysis of variance for the second and third years showed that the simple effects of fertilizers and species were significant on all recorded traits. The highest plant height (39.16 cm), number of lateral branches (29.58), leaf area index (0.79), plant dry weight (4.15 t ha-1), essential oil content (5.53%), essential oil yield (22.92 kg ha-1), leaf N, P, K and Fe contents (3.78, 1.91, 4.18, and 466.25 mg kg-1), were obtained from the foliar application of vermicompost.

Except for essential oil content and yield. According to the results, the foliar application of vermicompost at a rate of 5 t ha-1 can contribute to the sustainable production of both savory species and improving their growth and essential oil yield.

The world approach to produce the crops is toward the qualitative and quantitative increase in the performance of herbs via the managerial methods, such as applying the biofertilizers and reducing the use of the chemical fertilizers.

This research was done as a split-plot in completely random block design with three replications in Fasa County in 2021. The first factor of the irrigation intervals included: 25, 50, and 75 percent drainage of available moisture, and the second factor included 100 percent of chemical fertilizer needed, 10 tons of vermicompost per hectare, 10 tons of vermicompost per hectare along with the biofertilizer super nitroplus, super nitroplus fertilizer and the control treatment (no fertilizers).

The results showed that in 25 percent moisture drainage level, the highest nitrogen of leaves, chlorophyll content and biological performance at 100% chemical requirement was obtained. But, in 25% moisture drainage, most of these characteristics in the vermicompost were accompanied with biofertilizer which did not show a significant difference compared to 100% chemical fertilizer. Biofertilizer increased catalase and peroxidase enzyme activity. Chemical fertilizer and vermicompost and biofertilizer also increased seed performance compared to treatment 8 to 12%. Applying only biofertilizer increased Cuminum cyminum L. percentage of the essence. But, the lowest amount of it was observed when chemical fertilizer and control.

To sum up, the results of this research showed that the vermicompost and biofertilizer in most cases can compete with chemical fertilizer, especially when drought tension showed a greater effect.

This paper was conducted to study the quantitative traits related to grain yield and to investigate the relationship between different traits and to select the most important quantitative traits affecting grain yield in maize hybrids.

The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the two cropping years of 2017-2018 in Shiraz region. sampling and taking notes were performed from the two middle rows.

Based on the combined analysis of variance at the probability level of 0.01, all hybrids had a significant difference. Also, the effect of hybrid year was significant in all traits except ear diameter. Based on the comparison of the mean performed by Duncan method, two genotypes KSC704 and KSC707 were identified as hybrids with superior rank. Based on the correlation analysis, grain yield had a positive and significant correlation with grain width and 1000-grain weight. Also, the results of the correlation diagram showed a positive and significant correlation between grain yield and grain length, 1000-seed weight, plant height, ear length and number of rows per ear. The drawn polygon diagram also showed that KSC705 genotype is more desirable than other genotypes. Based on the ranking chart of genotypes based on the ideal genotype, SC647 hybrid was identified as a hybrid with better desirability.

Conclusion :

Based on the studied traits, KSC704 and KSC705 genotypes were identified as better ranked hybrids and SC301 and SC302 genotypes were identified as unfavorable genotypes.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetic water and mixed cultivation pattern of millet, bean and forage vetch on species yield.This study was conducted in the 2019 and 2020 cropping years. The experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and 14 treatments. LER, AYL RVT IA indices were used to evaluate intercropping.The effect of year was significant for millet grain yield at a probability level of one percent and millet biomass at a probability level of five percent. The effect of magnetic water increased the studied traits in three plants. The main effect of culture for all studied traits was significant at the level of 1% probability. The interaction of year in cultivation was significant only for the number of leaves per millet plant at 5% , the interaction effect of irrigation in cultivation was significant for millet grain yield, millet biomass, vetch forage yield and bean grain yield at 1% and millet chlorophyll index trait at 5% level. Intercropping of millet with beans and millet with vetch has increased the yield of plants and is more economical. Mixed culture of millet-bean and millet-vetch with 2:1 and 4:1 ratio had better performance than pure culture, The highest LER index was related to millet-vetch intercropping with a ratio of 4:1. the highest RVT index was associated with the cultivation of millet-bean mixture with a ratio of 2:1.Therefore, the yield of plants in intercropping increased and they were better than a single crop.

Increasing consumption and high economic value of urban medicinal plant Balangu Research on cultivation of this plant is essential. Due to better use of rainfall, water requirement and less fertilizer can be used as a new species of medicinal plants in rain fed conditions.

Methods & Materials: 

The experiment was conducted in the form of strip split plots based on a randomized complete block design in three replications in Khorramabad region in the 2016/17. Experimental treatments including two tillage methods (conventional tillage and non-tillage) and five Balangu masses including (Takab, Kalibar, Kurdistan (Sanandaj), Nazarkahrizi and Jolfa) were placed in sub-plots.

Plant height and number of seeds per hazelnut were affected by tillage methods. Biological yield in tillage method and Takab mass showed an increase compared to conventional tillage and other studied masses. Kalibar mass had the highest plant height, number of sub-branches and number of hazelnuts per plant. In soilless cultivation method, the highest plant height and number of hazelnuts per plant were obtained. The highest grain yields were related to the common tillage method in Kalibar massif, which showed a significant difference with the no-tillage method in this massif. Also, the lowest grain yield was obtained in the conventional tillage method and Julfa mass.

Non-tillage treatment can be replaced with conventional tillage system to reduce production costs, labor and energy consumption and optimal use of time and also reduce the movement of agricultural machinery on the farm.

Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) of six new Turkey origin upland cotton cultivars including Carisma, Lydia, PG2018, BA440, Flash and Edesa cultivars in comparison with Varamin and Mehr cultivars as control in ardabil province (Moghan) evaluated during 2917 and 2918 years by determination of seed cotton yield and its components (boll number per plant and one boll weight), earliness and some fiber quality characters including fibers percent, length, fitness, flexibility, strength, uniformity, yellowness and brightness.Based on the trial results new foreign cultivar Lydia in order to having the most seed cotton yield, earliness and fiber fitness and Flash cultivar due to more earliness and having the most fiber length, strength and brightness in comparison with other evaluated new foreign upland cotton cultivars and control cultivars had desired cultivation and use traits for recommendation to cultivation in Ardabil province (Moghan) instead of Varamin late maturity common cultivar and for substitution of Mehr obsolete variety. Therefore, based on conducted Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) trial results new foreign upland cotton Lydia and flash cultivars introduced as new commercial for cultivation in Ardabil province (Moghan).

To evaluate the effects of organic fertilizer (control, 30 ton/ha cow manure and 15 ton/ha vermicompost) and foliar treatment (control, 50 mgL-1 Salicylic acid (SA), 2CC/Litter alge extract) on the growth and productivity of two native (Tabriz and Esfahan) pumpkin clone, a factorial experiment as randomized complete block design with 3 replications was conducted during the 2018- 2019 under field condition.

The reults showed that plant heights, leaf area, leaves number, total flower number, fruit number, P and K content were effected by the organic feartilizers, and foliar spray with algal extract. P content was affected by the plant clone and the higher amount was belonged to Tabriz. The freash and dry weight plants, total flower number and fruit number affected by the individual effects of organic fertilizer and interactions of year × plant clone. Plant weight was influenced by organic fertilizer × marmarin and SA spray. The yield was impacted by the interactions of year × clone, year ×fertilizer, clone × fertilizer and the individual effects of organic fertilizer. Soil based organic fertilizer with foliar used marmarin and the organic fertilizer × SA increased chlorophyll a and b content. Chlorophyll a content was affected by the year as well as the second year had the more data. Silisium content was responsive to the sole effects of organic fertilizer interaction of clone × organic fertilizer.

The effect of foliar application of potassium, salicylic acid and gamma aminobutyric acid on morphophysiological traits and nutrient uptake of bread wheat genotypes under soil salinity stress was studied as a research conducted in agricultural research station in Miandoab, West Azerbaijan during the two cropping years 1396-97 and 1397-98. The experiment was performed as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications under soil salinity (0 and 8 dS / m). Main plots included foliar application with growth stimulants: potassium, GABA, SA, control and subplots included seven genotypes ( Orum, Zare, Mihan, Heydari, MS-89-12, MS -89-13 and MS-91-14). The analysis of variance showed that the simple effects of salinity stress on grain yield and foliar application treatments on all studied traits were significant. Also, the simple effects of different genotypes on all measured traits were significant. The interactions of three factors of salinity, foliar application and genotype had a significant effect on all measured traits. Based on the results, comparison of the means showed that GABA foliar application under non-stress conditions with an average of 11366.7 kg / ha in Mihan cultivar produced the highest grain yield, while GABA foliar application under salinity stress conditions with the average of 1876.7 kg / ha produced the lowest grain yield in Orum cultivar. The overall results showed that most of the traits were reduced due to salinity stress. Foliar application of all the compounds in most traits caused an increase compared to the control conditions.

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is perennial plants belong to the Asteraceae family. Chicory root can be forced in the dark for producing chicon as a vegetable crop. Also chicory roots have been reported to be the most abundant source of inulin and other oligofructoses.

in this experiment the effect of two factors including four plant densities (12, 17, 25 and 50 plants/ m2) and two cultivars (Pagana, Yellow star) with three replications were evaluated based on the randomised complete block design. The experiment was conducted during 2018 in Khalat Pushan Agricultural Research Station (KPARS), University of Tabriz. In the growth period the chlorophyll index were assessed. After harvest the root yield recorded based on the yield of mean row with length of 1.5 m in each plot. in addition to root yield the foliage and root dry weight, root: foliage ratio and inulin content of roots via the colorimetric methods were assessed.

the yellow star cultivar had the higher chlorophyll index and also roots: leaf ratio than Pagana. while about leaf and root dry weight yields, there were no significant differences between two cultivars. Results showed that plant density and cultivar had not any significant effect on inulin content in chicory roots.

This study was to investigate the effect of biochar and salicylic acid on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor var.Speed feed) physiological and biochemical changes under lead stress conditions

The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 4 replications in greenhouse in 2019. The treatments of this experiment include five levels of lead (0, 400, 800, 1200 and 1600 mg of lead per kg of soil from lead nitrate source), two levels of biochar (no consumption and consumption of biochar 20 g of biochar per kg of soil) and two levels of acid salicylic acid (including non-foliar and 2 mM salicylic acid foliar).

The results showed that consumption of biochar and salicylic acid increased chlorophyll a by 5.25 and 4.81%, respectively. The highest amount of carotenoids was obtained in the combined treatment of biochar consumption and salicylic acid foliar application. Phenol levels increased with increasing lead levels, which was greater in plants sprayed with salicylic acid. Also, the amount of flavonoids increased by 10.57% under the influence of biochar consumption. The interaction of biochar and salicylic acid increased proline, and this increase was 88.48% compared to the control.

Therefore, the use of these cheap and available materials in the soil can be a suitable and cost-effective method to reduce soil contamination to increase the metabolic activity of sorghum plant, improve plant resistance to lead stress.

In this study, the effect of potent zinc solubilizing bacteria on zinc supply of single cross cultivar 704 was evaluated.

Isolation of bacteria from rhizospheres of maize, wheat and sunflower was performed in different cities of East Azerbaijan province. The experiment was performed in two phases in vitro and in a greenhouse in a completely randomized statistical design with three replications.

A total of 20 bacterial isolates were obtained from the rhizosphere of the studied plants. In qualitative evaluation, the results showed that ZP13 isolates in zinc phosphate source, ZO11 in zinc oxide source and ZC10 in zinc carbonate source with HD / CD ratio with 1.74, 1.68 and 1.61, respectively, had the highest solubility. In quantitative evaluation of zinc solubility, ZP13 isolate (24.64 mg / L), ZC10 isolate in zinc carbonate (19.48 mg / L) and ZO11 isolate in zinc oxide (26.54 mg / L) had the highest solubility. The two isolates ZO11 and ZO14 in comparison with the negative control treatment led to an increase in zinc uptake of 179.7 and 62.37% in the root and 155.1 and 110.6% in the shoot part of maize, respectively. Identification of isolates ZO11 and ZO14 showed that they belong to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Agromyces italicus, respectively.

According to the results of this experiment, the potential of rhizobacteria of different plants can be used to provide the zinc required by plants as a healthy and eco-friendly solution.

The sunflower is one of the most important oilseed plants in the world that its oil has nutritional and high economic value. Therefore, the selection of high yielding genotypes is especially important in this plant. In this regard, 11 new hybrids along with four cultivars Golsa, Ghasem, Shams and Farrokh were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications in agriculture research station of Dezful during 2018-2020. In this study, the methods of genotype × trait (GT) and genotype by yield × trait biplot (GYT) were used to identify interrelationships between different traits and selection of the best sunflower genotypes. Based on polygon view of GT biplot, the genotype No. 1 had good characteristics regarding seed yield and traits related to yield. The vector view of GT biplot showed high correlation between seed yield with stem diameter, plant height, head diameter and seed number per head. Based on average tester coordinate (ATC) view of GYT biplot, the genotypes No. 1 and 6 in terms of all positive yield-trait combinations were recognized as the best genotypes and genotypes No. 12, and 7 as the weakest genotypes. According to the results, a significant positive correlation was observed between stem diameter, head diameter, plant height and early maturity in combination with seed yield. Therefore, it seems that traits of stem diameter, head diameter, plant height and early maturity could be used as a suitable selection criterions for increasing seed yield in sunflower.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of the aerial parts of different species of wheat with different ploidy levels under the application of magnetic water and salinity stress,

In this regard, in order to evaluate the characteristics of the aerial parts of different species of wheat with different ploidy levels under the application of magnetic water and salinity stress, an experiment as a factorial based on a complete randomized block design with three replications in 2019 . The first factor is the type of water (normal and magnetic), the second factor is the salinity of irrigation water in three levels of 0, 3 and 6 deciSiemens per meter (sodium chloride) and the third factor is the species and cultivars of wheat.

The mean leaf chlorophyll content index, vegetative traits, yield and yield components of species and wheat cultivars decreased significantly in moderate and severe salinity. Magnetizing irrigation water alleviated the negative effects of salinity stress on leaf chlorophyll content index, some vegetative traits, and wheat grain yield. The average of the measured traits showed the superiority of Kuhdasht and Chamran cultivars compared to other wheat species and cultivars in the different salinity levels.

Therefore, based on the results, it can be concluded that pre-treatment of salt water with a specific magnetic field and the use of suitable cultivars such as Kuhdasht and Chamran, will improve wheat yield.

The aim of the present study is the application of the genetic algorithm model for optimizing the cropping pattern in form of a multi-objective model in the normal and dry climates of Goharbaran area in Sari. In this regard, at first, the optimal products composition, maximum economic water productivity, minimum water consumption, minimum consumption of chemical fertilizers from different rice cultivars have been determined. At second, results were compared with the current conditions in the region.In this study, the method of genetic algorithm with respect to the conditions of different aquatic years has been used to achieve this goal. A multi-objective planning model has been used to achieve integrated economic and environmental management. The data of the present study were collected through the Jihad Agricultural Organization and Mazandaran Regional Water Company in the 2019-2020 crop year. Matlab software has also been used to estimate the resultsThe results show that the suggested pattern of the genetic algorithm in these climate conditions superior to the current model of the region and shows more appropriate achievement of study objectives. The optimal pattern in normal climate conditions will be improved in economic goal, ecological goal, and environmental goal by 16%, 3.5%, and17.5%, respectively. Also, in dry climate, the economic goal increases by 17%, the ecological goal decreases by 22% and the environmental goal decreases by 20% compared with the current cultivation pattern of the region.

Each year new cultivars introduced in Iran and their evaluation is necessary due to the different possible responses in the new conditions. In order to study the genetic diversity of new tomato cultivars on morphological and fruit quality traits in the climatic conditions of South West Azerbaijan, an experiment was conducted in RCBD. The results showed that the highest fruit yield was observed in Bellariva hybrid (4.89 kg/plant) and SV 8320 (4.76 kg/plant) cultivars. The lowest number of days to flowering was observed in cultivar of 10857 (45 days). The lowest number of days until first fruit ripening was observed in Oula cultivar (89.67 days). CA 024 hybrid cultivar revealed the highest number of fruits per plant (121.377), the highest percentage of flower to fruit set was recorded in Oula hybrid (75%), and local Miandoab (142.3 g), local Urmia (138 g), Bellariva (137.3 g) and SV 8320 (136 g) had the highest of average weight of fruit. The highest of total soluble solids were observed in hybrid cultivar CA 024 (6.57%), the highest pH was displyed in hybrid cultivars Super stone (4.67) and 10857 (4.67) and the highest acidity was recorded in local cultivar Urmia (0.98%). Also, Pearson’s correlation of traits showed that the most effective traits in increasing yield were fruit weight and number of fruits per plant.According to the results of this study, Bellariva and SV 8320 hybrid cultivars are the most suitable high-yielding cultivars for cultivation in the ecological conditions in the northwest of Iran.

This study was performed to produce seed potato from transplant of microtuber, minituber smaller than 10 gr and tubers smaller than 10 gr with super-elite seed class for purposes storage, increase water use efficiency and reduction of environmental stresses. Potato transplants were produced in the greenhouse of Zar-Gostar-e-Arta Agricultural Company and then was moved to farm of Ardebil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station. In this experiment, four kinds of transpalnt of Agria cultivar potato consisting of: 1. microtuber, 2.minituber smaller than 10 gr, 3. tuber cut with a bud in SE seed class and 4. tuber smaller than 10 gr in SE seed class in the planting medium, a mixture of cocopeat and perlite and two direct planting of 5. minituber larger than 10 g and 6. SE seed class between 35-35 mm, were investigated, based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2019. The results of variance analysis showed significant differences among the treatments in terms of main stem number per plant, plant height, tuber number per plant, tuber weight per plant, tuber yield and water use efficiency. The tuber yield and water use efficiency were highest in transplantation culture from tubers with SE seed class and tuber with a bud in SE seed class and direct cultivation tuber of bigger than 10 gr, tubers with SE seed class between 35-55 mm.

In this study, the values of input energy, output energy, net energy in the production of sugar beet were 67170.9, 1215006 and 1147835 MJ respectively. Fossil fuels, chemical fertilizers and irrigation water accounted for 31.29, 27.76 and 24.91% of the total input energy, respectively. In this study, 0.274, 0.161, 0.00161, 11.80 and 0.00074 kg of each of NH3, N2O, NOX, CO2 and CH4 pollutants were introduced to produce one ton of sugar beet, respectively. In this study, to produce one ton of sugar beet, 0.274, 0.161, 0.00161, 11.80 and 0.00074 kg of each of NH3, N2O, NOX, CO2 and CH4 pollutants, respectively entered the environment. NH3 pollutant has the largest share in the group of the effect of acidity and utrification in the sugar beet production system. In this study, the final index of impact groups including global warming, acidity, depletion of fossil resources and depletion of water resources, depletion of phosphate and potassium resources sugar beet production in Piranshahr region were, 0.01, 0.0013, 0.00049 and 0.60, 0.095, respectively. The final environmental index (EcoX) and the final discharge index (RDI) in the production of this product were equal to 0.0295 and 0.0806, respectively. Conclusion In this study, the impact groups of depletion of water resources and depletion of phosphate resources had the highest potential for environmental damage, respectively, in the form of impact groups of depletion, Therefore, by constructing pressurized irrigation systems with high irrigation efficiency

A large part of Iran is affected by arid and semi-arid climate and drought has caused many problems in the agricultural sector. The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of melon under drought stress conditions using manure and bentonite.

This experiment was conducted as a split-factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Hirmand city during the two cropping years of 2019-2020. Plants irrigated after 25, 50, and 75% of soil moisture depletion which considered as the main plot; and bentonite application (2, 3, and 4 ton/ha); and animal manure (20, 30, and 40 ton/ha) were used as subplots.

According to the results, in the first year of experiment, fruit yield increased by 2.02 times compared to the control under 50% soil moisture depletion with the application of 4 ton/ha of bentonite with 20 ton/ha of animal manure. Also, the leaf area index increased by 5.61 times, and the amount of glucose increased by 2.01 times compared to the control under 25% soil moisture depletion and application of 3 ton/ha of bentonite and 40 ton/ha of animal manure.

To achieve maximum fruit yield, irrigation after 50% soil moisture depletion, application of 4 ton/ha of bentonite, and 20 ton/ha of animal manure for cultivation in the region is recommended.

The main objectives of this study are to estimate the input-oriented environmental efficiency of sugar beet production in Urmialake basin and the economic loss of its production.

The statistical population of this study was sugar beet farmers in the Central and Nazlu Chay distrcits of Urmia County, and the required data were collected randomly and through face-to-face interviews with 100 questionnaires from sugar beet producers in 2017-2018. To estimate the environmental efficiency, in which fertilizers and chemical pesticides were considered as detrimental inputs, the stochastic frontier function was used as a Translog functional form. Then, the economic losses of sugar beet production were calculated.

On the base of research findings, the average environmental efficiency was 58%, explaining that producers of sugar beet can keep consumption of other inputs constant, reduce the consumption of chemical inputs (fertilizers and chemical pesticides) by 42% and produce a constant level of product. The estimated average environmental damage value was 5.53 million Rials per hectare. In other words, due to the environmentally inefficient practice of sugar beet farmers, damages equal to 5.53 million Rials are imposed on the society through environmental polluting.

Suggestions:

 It is recommended to adopt appropriate policies that can limit the use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides in the production of sugar beet, which will reduce production costs and farmers will benefit from this way.

This study was conducted to evaluate the biodiversity of crops and horticultural products in Mazandaran province.

The required data include the area under cultivation of the most important crops and the most important horticultural plants for 19 cities of Mazandaran province in 1998-2014 were extracted through statistical yearbook of the Ministry of agricultural jihad and a face-to-face interview with experts and managers of agricultural jihad. Berger-Parker, Shannon, Margalof, Manhink, Simpson and uniformity indexes were calculated using the relevant equations.

Among crops, the highest Margalof index was observed in Behshahr, Ramsar and Sari counties with values of 1.30, 1.27 and 1.13, respectively and the lowest was in Mahmudabad, Tonekabon and Nowshahr with values of 0.35, 0.48 and 0.64, respectively. Among horticultural products, the highest Margalof index was observed in Mahmudabad, Chalos and Behshahr with values of 3.60, 3.35 and 3.25, respectively and the lowest was observed in Tonekabon, Joybar and Miandorud with values of 2.15, 2.23 and 2.61, respectively. Among crops, the highest simpson index was observed in Miandorud, Neka and Sari with values of 0.76, 0.73 and 0.72, respectively.

The diversity of agricultural products in Mazandaran province has decreased during the statistical period. In most cities, rice, wheat and barley were the most cultivated crops. By creating appropriate infrastructure, training of farmers and encouraging them to produce various agricultural products, it is possible to provide the necessary conditions for the use of unparalleled biodiversity services in the agricultural ecosystems.

the aim of this study was to determine the explaining the intention of consumer behavior of organic products among agricultural students of Tabriz University and is looking for answers to the question that what factors affect consumers' behavior toward organic products? This study was applied and a descriptive one in terms of data collection.

the population of the study consisted 2037 students. The sample (n=268) was selected using Stratified random sampling with proportional assignment method by Cochran's formula.

results of analysis showed that lack of information about organic products was the effective variable in relation to attitude component status. The most effective variable for the subjective norms component is functions of family and reference groups. In terms of empowering component, knowledge factor and its low awareness about organic products is the most important variable. In terms of behavioral intention, respondents are aware of the value and importance of using organic products but they are not confident about the being organic of the products. In terms of consumer behavior students have a positive view of organic products and access to it. In terms of weight and relationship of model components, apart from the empowering component, the components of attitude, subjective norm and behavioral intention were confirmed with relatively high correlation.

The effect of subjective norms on behavioral intention and causal relationship between behavioral intention and consumption behavior are significant.

A field experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 8 treatments and three replications in two successive stages in the Miandoab city, Iran during 2019 and 2020. The results showed all studied traits except harvest index were significantly affected by different fertilizer sources. The highest number of grain per pod, 1000 grain weight, seed, and biological yield of rapeseed were obtained with the application of chemical fertilizer without significant difference with a green manure of 50% P+ 50% B. In addition, the maximum oil content and yield were obtained in green manure of 50% P+ 50% B followed by 75% P+ 25% B. Chemical analysis of the rapeseed oil demonstrated that in all treatments, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid were the main dominant components. So that, the highest (92.43%) and lowest (83.37%) of oleic acid were achieved in 50% P+ 50% B and control treatments, respectively. Also, the highest of (6.07%) linoleic acid was observed in vermicompost treatment. While the highest percentage of palmitic acid (92.43%) has belonged to green manure treatment of 25% P+ 75% B. Generally, the maximum (92.61%) and minimum (88%) of unsaturated fatty acids were achieved in 50% P+ 50% B and 25% P+ 75% B green manure treatments, respectively. Considering that the greatest amount of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were obtained by application of 50% P+ 50% B green manure.