فصلنامه جاده
سال سی‌ام شماره 4 (پیاپی 113، زمستان 1401)

In today's cities, the problems of transportation and traffic have become widespread and traffic accidents have become one of the most important problems in the field of transportation, and this issue is especially familiar to our lives as Iranians. The purpose of this study is to prioritize the causes of road accidents on the Yasuj-Shiraz road by hierarchical analysis. This research is a descriptive survey in terms of applied purpose and data collection. Research data were analyzed using hierarchical method. The statistical population of this study is all members of the engineering system of Yasuj city. Due to the coronary limitations, 100 people were selected as the sample size by available sampling method.The data collection tool in this field research is a questionnaire. AHP method was used to analyze the data and draw a prioritization model. Based on the research findings Based on the research findings, the most important factors in determining the effective factors on road accidents on the Yasuj-Shiraz road from the strongest factor to the weakest factor are:Sudden and steep slopes (30.5%), poor quality of asphalt (20.5%), low driver skills (18%), road crossing climate (ice and rain) (13.4%), low visibility (6.6%) 6%), low quality of the car (4%), technical defects of the car (3.6%), animal crossing (3.4). According to the research findings, among the main criteria, the most important factor affecting road accidents on the Yasuj-Shiraz road was human factors (39.6%) and then the most important criteria were environmental factors (31.8%), respectively. Road factors (17.8%)

Consolidation and contact Injection is a method by which the injection material is injected into pores, joints and cracks or cavities of rock and soil formations and improves the characteristics of the formations of soil and rocks, so that the permeability of the layers is low, resistance layers increase and their ductility decreases. Pooneh twin tunnels in the Arak-Khorramabad freeway have been weakened due to being under the groundwater level or due to explosions to dig the tunnels, which resulted in problems of water penetration into the body of the tunnel. In this paper, the optimization of the consolidation and contact injection process in the Pooneh twin tunnel project has been studied. In this project, by using contact and consolidation injection methods in the injection holes and optimizing the slurry mixing plan, water penetration into the tunnel is prevented so that parts of the body and crown of the tunnel are sealed.

Haraz road is one of the most important routes of transportation system in Mazandaran province. The geological features of this route are very diverse and are susceptible to a variety of hazards that are directly related to geological features. Considering these features is one of the most important studies in the construction, maintenance and repair of transportation systems. Studies on the road of Haraz have been conducted from different perspectives and emphasizing the natural hazards of the route. In most of them, a thorough study of the geological features of the route is less important, and is very brief and with an emphasis on a group of studies is done. in this study the geology of the route, with emphasis on the hazards affected, was carried out in two stages.In the first step, by mapping the route on geological maps in the GIS software environment, trajectory characteristics were described and in the second stage, field observations were carried out at specific geological points. Limestone, marl, sandstone, and shale and river sediments make up a large part of the outcrops on the margin of the road. In the conclusion of the studies, a point with low landslide risk, 23 points with a medium and 30 high risk points were identified. Using the available statistical data and data from field observations and processing them in the software environment, from the point of view of road hazards, 275 points of the route in six high risk areas were investigated.

The train wagon experiences vibrations when moving on the rails, the most important of which is the vibrations caused by damaged wheels. Vibrations of the wagon at high speeds cause a kind of instability in the movement of the train. In order to evaluate the vibration behavior of the wheel and train system of the train, this study introduces the dynamic analysis of the system according to the phenomenon of contact of the damaged wheel with the sound rail. Finite element modeling (FEM) was used to simulate the mechanical behavior of the test, which shows the dynamic reaction of components under wheel impact loading conditions on rails. In this study, a steel wheel where uses in the Iran railway system has been simulated using the finite element method under rolling contact conditions, assuming that it has a defect. For this purpose, three-dimensional modeling and finite element analysis in Abaqus software has been used. In the simulation, a real-size railway system was analyzed. AISI1045 for rail material and D1 steel for damaged wheel were used and their dynamic characteristics were compared.

Today, with the advancement of technology, the relative ease of drilling and underground construction, many countries have turned their attention to the construction of underground space. The need for an underground transportation system is evident in most major cities around the world, especially in areas with traffic congestion. This system requires a tunnel structure that is constructed in urban areas, mainly on loose lands and in shallow parts, and its impact can extend to the ground level. The choice of the best method for drilling these tunnels is a function of the soil characteristics, cross section and location of the tunnel, which should be considered according to the drilling area. In this paper, the mentioned cases have been investigated for Isfahan metro line 3 in the area of agricultural station which is to be drilled by NATM method in order to find the optimal drilling condition. The results show that the choice of drilling method pit can have significant effects on subsidence, tunnel cross-section deformation and horizontal displacement at the ground level. Based on the results, the effect of loading conditions, installation geometry, drilling pattern, different arrangement of surface structures, amount of overhead, dimensions of overhead application plate on tunnel behavior have been investigated.

The purpose of this study is to compare road geometry with standard road construction values. The studied area is Tang-e-Sulak, located in the city of Bahmiy (Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Prov.), a protected area with its tourist, recreational and natural attractions in the southern Zagros forests. In this research, the existing road position was first taken using GPS and then placed on a topographic map. In the next step, the slopes were graded (from 0 to 10, 10 to 20, 20 to 30, 30 to 40, 40 to 50, 50 to 60 and more than 60 percent), then 11 samples were randomly selected on each slope. In the next step, the size of the taken samples was compared with the standard values (Booklet No. 131 and 161). The width of the running surface and right of way were analyzed on the basis of analytical statistics and other road geometric characteristics based on descriptive statistics. Soil samples were taken from each of the slopes of the slopes, and a soil sample was selected randomly for soil texture detection. Data analysis was done by T-test, Pearson correlation and SPSS software. The results showed that the width of the rudder and the constructional area of the road on the slopes (10-20, 40-50, 60-50, and 60) were less than the standard values and in the 1

One of the important indicators of economic growth in the world is the creation of roads, so the more the construction of freeways and the completion of transportation infrastructure in a country, the faster the country will go through the path of economic development and growth. The construction of the Tehran-North freeway, originally known as the Tehran-North highway, was proposed in the 1350s and has continued for various reasons. Therefore, with the neglect of such projects and the development of infrastructure, its lack and lack of proper access to these projects will cause various problems in rural communities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of freeway construction on surrounding villages and residents' attitudes. In order to measure the data, the index effect method was used using SPSS data analysis software and path analysisfh method. The statistical population of the study consists of families living in four villages of Keshar Sofla, Solghan, Keshar Olya and Sangan (Baghdareh). In preparing the research questionnaire, 30 indicators were considered, each of which was divided into 3 sub-criteria, criteria; Economic stability, economic justice and economic prosperity. Then, the questionnaire was distributed among the target population. Therefore, the initial data of the research were obtained by field questioning. The results showed that the creation of a main road and artery has an effective relationship with its adjacent areas and removes rural areas from isolation. This event has a strong impact on socio-economic developments and, with the least effect,

Economic growth, international trade, and energy consumption of the international transport sector are considered as three important variables in the economy of any country, and it is important to examine how they are related. This study in the framework of multivariate panel error correction model (PECM) and co-integration tests and panel causality examines the long-term and short-term relationship between the three variables in selected Islamic countries of Southwest Asia, including Iran, from 2000 to 2017. Pay. Long-term coefficients have been estimated using the fully modified ordinary squared minimum (FMOLS) method and short-term coefficients and causal relationships have been estimated using the generalized method of moments (GMM) method. This study shows that there is a two-way causality between economic growth and international trade in the short and long term. There is a two-way causality between economic growth and energy consumption in the international transport sector in the short but long term. There is a one-way relationship between the energy consumption of the international transport sector and economic growth. There is a two-way causality between trade and energy consumption of the international transport sector in the short run, but in the long run, there is no causal relationship between them.

In this research, using asphalt decomposition test based on AASHTO-T164 standard, it is investigated how burnt oil and asphalt chips affect the properties of hot asphalt. In this study, burnt oil with different percentages was added to the worn bitumen which was extracted from the worn asphalt by extraction method and was subjected to penetration degree and softening point tests. The addition of rejuvenator increases the Marshall resistance's cause is to provide the necessary adhesion and cohesion between the aggregate and bitumen, but with the addition of a percentage of rejuvenator and increasing the penetration of bitumen, the adhesion and cohesion of bitumen and aggregates is reduced. This will reduce the durability of the samples, which is reduced with 20% of burnt bitumen oil and used in the asphalt mixture resulting from the mixing of asphalt chips and new materials. It is recommended to use 50% of asphalt chips to improve the physical properties of the mixture. . The results show the effect of burnt oil as a rejuvenator for worn bitumen and with increasing the percentage of rejuvenating material, the parameters of worn bitumen also improve and also with increasing percentage of asphalt chips (RAP) in samples without Addition of new bitumen has been made, strength and durability have also increased and consequently the Marshall ratio has also increased.

Using quantitative models can be a good tool for planning or evaluation. In this regard, given the multifaceted transit (economic, social, political, transportation), estimating the market size and the share of Iran's corridors is the starting point for planning. In this paper, initially, the transit potential is estimated. For prediction, it is applied the gravity model. It is based on examining the trade trends between the economic blocs in the region and beyond. In the next step, implemented the Logit model, for estimating Iran's share of the transit market. The results show that current transit demand is 92 million tones, which is expected to reach 118 million tones based on economic assumptions. Travel time through Iran's corridors without the China-Turkmenistan block is potentially reduced by up to 70%. The likelihood of Turkey-Turkmenistan, India-Ukraine, India-Caucasian economic blocks being attracted to Iran Corridors is 75%, Turkey-India, Turkey-UAE, China-Ukraine, India-Russia 73% and attracting trade between China-Turkmenistan countries and Russia-UAE is estimated at 20%.

In the current situation of the country, the most important necessity is the use of new construction technologies due to its important role in sustainable development. Higher manufacturing speed than traditional methods has made it possible to prepare more units for operation in less time. The purpose of this research is to study new construction technologies in terms of efficiency in Iran and to select the best method based on FAHP fuzzy hierarchical analysis. The research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection, and the research data were analyzed using a hierarchical method. The data collection tool in this field research is a questionnaire. The statistical population of this study was members of the Yasuj Building Engineering System Organization. Random sampling method was used. Morgan's table was used to estimate the sample size, which is equal to 100 people. The results showed that the most important factors in the study of new construction technologies in terms of efficiency in Iran and selecting the best method from the strongest to the weakest, respectively, are the priority of green roof technology, durable frame system, nano building coatings, biological concrete, windows and walls. Thermochromic, cold rolled light steel frame system, two-shell facades, solar panels and trade panels..

In recent decades, the risk of subsidence and sinkholes has become quite visible and has reached a critical level. This issue has severely affected the components and infrastructures under the responsibility of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development (MRUD) and creates the possibility of disaster-causing incidents in urban areas, on rail and road transportation routes, and on airport sites. It is necessary to develop and use methods to assess the risk and vulnerability of transportation networks against subsidence. In this article, while reviewing the records of studies on the subject of subsidence, and its effects in other countries, the important criteria in examining this issue are listed in the form of a checklist, and then with the help of the problem solving tree method, the root causes of its occurrence are found. This method serves as a preventive measure to help solve the subsidence problem from a managerial and engineering point of view.

In road projects, a suitable base for project execution is essential. Many of the soil types, such as wind sand, are not suitable for road building, and there is a need to carry out operations to prepare these soils for the base. In many cases, there is a need to switch to bed soil, but it is costly and will prolong the execution time of the project. Since it is challenging to reach ideal soil for road construction projects, soil improvement is being carried out. This is done in different ways, one of which is adding different materials to the soil. In this study, this method is used to stabilize the wind sand of Yazd. Two different types of glass fibers (type E and AR) have been used in this study. In order to perform the compressive test, the soil with both types of glass fibers was mixed in different percentages of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 percent. The results showed that the percentage of optimum moisture increased by increasing the percentage of glass fibers. It should be noted that glass fibers did not affect the maximum dry soil weight. The direct shear test was done with the same percentages used in the compressive experiment. In this experiment, adding 0.75 and 0.5 percent of the type of AR and E to soil was selected as optimal for internal friction angle and cohesion, respectively. Also, using glass fibers of type AR in the studied soil had better results.

Flight catering is a complicated food service industry with the aim of supply and distribution services to the airline passengers. In this study, integrated supply, production and distribution model in airline food supply chain is presented with considering discount and the aim of minimizing costs. The costs include four components of delay, purchasing raw materials, material storage and transportation. Regarding purchasing raw materials, it is possible to use the incremental and overall discount in the model. All the existing models in the airline industry are addressed to the planning of factors under the control of airlines to face and reduce delay of flights. In the meantime, external factors such as catering and its effect on delays, is not yet noticed. In this study, for the first time, schedule of flight catering is considered and try to control and minimize delays caused by lack of timely delivery of food to the aircrafts. Proposed model is solved with Arman airline catering information and GAMS software. Results show that applying the proposed model leads to make zero delay cost for delivering foods to the airports which itself causes elimination of parts of aircraft delay which resulted by lack of timely catering services. Meanwhile, results show that %61.82 of total catering costs belongs to purchasing raw materials, %03.0 for material storage and %36/18 belongs to transportation of vehicles.
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In subway stations with high passenger traffic, using Platform Screen Doors(PSD) is one of the best ways to increase the safety of passengers on the platform. Preventing the passenger from falling on the rails and colliding with the train, which is one of the most common problems in crowded stations, and also the possibility of increasing the speed of the train at the entrance to the station, etc., is met by installing PSD. When the train enters the station, the train doors are placed in front of the PSD and after determining the correct operation of the train station in front of the PSD, the doors are allowed to open. Due to the increase in the speed of trains along the route with the least possible time, increasing the accuracy of train braking when stopping in front of the PSD at the station is of particular importance. Various systems in the world have been designed and implemented to control train brakes when entering stations with train door guards, each of which in turn has strengths and weaknesses. However, the main disadvantage observed in these systems is the lack of resistance to various disturbances and their effect on the braking accuracy of the train. Appropriate stop of the train at the station automatically, taking into account all environmental conditions and possible disturbances.

Roadway departure crashes, especially on high-speed rural roads, tend to be severe if the roadside exposes occupants of errant vehicles to excessive injury hazard. Unforgiving roadside features, along with the lack of proper safety treatment, contribute to undesirable crash outcomes, particularly the severe injuries and frequent deaths that result from collisions between dangerous roadside elements or opposite-direction vehicles and this is important in all countries of the world. Therefore, the use of road barriers has widened during the last several years and the structural performance of road barriers can be best accessed through full-scale crash tests. Safety barriers are currently designed for different performance levels, which are set according to current CEN and MASH-NCHRP 350 performance standards. In this paper, the criteria and differences of these standards in crash testing are evaluated and examined. The results of this limited study show that although these standards are the same in the technology to perform the tests, criteria, data acquisition, and performance evaluation, these standards are too different to be used as a single standard and require the design of additional tests to resolve the dispute and their performance under in-service conditions must also be considered.

In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate how the rheological behaviors of bitumen are affected by the use of lignin and soybean oil. In the current research, lignin (3%, 5%, 7% by weight of bitumen) and soybean oil (5% by weight of bitumen) were added to modify two main types of bitumen (AC 60-70 and AC 85/100). The performance evaluation of different bitumen was evaluated by examining their physical and rheological behavior by penetration tests, ductility, linear range sweep, multiple stress creep recovery, dynamic shear remoter, rotational viscosity and softening point tests. The results of rheological behaviors showed that the use of lignin additive increases the softening point and decreases the degree of penetration. The use of lignin reduces the low-temperature strength of the bitumen, while oil improves the low-temperature strength of the bitumen. The results of the multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test with the addition of lignin showed an increase in the high yield temperature of virgin bitumen at different stress levels. While the use of oil reduces the creasing strength of the sample. According to the results of the linear range sweep (LAS) test, the use of lignin additive reduces the fatigue properties of bitumen. While soybean oil strengthened it.

Asphalt pavements are one of the most widely constituents utilized to pave highway pavement which experience various failures during their lifetime, such as rutting, fatigue and thermal cracking. Therefore it should be used to improve the bitumen performance by addition of modifiers such as polymers and NanoClays (NC). Among the various additives used to improve the bitumen performance, Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) is one of the most useful and effective materials for paving. In this study, the rheological behavior of bitumen and fatigue behavior of mixture containing EVA/Nanoclay and EVA latex were evaluated. In order to evaluate the intermediate and high temperature behavior of binder, the Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) test and Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) test were implemented. EVA/NC and EVA latex were made and mixed with bitumen. Results of storage stability test shown that EVA/NC-modified bitumen is steadier than EVA-latex-modified bitumen. MSCR test results indicated that addition of EVA/NC and EVA latex to original binder led to decrease and decrease the percent recovery and non-recoverable compliance (Jnr) values, respectively. Also LAS test results show that addition of EVA/NC and EVA latex to original binder cause an enhance in fatigue behavior of binder. According to climatic regions in Iran and required PG binders, it can be concluded that binder modified with 4% EVA/NC can use in all climatic zones in Iran followed by 6% EVA/NC modified binder.