پژوهشنامه نقد ادب عربی
سال دوازدهم شماره 24 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

The martyrdom of Imam Hussein is the main axis of the poem " Rock and dew " by Sheikh Ja'far. In this poem, the contemporary Arab poet recreates the martyrdom of that Imam based on internal symbols and revelations, in pieces that are the dominant element of dialogue and narration, using dramatic techniques. The necessity of writing the present article is a structural-semantic analysis of a poem which, while expressing lyrical sorrow by using narrative patterns, shows the martyrdom of Imam Hussein as a resurrection against oppression, in connection with the present age. In this article, the authors intend to examine the three categories of "tense", "mood" and "voice" of narrative in the mentioned poem by analytical-descriptive method from the perspective of Gerard Genet's narratology, which is one of the most comprehensive frameworks of narrative texts analysis. The purpose of writing this article is to assess the poet's use of narrative principles in emphasizing the social capacities of the personality and martyrdom of Imam Hussein. The final approach of this article states that " Rock and dew " is in accordance with the theory of Genet narrative, a polyphonic narrative with a single time and frequency and has two types of external and internal focalization and three constant, positive and negative accelerations; It also explains that these narrative techniques have not damaged the essence of the poem and the narrative elements have served to convey meaning.

Simple and complex issue is one of the most important dual issues of literary criticism that forms a great portion of ancient Arabic literary criticism. There have been offered multiple definitions of simple and complex by critics, and subsequently, in the new era of literature, many studies have been conducted by scholars on this issue. These studies tried to explain and analyze the views of each of the old critics, which itself, indicates the importance of research on this matter. The relationship between the purpose and content of poetry and the effect of historical trends on the development of simple and complex concepts and even complex itself, is one of the topics that critics have not written comprehensive works on. This study has dealt with the effect of historical period, people’s opinion and the development of society in restricting each of these two, i.e. simple and complex concepts. The impressibility from logical opinions that the connection and discourse of civilizations has been the main cause in acknowledging the existence of complex poetry, the relationship between the purpose and content of the poem and the simple and complex poem has also been considered in this study. This article seeks to take a different look at Al-Jahiz, Ibn Qutaybah and Ibn Rashiq views on the simple and complex issue, based on descriptive-analytical research method. In this research, the researcher gathers the evidence of examples related to the simple and complex issues in the presence of each of the three critics and analyzes and explains them based on a critical view. Among the important results of this research, it can be pointed out that the historical period, people’s opinion and the development of the critical society have had an important effect on restricting and refining the meaning of terms like simple and complex. This impact was in such a way that the impresibility from logical opinions that was the result of union of civilizations and played a significant role in the acceptance of complex poem and its beauty, became evident. Another result of this research is that the content and purpose of the poem is one of the important topics that is directly related to the simple and complex issues.

Bridging among linguistics, social and political sciences, discourse analysis opened up a new horizon to literature. Some theories lean to linguistics, some to social and political sciences. The common idea among them, however, is to explore the socio-political discourses governing the text through exploring the signs. Mauffe and Laclao’s discourse analysis theory is based more on social and political sciences and emphasizes the fluidity of sins. Adonis’s discourse is constituted based on this fluidity, and that is why Mauffe and Laclao’s discourse analysis can prove helpful in studying these items of discourse to achieve the socio-political aims. This study concludes that Adonis's discourse is a discourse of change and reform, and seeks a struggle whose weapon is the power of language. He sees the Arab countries' way out of backwardness as re-reading the concepts of value because he believes that these concepts have historically been contaminated by what the regime has imposed on them. He also concludes that poetry, by persuading people in society to build a better society, turns them into revolutionary subjects. The research method is that different signs are extracted from the poem and in order to answer the research questions according to Laclau and Moff's discourse analysis system, which examines the relationship between signs and also between discourses, analyzes the socio-political impact of Adonis's discourse. It becomes.

Literary semiotics is one of the new methods of literary criticism that analyzes the actions of the world within the text by exploring the secondary layers of the text and explores the role of linguistic signs in the formation of the semantic structure of poetry. Pierce's semiotic model is one of the most appropriate and accurate tools for criticizing literary works, with which the semantic system of poetry is analyzed and the role of linguistic signs in the creation of the poem is expressed. Badi 'al-Qasha'a is a Palestinian poet of resistance who composes and deals with the themes of resistance in his poems with his own poetic language and expresses his worldview in a virtual and implicit language. This article tries to analyze the formation of signs related to the concept of resistance in the form of the axis of accompaniment and substitution of words in Badi al-Qasha'ala poems with a descriptive-analytical approach and emphasizing Pierce's semiotic model, and the effect of the relationship between representation, subject and interpretation in creating this Criticize the signs. Findings of the research indicate that the signs of the concept of resistance in Al-Qasha'ala's poems in the axis of accompaniment appear from the combination and accompaniment of words together in the context of the text. They become linguistic signs that end in meaning. These signs are the result of the connection between the semantic triangle of representation, subject, and interpretation.

The title of this article is (Discussion and Criticism) and the purpose of the discussion and criticism is Abu Yaqub Al-Sakkaki, who died in the year 626 AH, the author of the book Miftah al-Ilam, and he is one of the prominent scholars of al-Balagha, and the reason behind his discussion and criticism is his opinion on the interpretation of the Qur'an in the saying of the Almighty﴿And what is Muhammad but a Messenger﴾ (Al-Imran/144) where he said: "And among those mentioned in the revelation on Qasr Al-Ifrad is the saying of the Almighty: ﴿And what is Muhammad but a Messenger﴾; the meaning is that Muhammad is limited to the message so that he does not exceed it to the distance from destruction. Manzel al-Mubadin Lehlakeh(Al-Sakkaki.1983: 289) This speech means that Al-Sakaki is related to Allah Almighty, that He is the one who sent down the Companions, the status of those who believe that the Greatest Messenger (PBUH) is immortal, therefore, Allah Almighty limited him to the message, and denied him immortality, and he followed this opinion, according to the knowledge of all the scholars of rhetoric who came later to this day. And when I carefully looked at his opinion, I found that disputing it, criticizing it, and giving the right opinion is a very important and necessary matter; Because this interpretation and this interpretation are closely and directly related to the interpretation of the Qur'anic verses, which include this short sentence, and their understanding is supported by the evidence of the court, also knowing that when Al-Sakaki attributes it to Allah - the Exalted - it is a decisive relation, and he does not follow it with a sentence like this sentence: (By God - Allah knows best). And what I have done is that your view of this mansion from another angle is closer to the truth of the matter based on the reason of the descent, and to the science of meanings and to the historical reality. The appropriateness, and the relationship between rhetorical research in the Holy Qur'an and Tafsir. . The results I reached were that Allah, the Exalted, sent down the status of the Companions to the believers after the death of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and that attributing this to him - Exalted be He - is without evidence, but it is an interpretive process, perhaps the purpose of which is to subject the verse to the rhetorical rule. : magic, madness, and falsehood (claims of prophethood), but it is not eternal. . And this is the case - according to the information - I disagree with Al-Sakaki's opinion and criticize it, and give the opinion of the previous one.

Stylistics in literary terms is the interpretation of the text based on the poet's choice of language and melody of the text. And aesthetics explains the aesthetics of poetry with sensory perception, as well as the analysis of the idea in it. There are scattered commonalities between these two terms, and the differences as well.According to the study, the relationship between them is the relationship of the general and the particular. This study focused on the effects of patriotism in the poetry of the contemporary Omani poet Saeed Al Saqlawi, based on stylistic and aesthetic critical views.The discussion in the study is the analysis and explanation of the relations between them in Al-Saqlawi’s poems about homeland, which is one of the most beautiful manifestations of human emotions in poetry.The method of research, library is the descriptive-analytical method.

Arab literary critique is called classic critique before Arabic renaissance because it is still based on traditional critique including Zoufi critique, moralcritique and psychological critique.  The critique of the pre-Islamic era lasted in such an atmosphere until the end of the third century, but it is changed to philosophical critique in the fourth century by introducing Greece philosophy. This critique becomes philosophical under Aristotle’s two works which are “The speech” and “the book of poetry”. It is after this stage that the Arab world is confronted with two poetry techniques that are Aristotle poetry technique and Arabic poetry technique. According to these two poetry techniques, literary critique becomes philosophical because of Aristotle philosophy, but it is based on traditional criticism. Based on the hypothesis that Arabic critique is influenced by Aristotle poetry technique, this article poses the question of whether this influence has been influential in the fundamentals of critics’ criticism or has given rise to a proven approach. The result of this study is that this influence has shaped Arab critics’ general approach for centuries until the advent of the Arab Renaissance. The result of this study is that this influence has shaped Arab critics’ general approach for centuries until the advent of the Arab Renaissance.

Literary works, after being written: are placed in front of writers as well as people, and inevitably they are always judged and evaluated by them. These judgments are important as literary criticism in many ways. On the one hand, they represent the critics' perception of those literary works, and on the other hand, due to the feedback that the owners of literary works receive from those critiques, they effect the process of creating and changing the works. Since the critique and selection of literary works throughout the history of literature has been constantly done on the basis of different criteria; As a result, how and also the reason for the emergence of each of those criteria during different literary periods, expresses many facts in different historical, cultural and literary fields. Facts that have changed a lot over time. This study has tried to determine how the lyrical literature of the first centuries AH, in the absence of many literary criteria that were the result of the late emergence of literary knowledge or their incomplete structure at that time, how it was able to rely on few and personal criteria, and in particular a criterion such as the emotional criterion, to advance to the edge of literary flourishing; Also, this research wants to determine what changes this criterion has undergone during these centuries and, more importantly, what effects it has had on the literature of the mentioned centuries and finally on the literature of later periods.

The semiotics of linguistic cryptography is one of the new methods that critics and researchers have tried to study and interpret literary texts, especially poetry. "Kazem al-Samawi" is one of the most talented contemporary poets in Iraq, whose signs, codes and myths have the most literary content of his poems. The poem "Hijrah of Orwa Ibn Al-Ward" is one of the prominent poems in which the poet has used a collection of linguistic codes in order to better present his meaning and purpose. This qualitative research, in a descriptive-analytical manner, using manuscripts and libraries, examines this poem to find its most important linguistic codes and express their relationship with the poet's life on the one hand and Its role in the coordination of the ode, on the other hand, is discussed. The results of the research show that the signs of the poet's personality and his personal tendencies are embodied in the codes related to the author of the text and the title and are used to express the poet's goals; As the integrity of the ode has been realized with the help of aesthetic and intertextual codes, among other mysteries, this has added to the literary value of the ode.

Identity is a personal and mental idea that a person presents in response to the “who and what” question of their life. In the context of society, this concept makes the individual think about knowing their personality and leads them to display a representation of the quality and quantity of their intelligence, actions, and behavior. It causes man to better understand different conditions by being influenced by their and society's mental and psychological issues. In the first place, identity is considered one of the most basic cultural-personality themes that, regarding its different types, can be harmed and cause crises for the individual and the society. In contemporary Arab world, crucial events and changes have raised several conflicts in Arab identity, resulting in undesirable harms and consequences such as identity crisis for Arab individuals. As one of the most prominent Arab poets, Nizar Qabbani has widely focused on identity crisis in his poetry. The significance of this study was identifying the factors in Qabbani’s thought which have set the stage for exploring identity crisis, the perplexity of human and the Arab world, and their helplessness and contempt in the world. In this regard, this descriptive-analytical study aimed to examine the different aspects of identity crisis (individual and national-ethnic) in Qabbani’s poetry and view. The research findings reveal that: 1. the chaotic and tense political, social, and cultural atmosphere, 2. the incompatibility between the interests of the ruling system and the individual is one of the important factors in the formation of a personal identity crisis. 3. Besides the Arabs’ suffering from a personal identity crisis, Nizar presents his poem as his identity through which he seeks to revive the original identity of the Arabs. 4. The incompetence, passivity, and inefficiency of the Arab leaders; 5. Being defeated by Israel, the occupation of some lands of Arab countries, and the intrusion of foreigners into those lands; 6. The economic problems are among the factors contributing to the national identity crisis; and 7. The disintegration, wandering and losing the past glory of the Arabs and their ethnic symbols play an essential role in creating the ethnic identity crisis in this poet’s poems.

Daniel Chandler believes that any interpreter of a text or who that intends to study any form of literary works shall gather three kinds of knowledge beforehand: Social knowledge, Textual knowledge & Modality judgements by which the textual signs of the first two knowledges can be discovered and studied. He also indicates that the more a literary work consists of said elements, the stronger it will be able to represent its meanings which cannot be discovered without deciphering. This note intends to apply Chandler’s theory, which is named as the ‘Knowledge Theory’ by this paper’s author, on the poems of Sa’adi Yusof’s to indicate how intentionally he has put hidden meanings behind familiar words to recite poems that can be deciphered to reveal new aspects. Not only has he created extraordinary meanings in his literary works but he also has played the role of a cultural or civilized critic who can magnify all of the social issues that people are struggling with. In order to achieve this goal, he often has chosen the words that are completely compatible with the meanings that he has intended to hide to let the audience find for themselves and therefore enjoy it more. Words and their placement in statements are the major means that Yusof has put his hands on to be able to represent his criticism in a way that not only does not offend the audience but it also gives them a chance to stand up to what that has been proven to be faulty. Literally code has played a major role in Sa’adi Yusof’s poems as he has utilized many forms of it to create meanings that are beyond what actual words speak of. Such meanings can only be found when a talented literary researcher dives deep into texts to reveal its neglected aspects.

One of the most important topics of functional linguistics is the theory of textual coherence, which looks at the factors that link the elements and components of the text. Through a set of tools, the text makes a cohesive, coherent and cohesive unit. We try, through the descriptive-analytical approach, to study and analyze the pronoun referral of Surat Al-Raad and the extent of its use in the coherence, coherence and harmony of the Surah text. One of the most important findings of the research is that the pronoun referral of all kinds effectively contributed to achieving movement and rotation between the verses of Surat Al-Thunder and performed an important function in achieving textual coherence between the parts of the verses by returning the referring word to the referent, and that the reference in the studied surah was used a lot in a way A tribal text, just as the pronouns referring to God Almighty and His Noble Messenger, and the infidels and the believers are many; Which indicates a clear indication of the apparent consistency and textual coherence of the text of the surah, and the frequent use of local pronouns to God, the Prophet and the believers indicate the insistence on affirming and emphasizing Godliness and morality, just as all references to the infidels came in general before the text.